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Chapter 7 Transformations of 7.1 INTRODUCTION

Stress and Strain
We saw in Sec. 1.12 that the most general state of stress at a given
7.1 Introduction point Q may be represented by six components. Three of these com-
7.2 Transformation of Plane Stress ponents, sx, sy, and sz, define the normal stresses exerted on the faces
7.3 Principal Stresses; Maximum of a small cubic element centered at Q and of the same orientation as
Shearing Stress the coordinate axes (Fig. 7.1a), and the other three, txy, tyz, and tzx,†
7.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress the components of the shearing stresses on the same element. As we
7.5 General State of Stress remarked at the time, the same state of stress will be represented by
7.6 Application of Mohr’s Circle to a different set of components if the coordinate axes are rotated
the Three-Dimensional Analysis (Fig. 7.1b). We propose in the first part of this chapter to determine
of Stress how the components of stress are transformed under a rotation of the
*7.7 Yield Criteria for Ductile coordinate axes. The second part of the chapter will be devoted to a
Materials under Plane Stress
similar analysis of the transformation of the components of strain.
*7.8 Fracture Criteria for Brittle
Materials under Plane Stress
y y y'x'
7.9 Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure y y'
yx y'
Vessels yz
y'z'
*7.10 Transformation of Plane Strain x'y'
*7.11 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Strain xy
zy Q x'
*7.12 Three-Dimensional Analysis of x Q
Strain
z
*7.13 Measurements of Strain; Strain xz z'y' z' x'z'
Rosette zx z'x' x'
O O

z z
x x
z'
y
(a) (b)
yx
Fig. 7.1 General state of stress at a point.

xy
Our discussion of the transformation of stress will deal mainly
with plane stress, i.e., with a situation in which two of the faces of
x
the cubic element are free of any stress. If the z axis is chosen per-
pendicular to these faces, we have sz 5 tzx 5 tzy 5 0, and the only
remaining stress components are sx, sy, and txy (Fig. 7.2). Such a
situation occurs in a thin plate subjected to forces acting in the mid-
Fig. 7.2 Plane stress.
plane of the plate (Fig. 7.3). It also occurs on the free surface of a
structural element or machine component, i.e., at any point of the
F3
F2 surface of that element or component that is not subjected to an
external force (Fig. 7.4).

F1
F4

F2
F6
F1
F5
Fig. 7.3 Example of plane stress.
Fig. 7.4 Example of plane stress.

†We recall that tyx 5 txy, tzy 5 tyz, and txz 5 tzx.

438
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Considering in Sec. 7.2 a state of plane stress at a given point 7.1 Introduction
439
Q characterized by the stress components sx, sy, and txy associated
with the element shown in Fig. 7.5a, you will learn to determine the
components sx9, sy9, and tx9y9 associated with that element after it
has been rotated through an angle u about the z axis (Fig. 7.5b). In
Sec. 7.3, you will determine the value up of u for which the stresses
sx9 and sy9 are, respectively, maximum and minimum; these values
of the normal stress are the principal stresses at point Q, and the
faces of the corresponding element define the principal planes of
stress at that point. You will also determine the value us of the angle
of rotation for which the shearing stress is maximum, as well as the
value of that stress.

y y' y

y
y'
x'y' x'
xy

x' 
Q Q
x x
x

z z'  z

(a) (b)
Fig. 7.5 Transformation of stress.

In Sec. 7.4, an alternative method for the solution of problems

involving the transformation of plane stress, based on the use of
Mohr’s circle, will be presented.
In Sec. 7.5, the three-dimensional state of stress at a given point
will be considered and a formula for the determination of the normal
stress on a plane of arbitrary orientation at that point will be devel-
oped. In Sec. 7.6, you will consider the rotations of a cubic element
about each of the principal axes of stress and note that the corre-
sponding transformations of stress can be described by three differ-
ent Mohr’s circles. You will also observe that, in the case of a state
of plane stress at a given point, the maximum value of the shearing
stress obtained earlier by considering rotations in the plane of stress
does not necessarily represent the maximum shearing stress at that
point. This will bring you to distinguish between in-plane and out-
of-plane maximum shearing stresses.
Yield criteria for ductile materials under plane stress will be
developed in Sec. 7.7. To predict whether a material will yield at
some critical point under given loading conditions, you will deter-
mine the principal stresses sa and sb at that point and check whether
sa, sb, and the yield strength sY of the material satisfy some crite-
rion. Two criteria in common use are: the maximum-shearing-strength
criterion and the maximum-distortion-energy criterion. In Sec. 7.8,
fracture criteria for brittle materials under plane stress will be devel-
oped in a similar fashion; they will involve the principal stresses sa
and sb at some critical point and the ultimate strength sU of the
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440 Transformations of Stress and Strain material. Two criteria will be discussed: the maximum-normal-stress
criterion and Mohr’s criterion.
Thin-walled pressure vessels provide an important application
of the analysis of plane stress. In Sec. 7.9, we will discuss stresses in
both cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels (Photos 7.1 and 7.2).

Photo 7.1 Photo 7.2 Spherical pressure vessel.

Cylindrical
pressure vessel.

Sections 7.10 and 7.11 will be devoted to a discussion of the

transformation of plane strain and to Mohr’s circle for plane strain.
In Sec. 7.12, we will consider the three-dimensional analysis of strain
and see how Mohr’s circles can be used to determine the maximum
shearing strain at a given point. Two particular cases are of special
interest and should not be confused: the case of plane strain and the
case of plane stress.
Finally, in Sec. 7.13, we discuss the use of strain gages to mea-
sure the normal strain on the surface of a structural element or
machine component. You will see how the components Px, Py, and
gxy characterizing the state of strain at a given point can be computed
from the measurements made with three strain gages forming a
strain rosette.

7.2 TRANSFORMATION OF PLANE STRESS

Let us assume that a state of plane stress exists at point Q (with sz 5
tzx 5 tzy 5 0), and that it is defined by the stress components sx,
sy, and txy associated with the element shown in Fig. 7.5a. We pro-
pose to determine the stress components sx9, sy9, and tx9y9 associated
with the element after it has been rotated through an angle u about
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y y'

y 7.2 Transformation of Plane Stress
441
y
y'
x'y' x'
xy

x' 
Q Q
x x
x

z z'  z

(a) (b)
Fig. 7.5 (repeated)

the z axis (Fig. 7.5b), and to express these components in terms of

sx, sy, txy, and u.
In order to determine the normal stress sx9 and the shearing
stress tx9y9 exerted on the face perpendicular to the x9 axis, we con-
sider a prismatic element with faces respectively perpendicular to
the x, y, and x9 axes (Fig. 7.6a). We observe that, if the area of the

y' y y' y

x'y'  A
x'
x' x' A
 x (A cos  ) 
A cos   x x
A xy (A cos  )
z
xy (A sin  )
A sin 
y (A sin  )
(a) (b)
Fig. 7.6

oblique face is denoted by DA, the areas of the vertical and horizon-
tal faces are respectively equal to DA cos u and DA sin u. It follows
that the forces exerted on the three faces are as shown in Fig. 7.6b.
(No forces are exerted on the triangular faces of the element, since
the corresponding normal and shearing stresses have all been assumed
equal to zero.) Using components along the x9 and y9 axes, we write
the following equilibrium equations:
g Fx¿ 5 0: sx¿ ¢A 2 sx 1 ¢A cos u2 cos u 2 txy 1 ¢A cos u2 sin u
2sy 1 ¢A sin u2 sin u 2 txy 1 ¢A sin u2 cos u 5 0

g Fy¿ 5 0: tx¿y¿ ¢A 1 sx 1 ¢A cos u2 sin u 2 txy 1 ¢A cos u2 cos u

2sy 1 ¢A sin u2 cos u 1 txy 1 ¢A sin u2 sin u 5 0
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442 Transformations of Stress and Strain Solving the first equation for sx9 and the second for tx9y9, we have

s x¿ 5 s x cos2 u 1 s y sin2 u 1 2txy sin u cos u (7.1)

2 2
tx¿y¿ 5 21s x 2 s y 2 sin u cos u 1 txy 1cos u 2 sin u2 (7.2)

Recalling the trigonometric relations

sin 2u 5 2 sin u cos u cos 2u 5 cos2 u 2 sin2 u (7.3)

and

1 1 cos 2u 1 2 cos 2u
cos2 u 5 sin2 u 5 (7.4)
2 2

we write Eq. (7.1) as follows:

1 1 cos 2u 1 2 cos 2u
s x¿ 5 s x 1 sy 1 txy sin 2u
2 2

or

sx 1 sy sx 2 sy
s x¿ 5 1 cos 2u 1 txy sin 2u (7.5)
2 2

Using the relations (7.3), we write Eq. (7.2) as

sx 2 sy
tx¿y¿ 5 2 sin 2u 1 txy cos 2u (7.6)
2

The expression for the normal stress sy9 is obtained by replacing u in

Eq. (7.5) by the angle u 1 908 that the y9 axis forms with the x axis.
Since cos (2u 1 1808) 5 2cos 2u and sin (2u 1 1808) 5 2sin 2u, we
have

sx 1 sy sx 2 sy
s y¿ 5 2 cos 2u 2 txy sin 2u (7.7)
2 2

Adding Eqs. (7.5) and (7.7) member to member, we obtain

s x¿ 1 s y¿ 5 s x 1 s y (7.8)

Since sz 5 sz9 5 0, we thus verify in the case of plane stress that

the sum of the normal stresses exerted on a cubic element of mate-
rial is independent of the orientation of that element.†

†Cf. first footnote on page 97.

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7.3 PRINCIPAL STRESSES; MAXIMUM 7.3 Principal Stresses; Maximum

Shearing Stress
443
SHEARING STRESS
The equations (7.5) and (7.6) obtained in the preceding section are
the parametric equations of a circle. This means that, if we choose
a set of rectangular axes and plot a point M of abscissa sx9 and ordi-
nate tx9y9 for any given value of the parameter u, all the points thus
obtained will lie on a circle. To establish this property we eliminate
u from Eqs. (7.5) and (7.6); this is done by first transposing (sx 1 sy)/2
in Eq. (7.5) and squaring both members of the equation, then squar-
ing both members of Eq. (7.6), and finally adding member to mem-
ber the two equations obtained in this fashion. We have
sx 1 sy 2 sx 2 sy 2
2
as x¿ 2 b 1 tx¿y¿ 5a b 1 t2xy (7.9)
2 2
Setting

sx 1 sy sx 2 sy 2
s ave 5 and R5 a b 1 t2xy (7.10)
2 B 2

we write the identity (7.9) in the form

1s x¿ 2 s ave 2 2 1 tx¿y¿
2
5 R2 (7.11)
which is the equation of a circle of radius R centered at the point C
of abscissa save and ordinate 0 (Fig. 7.7). It can be observed that,
due to the symmetry of the circle about the horizontal axis, the same
result would have been obtained if, instead of plotting M, we had
plotted a point N of abscissa sx9 and ordinate 2tx9y9 (Fig. 7.8). This
property will be used in Sec. 7.4.

x'y'

x' x'y'
D

min M
R ave
x'y' x'
C C
O B A x' O x'y'
ave R
N

E
max x'

Fig. 7.7 Circular relationship of Fig. 7.8 Equivalent formation of stress

transformed stresses. transformation circle.

The two points A and B where the circle of Fig. 7.7 intersects
the horizontal axis are of special interest: Point A corresponds to the
maximum value of the normal stress sx9, while point B corresponds
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444 Transformations of Stress and Strain to its minimum value. Besides, both points correspond to a zero
value of the shearing stress tx9y9. Thus, the values up of the parameter
u which correspond to points A and B can be obtained by setting
tx9y9 5 0 in Eq. (7.6). We write†

2txy
tan 2up 5 (7.12)
sx 2 sy

This equation defines two values 2up that are 1808 apart, and thus
two values up that are 908 apart. Either of these values can be used
to determine the orientation of the corresponding element (Fig. 7.9).

y' y

min
p
max x'

p
Q x
max

min
Fig. 7.9 Principal stresses.

The planes containing the faces of the element obtained in this way
are called the principal planes of stress at point Q, and the corre-
sponding values smax and smin of the normal stress exerted on these
planes are called the principal stresses at Q. Since the two values up
defined by Eq. (7.12) were obtained by setting tx9y9 5 0 in Eq. (7.6),
it is clear that no shearing stress is exerted on the principal planes.
We observe from Fig. 7.7 that
s max 5 s ave 1 R and s min 5 s ave 2 R (7.13)
Substituting for save and R from Eq. (7.10), we write

sx 1 sy sx 2 sy 2
s max, min 5 6 a b 1 t2xy (7.14)
2 B 2

Unless it is possible to tell by inspection which of the two principal

planes is subjected to smax and which is subjected to smin, it is neces-
sary to substitute one of the values up into Eq. (7.5) in order to
determine which of the two corresponds to the maximum value of
the normal stress.
Referring again to the circle of Fig. 7.7, we note that the points
D and E located on the vertical diameter of the circle correspond to

†This relation can also be obtained by differentiating sx9 in Eq. (7.5) and setting the
derivative equal to zero: dsx9ydu 5 0.
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the largest numerical value of the shearing stress tx9y9. Since the abscissa 7.3 Principal Stresses; Maximum
Shearing Stress
445
of points D and E is save 5 (sx 1 sy)y2, the values us of the param-
eter u corresponding to these points are obtained by setting sx9 5
(sx 1 sy)y2 in Eq. (7.5). It follows that the sum of the last two terms
in that equation must be zero. Thus, for u 5 us, we write†
sx 2 sy
cos 2us 1 txy sin 2us 5 0
2
y y'
or
sx 2 sy '
tan 2us 5 2 (7.15) ' s
2txy
max
Q x
This equation defines two values 2us that are 1808 apart, and thus max s
two values us that are 908 apart. Either of these values can be used
'
to determine the orientation of the element corresponding to the
x'
maximum shearing stress (Fig. 7.10). Observing from Fig. 7.7 that '
the maximum value of the shearing stress is equal to the radius R of Fig. 7.10 Maximum shearing
the circle, and recalling the second of Eqs. (7.10), we write stress.

sx 2 sy 2
tmax 5 a b 1 t2xy (7.16)
B 2

As observed earlier, the normal stress corresponding to the condition

of maximum shearing stress is
sx 1 sy
s¿ 5 s ave 5 (7.17)
2

Comparing Eqs. (7.12) and (7.15), we note that tan 2us is

the negative reciprocal of tan 2up. This means that the angles 2us
and 2up are 908 apart and, therefore, that the angles us and up
are 458 apart. We thus conclude that the planes of maximum shear-
ing stress are at 458 to the principal planes. This confirms the
results obtained earlier in Sec. 1.12 in the case of a centric axial
loading (Fig. 1.38) and in Sec. 3.4 in the case of a torsional loading
(Fig. 3.19.)
We should be aware that our analysis of the transformation of
plane stress has been limited to rotations in the plane of stress. If
the cubic element of Fig. 7.5 is rotated about an axis other than the
z axis, its faces may be subjected to shearing stresses larger than the
stress defined by Eq. (7.16). As you will see in Sec. 7.5, this occurs
when the principal stresses defined by Eq. (7.14) have the same sign,
i.e., when they are either both tensile or both compressive. In such
cases, the value given by Eq. (7.16) is referred to as the maximum
in-plane shearing stress.

†This relation may also be obtained by differentiating tx9y9 in Eq. (7.6) and setting the
derivative equal to zero: dtx9y9ydu 5 0.
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EXAMPLE 7.01 For the state of plane stress shown in Fig. 7.11, determine (a) the prin-
cipal planes, (b) the principal stresses, (c) the maximum shearing stress
and the corresponding normal stress.
10 MPa (a) Principal Planes. Following the usual sign convention, we
write the stress components as
40 MPa s x 5 150 MPa s y 5 210 MPa txy 5 140 MPa

50 MPa Substituting into Eq. (7.12), we have

2txy 211402 80
tan 2up 5 5 5
sx 2 sy 50 2 12102 60
2up 5 53.1° and 180° 1 53.1° 5 233.1°
Fig. 7.11
up 5 26.6° and 116.6°

(b) Principal Stresses. Formula (7.14) yields

min  30 MPa
sx 1 sy sx 2 sy 2
B max  70 MPa s max, min 5 6 a b 1 t2xy
2 B 2
A p  26.6 5 20 6 2 1302 1 1402 2 2
x
s max 5 20 1 50 5 70 MPa
C
s min 5 20 2 50 5 230 MPa

The principal planes and principal stresses are sketched in Fig. 7.12. Mak-
Fig. 7.12 ing u 5 26.68 in Eq. (7.5), we check that the normal stress exerted on
face BC of the element is the maximum stress:

50 2 10 50 1 10
s x¿ 5 1 cos 53.1° 1 40 sin 53.1°
min 2 2
p  26.6 5 20 1 30 cos 53.1° 1 40 sin 53.1° 5 70 MPa 5 s max
B
max (c) Maximum Shearing Stress. Formula (7.16) yields
A 45
max
C sx 2 sy 2
tmax 5 a b 1 t2xy 5 2 1302 2 1 1402 2 5 50 MPa
B 2
' s  p  45  18.4
Since smax and smin have opposite signs, the value obtained for tmax
Fig. 7.13 actually represents the maximum value of the shearing stress at the point
considered. The orientation of the planes of maximum shearing stress and
the sense of the shearing stresses are best determined by passing a section
along the diagonal plane AC of the element of Fig. 7.12. Since the faces
 '  20 MPa AB and BC of the element are contained in the principal planes, the
diagonal plane AC must be one of the planes of maximum shearing stress
(Fig. 7.13). Furthermore, the equilibrium conditions for the prismatic
max  50 MPa element ABC require that the shearing stress exerted on AC be directed
x as shown. The cubic element corresponding to the maximum shearing
p  18.4 stress is shown in Fig. 7.14. The normal stress on each of the four faces
of the element is given by Eq. (7.17):
 '  20 MPa
sx 1 sy 50 2 10
s¿ 5 s ave 5 5 5 20 MPa
Fig. 7.14 2 2

446
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452 Transformations of Stress and Strain

7.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS
The circle used in the preceding section to derive some of the basic
formulas relating to the transformation of plane stress was first
introduced by the German engineer Otto Mohr (1835–1918) and is
b known as Mohr’s circle for plane stress. As you will see presently,
this circle can be used to obtain an alternative method for the solu-
y min tion of the various problems considered in Secs. 7.2 and 7.3. This
a method is based on simple geometric considerations and does not
y max max
require the use of specialized formulas. While originally designed
xy for graphical solutions, it lends itself well to the use of a
p calculator.
O
x x min Consider a square element of a material subjected to plane
stress (Fig. 7.15a), and let sx, sy, and txy be the components of the
stress exerted on the element. We plot a point X of coordinates sx
(a) and 2txy, and a point Y of coordinates sy and 1txy (Fig. 7.15b). If
txy is positive, as assumed in Fig. 7.15a, point X is located below the
 s axis and point Y above, as shown in Fig. 7.15b. If txy is negative,
X is located above the s axis and Y below. Joining X and Y by a
max straight line, we define the point C of intersection of line XY with
the s axis and draw the circle of center C and diameter XY. Noting
that the abscissa of C and the radius of the circle are respectively
Y(y ,xy) equal to the quantities save and R defined by Eqs. (7.10), we con-
B A clude that the circle obtained is Mohr’s circle for plane stress. Thus

O C 2p xy the abscissas of points A and B where the circle intersects the s axis
represent respectively the principal stresses smax and smin at the
X(x ,xy) point considered.
min We also note that, since tan (XCA) 5 2txyy(sx 2 sy), the angle
1
XCA is equal in magnitude to one of the angles 2up that satisfy Eq.
2 (x y) (7.12). Thus, the angle up that defines in Fig. 7.15a the orientation
(b) of the principal plane corresponding to point A in Fig. 7.15b can be
Fig. 7.15 Mohr’s circle. obtained by dividing in half the angle XCA measured on Mohr’s cir-
cle. We further observe that if sx . sy and txy . 0, as in the case
considered here, the rotation that brings CX into CA is counterclock-
wise. But, in that case, the angle up obtained from Eq. (7.12) and
defining the direction of the normal Oa to the principal plane is
positive; thus, the rotation bringing Ox into Oa is also counterclock-
wise. We conclude that the senses of rotation in both parts of Fig. 7.15
are the same; if a counterclockwise rotation through 2up is required
to bring CX into CA on Mohr’s circle, a counterclockwise rotation
through up will bring Ox into Oa in Fig. 7.15a.†
Since Mohr’s circle is uniquely defined, the same circle can be
obtained by considering the stress components sx9, sy9, and tx9y9, cor-
responding to the x9 and y9 axes shown in Fig. 7.16a. The point X9 of
coordinates sx9 and 2tx9y9, and the point Y9 of coordinates sy9 and
1tx9y9, are therefore located on Mohr’s circle, and the angle X9CA in
Fig. 7.16b must be equal to twice the angle x9Oa in Fig. 7.16a. Since,
as noted before, the angle XCA is twice the angle xOa, it follows that

†This is due to the fact that we are using the circle of Fig 7.8 rather than the circle of
Fig. 7.7 as Mohr’s circle.
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the angle XCX9 in Fig. 7.16b is twice the angle xOx9 in Fig. 7.16a. Thus 7.4 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
453
the diameter X9Y9 defining the normal and shearing stresses sx9, sy9,
and tx9y9 can be obtained by rotating the diameter XY through an angle
equal to twice the angle u formed by the x9and x axes in Fig. 7.16a.
We note that the rotation that brings the diameter XY into the diameter
X9Y9 in Fig. 7.16b has the same sense as the rotation that brings the
xy axes into the x9y9 axes in Fig. 7.16a.

b 

y
min Y'(y', x'y')
a

y max Y
xy

O 
x x O B C A
 y'
y' 2 X

x'y' X'(x' , x'y')

x'
(a) x' (b)
Fig. 7.16

The property we have just indicated can be used to verify the

fact that the planes of maximum shearing stress are at 458 to the
principal planes. Indeed, we recall that points D and E on Mohr’s
circle correspond to the planes of maximum shearing stress, while A
and B correspond to the principal planes (Fig. 7.17b). Since the
diameters AB and DE of Mohr’s circle are at 908 to each other, it
follows that the faces of the corresponding elements are at 458 to
each other (Fig. 7.17a).

d 
e
'
'
max  '  ave
D
b
max
90
min 45
a O B C A 
O max

E
(a) (b)
Fig. 7.17
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454 Transformations of Stress and Strain The construction of Mohr’s circle for plane stress is greatly simpli-
fied if we consider separately each face of the element used to define
the stress components. From Figs. 7.15 and 7.16 we observe that, when
the shearing stress exerted on a given face tends to rotate the element
clockwise, the point on Mohr’s circle corresponding to that face is
located above the s axis. When the shearing stress on a given face tends
to rotate the element counterclockwise, the point corresponding to that
face is located below the s axis (Fig. 7.18).† As far as the normal
stresses are concerned, the usual convention holds, i.e., a tensile stress
is considered as positive and is plotted to the right, while a compressive
stress is considered as negative and is plotted to the left.

 
  


 

(a) Clockwise Above (b) Counterclockwise Below

Fig. 7.18 Convention for plotting shearing stress on Mohr’s circle.

EXAMPLE 7.02 For the state of plane stress already considered in Example 7.01,
(a) construct Mohr’s circle, (b) determine the principal stresses,
y
(c) determine the maximum shearing stress and the corresponding normal
stress.

10 MPa
40 MPa (a) Construction of Mohr’s Circle. We note from Fig. 7.19a that
the normal stress exerted on the face oriented toward the x axis is
O x tensile (positive) and that the shearing stress exerted on that face tends
50 MPa
 (MPa) to rotate the element counterclockwise. Point X of Mohr’s circle, there-
fore, will be plotted to the right of the vertical axis and below the hori-
(a) zontal axis (Fig. 7.19b). A similar inspection of the normal stress and
10 shearing stress exerted on the upper face of the element shows that
Y point Y should be plotted to the left of the vertical axis and above the
horizontal axis. Drawing the line XY, we obtain the center C of Mohr’s
40 circle; its abscissa is
G C F A  (MPa)
B O
sx 1 sy 50 1 12102
s ave 5 5 5 20 MPa
20 40
2 2
R
Since the sides of the shaded triangle are
X

50 CF 5 50 2 20 5 30 MPa and FX 5 40 MPa

 the radius of the circle is

(b)
Fig. 7.19 R 5 CX 5 2 1302 2 1 1402 2 5 50 MPa

†The following jingle is helpful in remembering this convention. “In the kitchen, the clock
is above, and the counter is below.”
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(b) Principal Planes and Principal Stresses. The principal

stresses are

smax 5 OA 5 OC 1 CA 5 20 1 50 5 70 MPa

smin 5 OB 5 OC 2 BC 5 20 2 50 5 230 MPa

Recalling that the angle ACX represents 2up (Fig. 7.19b), we write

FX 40
tan 2 up 5 5
CF 30
2 up 5 53.1° up 5 26.6°

Since the rotation which brings CX into CA in Fig. 7.20b is counterclock-

wise, the rotation that brings Ox into the axis Oa corresponding to smax
in Fig. 7.20a is also counterclockwise.

(c) Maximum Shearing Stress. Since a further rotation of 908

counterclockwise brings CA into CD in Fig. 7.20b, a further rotation of
458 counterclockwise will bring the axis Oa into the axis Od corresponding
to the maximum shearing stress in Fig. 7.20a. We note from Fig. 7.20b
that tmax 5 R 5 50 MPa and that the corresponding normal stress is s9 5
save 5 20 MPa. Since point D is located above the s axis in Fig. 7.20b,
the shearing stresses exerted on the faces perpendicular to Od in Fig. 7.20a
must be directed so that they will tend to rotate the element clockwise.

 '  20 MPa  '  20 MPa  (MPa)

e  '  ave  20
max  50 MPa
D
Y

b max 50
90
y a B A
O C  (MPa)
max  70 MPa 2p  53.1°
45
min  30 MPa X
p
O E R  50
x
max 70
min   30


(a) (b)
Fig. 7.20

455
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y
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7.2
60 MPa
For the state of plane stress shown, determine (a) the principal planes and
100 MPa the principal stresses, (b) the stress components exerted on the element
x
obtained by rotating the given element counterclockwise through 308.
48 MPa

 (MPa)
SOLUTION
 ave  80 MPa
Construction of Mohr’s Circle. We note that on a face perpendicular
X(100, 48)
to the x axis, the normal stress is tensile and the shearing stress tends to rotate
R
the element clockwise; thus, we plot X at a point 100 units to the right of
2 p the vertical axis and 48 units above the horizontal axis. In a similar fashion, we
O B C A  (MPa) examine the stress components on the upper face and plot point Y(60, 248).
F Joining points X and Y by a straight line, we define the center C of Mohr’s
m 
 min 
52 MPa circle. The abscissa of C, which represents save, and the radius R of the circle
28 MPa can be measured directly or calculated as follows:
Y(60, 48)
s ave 5 OC 5 12 1s x 1 s y 2 5 12 1100 1 602 5 80 MPa
 max  132 MPa
R 5 2 1CF2 2 1 1FX2 2 5 2 1202 2 1 1482 2 5 52 MPa

a. Principal Planes and Principal Stresses. We rotate the diameter

O x XY clockwise through 2up until it coincides with the diameter AB. We have
 p  33.7
 min  28 MPa XF 48
tan 2up 5 5 5 2.4 2up 5 67.4° i up 5 33.7° i b
CF 20
 max  132 MPa The principal stresses are represented by the abscissas of points A and B:
s max 5 OA 5 OC 1 CA 5 80 1 52 s max 5 1132 MPa b
a
s min 5 OB 5 OC 2 BC 5 80 2 52 s min 5 1 28 MPa b
 180  60  67.4
 (MPa)  52.6 Since the rotation that brings XY into AB is clockwise, the rotation that
brings Ox into the axis Oa corresponding to smax is also clockwise; we obtain
x' X' X
the orientation shown for the principal planes.
2  60
2 p  67.4
x'y'
O B  (MPa) b. Stress Components on Element Rotated 308 l. Points X9 and Y9
K C L A on Mohr’s circle that correspond to the stress components on the rotated
element are obtained by rotating X Y counterclockwise through 2u 5 608.
We find
Y'
Y
y' f5 180° 2 60° 2 67.4° f 5 52.6° b
s x¿ 5 OK 5 OC 2 KC 5 80 2 52 cos 52.6° s x¿ 5 1 48.4 MPa b
y'  111.6 MPa x'
s y¿ 5 OL 5 OC 1 CL 5 80 1 52 cos 52.6° s y¿ 5 1111.6 MPa b
x'  48.4 MPa tx¿y¿ 5 K X¿ 5 52 sin 52.6° tx¿y¿ 5 41.3 MPa b

x'y'  41.3 MPa Since X9 is located above the horizontal axis, the shearing stress on the face
perpendicular to O x9 tends to rotate the element clockwise.
  30
O x

457