Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

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Linear Algebra and its Applications

www.elsevier.com/locate/laa

Central extensions of some solvable Leibniz

superalgebras ✩
L.M. Camacho a,∗ , R.M. Navarro b , B.A. Omirov c
a
Dpto. Matemática Aplicada I, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
b
Dpto. de Matemáticas, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
c
National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This work is devoted to the study of central extensions of

Received 9 June 2022 some solvable Leibniz superalgebras. We show that a solvable
Accepted 13 September 2022 Leibniz superalgebra with non-null center can be obtained by
Available online 22 September 2022
central extension of other solvable ones of lower dimensions.
Submitted by P. Semrl
Moreover, we describe the central extensions for the maximal
MSC: solvable Lie superalgebras with nilradical which neither char-
17A05 acteristically nilpotent in non-split case nor do not involve
17B30 characteristically nilpotent ones as a term in split case.
17B56 Additionally, we apply two different procedures to the null-
filiform Leibniz superalgebra and the model filiform Lie su-
Keywords: peralgebra. On the first one, we compute its central exten-
Lie (Leibniz) superalgebras sions and then study the maximal solvable extension of the
Central extensions superalgebras obtained. However, on the second procedure,
we consider first its maximal solvable superalgebra and then
study its central extensions. Finally, we compare the results
obtained at the end of the two procedures.
© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

✩
This work has been supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain), grant PID2020-
115155GB-I00 (European FEDER support included, EU) and by the Department of Economy, Knowledge,
Business and University of the Regional Government of Andalusia. Project reference: FEDER-UCA18-
107643.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (L.M. Camacho), [email protected] (R.M. Navarro),
[email protected] (B.A. Omirov).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.laa.2022.09.013
0024-3795/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
64 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

1. Introduction

Currently the theory of Lie superalgebras is one of the most actively studying branches
of the modern algebra and theoretical physics. The basic results on Lie superalgebras
theory can be found in [17]. It is well known that Lie superalgebras are a generaliza-
tion of Lie algebras. In the same way, the notion of Leibniz algebra can be generalized
to Leibniz superalgebras. Many works have been devoted to the study of these topics,
but unfortunately most of them do not deal with nilpotent Lie and Leibniz superalge-
bras.
It is a very well-known result that all the nilpotent Lie algebras of a specific dimen-
sion can be obtained by central extensions of nilpotent Lie algebras of lower dimensions.
Thus, in [11] the author used the Skjelbred-Sund method [24] for classifying all the
6-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras over any field of characteristic not 2. The use of
central extensions was extended to Leibniz algebras [3] and moreover can be also applied
to superalgebras, Lie and Leibniz [12,13,19]. The crucial idea of central extensions con-
sists of the fact that any nilpotent Leibniz (super)algebra of a fixed finite-dimension is
a central extension of nilpotent (super)algebras of less dimensions. So, theoretically all
finite-dimensional (super)algebras can be obtained by applying central extension method.
Unfortunately, practically it is boundless problem to describe all finite-dimensional
(super)algebras. For instance, up to now it is known a complete list of nilpotent Lie
algebras of dimension not greater than 7.
The main purpose of the present work is studying central extensions for the class of
some solvable Leibniz superalgebras from two different perspectives. In particular, we
show that all the solvable Leibniz superalgebras with non-null center can be obtained by
central extensions of other solvable ones of lower dimensions.
Moreover, we select two very important nilpotent superalgebras N , the null-filiform
Leibniz superalgebra [4,18] and the model filiform Lie superalgebra [6]. For each of them
we follow two different procedures. On the first one, we compute its central extensions
(denoted by extnil(N )) and then study the maximal solvable extension of the superal-
gebras obtained by R(extnil(N )) (here by R(N ) we denote a solvable Lie superalgebra
with nilradical N ). However, on the second procedure, we consider first the maximal
solvable superalgebra R(N ) and then we studied its central extensions extsol(R(N )).
Finally, we compare the results obtained at the end of the two procedures. Let us note
also, that along this study we compute central extensions of centerless superalgebras -
the maximal solvable considered - obtaining a common pattern for them which has been
proved for algebras and expressed in a conjecture for superalgebras.

2. Basic concepts and preliminaries

Recall that a vector space V is said to be Z2 -graded if it admits a decomposition in

direct sum, V = V0̄ ⊕ V1̄ , where 0̄, 1̄ ∈ Z2 . An element x ∈ V is called homogeneous of
degree ī if it is an element of Vī , ī ∈ Z2 . In particular, the elements of V0̄ (resp. V1̄ ) are
 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 65

also called even (resp. odd). For a homogeneous element x ∈ V we denote |x| the degree
of x (either 0̄ or 1̄).
A Lie superalgebra (see [17]) is a Z2 -graded vector space g = g0̄ ⊕ g1̄ together with
an even bilinear mapping [·, ·] : g × g −→ g which is agreed with Z2 -graduation (that is,
[g0̄ , g0̄ ] ⊂ g0̄ , [g0̄ , g1̄ ] ⊂ g1̄ and [g1̄ , g1̄ ] ⊂ g0̄ ) and for any arbitrary homogeneous elements
x, y, z satisfies the conditions

1. [x, y] = −(−1)|x||y| [y, x],

2. (−1)|z||x| [x, [y, z]] +(−1)|x||y| [y, [z, x]] +(−1)|y||z| [z, [x, y]] = 0 – super Jacobi identity.

Clearly, g0̄ is an ordinary Lie algebra and g1̄ is a module over g0̄ . In addition, the Lie
superalgebra structure also contains the symmetric pairing S 2 g1̄ −→ g0̄ .
Let us now recall the notion of Leibniz superalgebras. A Z2 -graded vector space
L = L0̄ ⊕ L1̄ is called a Leibniz superalgebra if it is equipped with a product [·, ·] which
for an arbitrary element x and homogeneous elements y, z satisfies the condition

[x, [y, z]] = [[x, y], z] − (−1)|y||z| [[x, z], y] – super Leibniz identity.

Note that if a Leibniz superalgebra L satisfies the identity [x, y] = −(−1)|x||y| [y, x]
for any homogeneous elements x, y ∈ L, then the super Leibniz identity becomes the
super Jacobi identity. Consequently, Leibniz superalgebras are a generalization of Lie
superalgebras.
Taking into account that the following concepts and results that are valid for the Lie
superalgebra are true verbatim for the Leibniz superalgebras, we will give an exposition
for the Leibniz superalgebras.
Recall that the descending central sequence of a Leibniz superalgebra L = L0̄ ⊕ L1̄
is defined in the same way as for Lie algebras: C 0 (L) := L, C k+1 (L) := [C k (L), L] for
all k ≥ 0. Consequently, if C k (L) = {0} for some k, then the Leibniz superalgebra L
is called nilpotent. Then, the smallest integer k such that C k (L) = {0} is called the
nilindex of the Leibniz superalgebra L. Analogously, the derived sequence of L is defined
by D0 (L) := L, Dk+1 (L) := [Dk (L), Dk (L)] for all k ≥ 0. If this sequence is stabilized
in zero, then the Leibniz superalgebra is said to be solvable. Then, the smallest integer
k such that Dk (L) = {0} is called the index of solvability of the Leibniz superalgebra L
(denoted by index(L)). Evidently, all nilpotent Lie superalgebras are solvable ones.
At the same time, there are also defined two other crucial sequences denoted by C k (L0̄ )
and C k (L1̄ ) which will play an important role in our study. They are defined as follows:

C 0 (Lī ) := Lī , C k+1 (Lī ) := [C k (Lī ), L0̄ ], k ≥ 0, ī ∈ Z2 .

We say that L has super-nilindex or s-nilindex (p, q) if satisfies

C p−1 (L0̄ ) = 0, C q−1 (L1̄ ) = 0, C p (L0̄ ) = C q (L1̄ ) = 0.

66 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

These last sequences allow us to introduce filiform Leibniz superalgebras. Therefore, a

Leibniz superalgebra L = L0̄ ⊕ L1̄ is said to be filiform if L0̄ is a filiform Leibniz algebra
(those algebras with nilindex equal to dim(L0̄ ) − 1) and the action of L0̄ over L1̄ has the
 
structure of filiform L0̄ -module, i.e., dim C i−1 (L1̄ )/C i (L1̄ ) = 1 for 1 ≤ i ≤ dim(L1̄ ).
Let us now denote by Rx the right multiplication operator, i.e., Rx : L → L given as
Rx (y) := [y, x] for y ∈ L, then the super Leibniz identity can be expressed as R[x,y] =
Ry Rx − (−1)|x||y| Rx Ry .
If we denote by R(L) the set of all right multiplication operators, then R(L) with
respect to the following multiplication

< Ra , Rb >:= Ra Rb − (−1)īj̄ Rb Ra (2.1)

for Ra ∈ R(L)ī , Rb ∈ R(L)j̄ , forms a Lie superalgebra. Note that Ra is a deriva-

tion. In fact, the condition for being a derivation of a Leibniz superalgebra (for more
details see [18]) is d([x, y]) = (−1)|d||y| [d(x), y] + [x, d(y)]. Since the degree of Rz as
homomorphism between Z2 -graded vector spaces is the same as the degree of the ho-
mogeneous element z, that is |Rz | = |z|, then the condition for Rz to be a derivation is
exactly Rz ([x, y]) = (−1)|z||y| [Rz (x), y] + [x, Rz (y)]. This last condition can be rewritten
[[x, y], z] = (−1)|z||y| [[x, z], y] + [x, [y, z]] which is nothing but the super Leibniz identity.
Engel’s theorem and its direct consequences remained valid for Leibniz superalgebras.
In particular, a Leibniz superalgebra L is nilpotent if and only if Rx is nilpotent for every
homogeneous element x of L. Furthermore, for solvable Leibniz superalgebras we have
that a Leibniz superalgebra L is solvable if and only if its Leibniz algebra L0 is solvable.
However, we do not have the analog of Lie’s Theorem and neither its corollaries even for
solvable Lie superalgebras.
We denote the set of Leibniz superalgebras with dimensions of even and add parts
equal to n and m, respectively, by Leibn,m . Then Leibn,m forms the variety of Leib-
niz superalgebras. Let G(V ) be the group of the invertible linear mappings of the
form f = f0̄ + f1̄ , such that f0̄ ∈ GL(n, C) and f1̄ ∈ GL(m, C) (then G(V ) =
GL(n, C) ⊕ GL(m, C)). The action of G(V ) on Leibn,m induces an action on the Leibniz
superalgebras variety: two laws λ1 , λ2 are isomorphic if there exists a linear mapping
f = f0̄ + f1̄ ∈ G(V ), such that

−1
λ2 (x, y) = fī+j̄
(λ1 (fī (x), fj̄ (y))), for any x ∈ Vī , y ∈ Vj̄ .

Furthermore, the description of the variety of any class of algebras or superalgebras

is a difficult problem. Different papers (for example, [5,7,15,16]) are dealt with the ap-
plications of algebraic groups theory to the description of the variety of Lie and Leibniz
algebras.
For a Leibniz superalgebra L = L0̄ ⊕L1̄ the set Ann(L) := {x ∈ L : [L, x] = 0} is called
right annihilator of L. It is easy to see that Ann(L) is a two-sided ideal of L and [x, x] ∈
Ann(L) for any x ∈ L0̄ . If we consider the ideal I := ideal < [x, y] + (−1)|x||y| [y, x] >,
then I ⊂ Ann(L).
 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 67

The set Center(L) = {x ∈ L | [x, L] = [L, x] = 0} is called the center of a superalge-

bra L.

2.1. Central extensions of Leibniz superalgebras

We recall some definitions regarding central extensions of Lie superalgebras (see for
instance [21] and references therein) and we extend these results to the case of Leibniz
superalgebras.
Thus, a Leibniz superalgebra epimorphism π : L −→ L (or simply L if there is no
confusion) is called a central extension of the Leibniz superalgebra L if the kernel of π is a
subset of the center of L. Central extensions of a given Leibniz superalgebra L = L0 ⊕ L1
are in correspondence with even 2-cocycles defined in the following way:

A bilinear map ω : L × L −→ V is called a 2-cocycle with coefficients in a linear space

V = V0 ⊕ V1 if

ω(x, [y, z]) = ω([x, y], z) − (−1)|y||z| ω([x, z], y)

for all x, y, z ∈ L. Additionally, if this 2-cocycle verifies the skew-supersymmetry condi-

tion, that is, ω(x, y) = −(−1)|x||y| ω(y, x), then we get a Lie 2-cocycle.
The 2-cocycle ω is said to be even if ω(Li , Lj ) ⊆ Vi+j for i, j ∈ {0, 1} = Z2 and it is
said to be a 2-coboundary if there is a linear map f : L −→ V verifying ω(x, y) = f ([x, y])
for all x, y ∈ L. We denote by Z02 (L; V ) the set of all even 2-cocycles from L to V and by
B02 (L; V ) the set of all even 2-coboundaries from L to V . Therefore the quotient space
H02 (L; V ) := Z02 (L; V )/B02 (L; V ) is called the even 2-nd group of cohomology.

If L is a Leibniz superalgebra and ω is an even 2-cocycle of L with coefficients in a

 ω := L ⊕ V endowed with the bracket
superspace V , we define the superspace L

ω ⊕ L
[·, ·]ω : L  ω −→ L
ω , (x ⊕ v, x ⊕ v  ) → [x, x ] ⊕ ω(x, x )

 ω with Leibniz superalgebra structure

for x, x ∈ L and v, v  ∈ V . This bracket provides L

and the canonical projective map πω : Lω −→ L is a central extension; conversely all
central extensions of L are obtained in this manner.

Two even 2-cocycles ω1 : L × L −→ V and ω2 : L × L −→ V are cohomologous if and

only if ω := ω2 − ω1 is an even 2-coboundary, that is, if there exists an even linear map
f : L −→ V verifying ω(x, y) = f ([x, y]) for all x, y ∈ L. In this case, the assignment
ϕ : x ⊕ v → x ⊕ (f (x) + v) is an isomorphism from L  ω to L ω with πω ◦ ϕ = πω .
1 2 2 1

Note that, in particular, if the superspace V = V0 ⊕ V1 verifies V1 = {0}, then in

the corresponding central extension we are adding even elements, so we will refer to it
as even central extension. Analogously if V0 = {0}, then in the corresponding central
extension we are adding odd elements, so we will refer to it as odd central extension.
68 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

3. Central extensions of some solvable Leibniz superalgebras

One of the differences between nilpotent and solvable (super)algebras is that for solv-
able ones we do not have the guarantee of the existence of a non-null center. Let us note
that the existence of a non-null center is crucial for considering central extensions. How-
ever, for a fixed nilradical if we consider all its solvable extensions, in general we obtain
infinitely many (super)algebras but only few of them are centerless. In some cases of
centerless (super)algebras are the solvable extension of maximal rank which are unique
(up to isomorphism). For instance, the uniqueness of the solvable extension of maximal
rank was shown for Lie and Leibniz algebras [2] and also holds for all the Lie and Leibniz
superalgebras studied up to now [8,9]. In any case, there is a huge amount of solvable
Leibniz superalgebras with non-null center and therefore it makes perfect sense the study
of them in terms of theirs central extensions.

Theorem 3.1. Let L be a solvable Leibniz superalgebra with non-null center. Then L is a
one-dimensional central extension of another solvable Leibniz superalgebra whose index
of solvability is either equal to index(L) or equal to index(L) − 1.

Proof. Consider {e1 , e2 , . . . , en } a homogeneous basis of L. Since Center(L) = {0} there

is no loss of generality in supposing en ∈ Center(L). Let us define L as the quotient
superalgebra by the ideal Ken , i.e. L := L(Ken ) and the set Δ as follows


n
Δ = {(i, j) / [ei , ej ] = k
Cij n
ek with Cij = 0}
k=1

being [ , ] the bracket product of the Leibniz superalgebra L. Consider, then, the central
2-cocycle over L defined by

⎧
⎨ Cij
n
en , if (i, j) ∈ Δ
θ(ei , ej ) :=
⎩ 0, otherwise.

It can be checked that the condition for θ to be a Leibniz 2-cocycle derives from
the Leibniz superidentity in L. Thus, L can be regarded as the central extension L =
Lθ + en .
Only rest to check that L is also a solvable Leibniz superalgebra whose index of
solvability, index(L), is either equal to index(L) or equal to index(L) − 1. Since L is
solvable, name by s its index of solvability, that is, Ds (L) = 0. With regard to L as vector
space we have D0 (L) = L = spanK {e1 , . . . en−1 } and dim(D0 (L)) = dim(D0 (L)) − 1.
For the next, D1 (L) = [D0 (L), D0 (L)] and since en ∈ L1 = [L, L], then dim(D1 (L)) =
dim(D1 (L)) − 1. However, from the second one for k ≥ 2 we have
 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 69

⎧
⎨ dim(Dk (L)), if en ∈
/ [Dk−1 (L), Dk−1 (L)]
k
dim(D (L)) =
⎩ dim(Dk (L)) − 1, if e ∈ [Dk−1 (L), Dk−1 (L)].
n

Therefore, clearly L is solvable and either index(L) = s or index(L) = s − 1. 

Next, we are going to illustrate the above Theorem in two important Leibniz superal-
gebras: one of them is Lie superalgebra, which is a particular case of Leibniz superalgebra,
and the other one is composed by non-Lie Leibniz superalgebra.

Let us remark first, that studying solvable Lie/Leibniz superalgebras represents more
difficulties than studying solvable Lie/Leibniz algebras, see [23]. Note that for a solvable
Leibniz superalgebra L, the first ideal of the descending central sequence D1 (L) can
not be nilpotent, see [22]. However, in [8] the authors proved that under the condition of
D1 (L) being nilpotent, any solvable Lie and Leibniz superalgebra over the real or complex
field can be obtained by means of outer non-nilpotent derivations of the nilradical in the
same way as it occurs for Lie and Leibniz algebras.

Thus, in our next result we are going to consider all the solvable extensions with
nilradical one of the most important nilpotent Lie superalgebras, i.e. K 2,m , the only one
Lie superalgebra with maximal nilindex (for more details see Theorem 4.17 of [14]). This
Lie superalgebra can be expressed in an adapted basis {x0 , x1 , y1 , . . . , ym } as follows

[x0 , yi ] = −[yi , x0 ] = yi+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1,

K 2,m :
[yi , ym+1−i ] = [ym+1−i , yi ] = (−1) i+1
x1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ 12 (m + 1),

where the omitted products are equal to zero and m is an odd positive integer greater
than 1.

Proposition 3.1. Let L be a solvable centerless non-nilpotent Lie superalgebra with nil-
radical isomorphic to K 2,m . Then L can be expressed as a one-dimensional central
extension: L = Lθ + x1 , where Lθ is solvable non-nilpotent and index of solvability
equal to 3 = index(L) − 1 and θ is a Lie central 2-cocycle non-coboundary.

Proof. Note that dim(K 2,m ) = 2 + m and K 2,m has two generators. Then the dimension
of solvable extensions equals either dim(K 2,m ) + 1 = 3 + m or dim(K 2,m ) + 2 = 4 + m.
The latter corresponds with the maximal solvable case which is centerless. Therefore, we
focus on (m + 3)-dimensional case. Thanks to Proposition 4.2 of [8] we conclude that
if L is an (m + 3)-dimensional solvable Lie superalgebra over the real or complex field,
with L2 nilpotent and nilradical isomorphic to K 2,m , then there exists a basis, namely
{x0 , x1 , z, y1 , . . . , ym } with {x0 , x1 , z} as a basis of L0 and {y1 , . . . , ym } as a basis of L1 ,
in which L can be expressed by the only non-null bracket products that follow
70 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

[x0 , yi ] = −[yi , x0 ] = yi+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1,

[yi , ym+1−i ] = [ym+1−i , yi ] = (−1) i+1
x1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ 12 (m + 1),
[z, x0 ] = −[x0 , z] = α1 x0 + β1 x1
[z, x1 ] = −[x1 , z] = ((m − 1)α1 + 2α2 )x1

m−2
[z, y1 ] = −[y1 , z] = α2 y1 + βk y1+k , k odd
k=3

m−2
[z, yi ] = −[yi , z] = ((i − 1)α1 + α2 )yi + βk yi+k , 2 ≤ i ≤ m, k odd
k=3

where either α1 = 0 or α2 = 0 and yi+k vanishes whenever i + k ∈

/ {1, . . . , m}. It can be
checked that the only basis vector candidate to be in Center(L) is x1 , moreover we have

Center(L) = 0 ⇐⇒ (m − 1)α1 + 2α2 = 0.

Thus, there is no loss of generality in supposing for the case of α2 = (1−m)α

2
1
and α1 = 0.
Note, on the other hand, that β1 can be always supposed to be 0. In fact, by the following
change of basis

β1
x0 = x0 + x1 , x1 = x1 , z  = z, yi = yi for all i, 1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1
α1

one can assume that β1 = 0.

Let us consider L as the quotient superalgebra by the ideal Kx1 , i.e. L := L(Kx1 )
and θ the central Lie 2-cocycle non-coboundary of L defined by the only non-null values
that follow:

1
θ(y i , y m+1−i ) = θ(y m+1−i , y i ) = (−1)i+1 x1 , 1≤i≤ (m + 1).
2

Therefore, L can be regarded as the central extension L = Lθ + x1 . Only rest to

check the index of solvability of both L and L. A straightforward computation leads to
index(L) = 4 and index(L) = 3 which concludes the proof of the statement. 

Next, we study an important class of solvable Leibniz non-Lie superalgebras. We

consider then, Leibniz superalgebras with non-null center whose nilradical is isomorphic
to the filiform non-Lie Leibniz superalgebra. Note that the maximal solvable extension,
which is centerless, was determined in [9]. Let us recall that the aforementioned filiform
non-Lie Leibniz superalgebra (denoted by LP n,m ) can be expressed by the only non-null
bracket products that follow:

[xi , x1 ] = xi+1 , 2≤i≤n−1

[yj , x1 ] = yj+1 , 1≤j ≤m−1
 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 71

Proposition 3.2. Let S1 LP n,m and S2 LP n,m be the complex solvable Leibniz superalgebras
with nilradical LP n,m - described below with xi and ti even basis vectors and yj odd ones.
Both S1 LP n,m and S2 LP n,m are central extensions of solvable Leibniz superalgebras with
the same index of solvability as Si LP n,m , which is 2

S⎧1 LP n,m : S2 LP n,m :

⎧
⎪
⎨ [xi , x1 ] = xi+1 , 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1; ⎪
⎨ [xi , x1 ] = xi+1 , 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1;
[yj , x1 ] = yj+1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1; [yj , x1 ] = yj+1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1;
⎪
⎩ [x , t ] = x , ⎪
⎩ [y , t ] = y ,
i 2 i 2 ≤ i ≤ n; j 3 j 1 ≤ j ≤ m;

where the omitted products are zero.

Proof. For L = S1 LP n,m , since Center(L) = Kym , we consider L := L(Kym ) and

θ as the central Leibniz 2-cocycle non-coboundary over L defined by the only non-null
value θ(y m−1 , x1 ) = ym . Thus, L = Lθ + ym . Only rest to check the index of solvability
of both L and L. A straightforward computation leads to index(L) = index(L) = 2
which concludes the proof of the statement for S1 LP n,m . Analogously, it can be done for
L = S2 LP n,m by considering L := L(Kxn ) and θ the central Leibniz 2-cocycle defined
by θ(xn−1 , x1 ) = xn . 

Next, on the other hand, we study the structure of the central extensions of maximal
solvable Lie and Leibniz algebras which are, in particular, centerless. Let us recall that
we have from [1] and [2] the explicit expression for the maximal solvable Lie and Leibniz
algebras, respectively. Note that both algebras were obtained by adapting Mubarakz-
janov’s method [20]. Later in [10] the authors extended this expression for superalgebras
N = N0 ⊕ N1 such that [N1 , N1 ] = 0.

For simplicity we start with Lie algebras, then from [1] we have the following structure
→
−
the maximal solvable extension, R = t ⊕ N , being N a nilpotent Lie algebra, under the
condition dim(t) = dim(N/N 2 ) = k. Note that k is exactly the number of generators of
the nilradical N . Thus, with respect to the basis {z1 , z2 , . . . zk , x1 , . . . , xk , . . . , xn }, being
{x1 , . . . , xn } a basis of N and {x1 , . . . , xk } a set of generators, we have
⎧
⎪ 
n
⎪
⎪ −[x t
1 ≤ i < j ≤ n,
⎪
⎨ [x i , x j ] = j , x i ] = γi,j xt ,
t=k1 +1
R:
⎪
⎪ [xi , zi ] = −[zi , xi ] = xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ k,
⎪
⎪
⎩
[xi , zj ] = −[zj , xi ] = αi,j xi , k + 1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1 ≤ j ≤ k,

where the omitted products are zero and αi,j is the number of entries of a generator
basis element xj involved in forming non generator basis element xi .

If we call by ω a generic central 2-cocycle over R, we have the following two lemmas.
72 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

Lemma 3.1. If [xi , xj ] = 0, then ω(xi , xj ) = 0.

Proof. Since xi is either a generator, i.e. 1 ≤ i ≤ k, or it is generated, i.e. k + 1 ≤ i ≤ n,

there is no loss of generality in supposing that exists l, 1 ≤ l ≤ k such that

[xi , zl ] = −[zl , xi ] = αi,l xi with αi,l = 0.

Now, from the condition of 2-cocycle

ω(zl , [xi , xj ]) = ω([zl , xi ], xj ) − ω([zl , xj ], xi )

we get

0 = −(αi,l + αj,l )ω(xi , xj ).

As αi,l is a positive integer by definition and αj,l is either zero or a positive integer,
then we get ω(xi , xj ) = 0. 

Lemma 3.2. If [xi , zj ] = 0, then ω(xi , zj ) = 0.

Proof. Analogously as in the previous Lemma, there is no loss of generality in supposing

that there exists l, 1 ≤ l ≤ k such that

[xi , zl ] = −[zl , xi ] = αi,l xi with αi,l = 0.

Now, from the condition of 2-cocycle

ω(zl , [xi , zj ]) = ω([zl , xi ], zj ) − ω([zl , zj ], xi )

we get αi,l ω(xi , zj ) = 0 and then ω(xi , zj ) = 0. 

→
−
Theorem 3.2. Let R = t ⊕ N be the maximal solvable extension of a nilpotent Lie al-
gebra N , under the condition dim(t) = dim(N/N 2 ) = k. Then, there exists a basis of
R, {x1 , . . . , xn , z1 , z2 , . . . , zk }, where {x1 , . . . , xn } is a basis of N in which all the non-
split central extensions of R will be determined only by the 2-cocycles non-coboundaries
ω(zi , zj ).

Proof. On account of the explicit expression for R obtained in [1] together with
Lemma 3.1 and Lemma 3.2, we have that the only central 2-cocycles non-coboundaries,
i.e. elements in H02 (R; V ) = Z02 (R; V )/B02 (R; V ) are exactly ω(zi , zj ).
In fact, for all the remaining non-null central 2-cocycles, i.e. elements in Z02 (R; V ),
ω(xi , xj ) and ω(xi , zj ) it is verified that the corresponding bracket products [xi , xj ]
and [xi , zj ] are also non-null and therefore these 2-cocycles are also 2-coboundaries. i.e.
elements in B02 (R; V ). Therefore they do not determine any element in H02 (R; V ) =
Z02 (R; V )/B02 (R; V ) which concludes the proof of the statement. 
 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 73

Remark 3.1. The above Theorem also holds for Lie superalgebras R such that [R1 , R1 ] =
0. In fact, in [10] the authors extended the expression for maximal solvable extension of
→
−
such type of superalgebras R = t ⊕ N with dim(t) = dim(N/N 2 ). In particular R admits
a basis

{z1 , z2 , . . . zk1 , z1 , . . . , zk 2 , x1 , . . . , xk1 , . . ., xn , y1 , . . . , yk2 , . . ., ym }

where {x1 , . . . , xk1 , y1 , . . . , yk2 } are generators of N being k = k1 + k2 and such that the
table of multiplications of R has the following form:
⎧
⎪
⎪ 
n
⎪
⎪ i j
[x , x ] = −[x , x ] = t
γi,j xt , 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n,
⎪
⎪
j i
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
t=k

1 +1
⎪
⎪
m
⎪
⎪ [xi , yj ] = −[yj , xi ] = t
δi,j yt , 1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1 ≤ j ≤ m,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
t=k2 +1
⎨ [xi , zi ] = −[zi , xi ] = xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ k1 ,

⎪
⎪ [yj , zj ] = −[zj , yj ]
= yj , 1 ≤ j ≤ k2 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [xi , zj ] = −[zj , xi ] = αi,j xi , k1 + 1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1 ≤ j ≤ k1 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [xi , zj ] = −[zj , xi ] = αi,j

xi , k1 + 1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1 ≤ j ≤ k2 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [yi , zj ] = −[zj , yi ] = βi,j yi , k2 + 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ k1 ,
⎪
⎪
⎩ [y , z  ] = −[z  , y ] = β  y , k2 + 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ k2 ,
i j j i i,j i

where the omitted products are zero and

• αi,j is the number of entries of a generator basis element xj involved in forming non
generator basis element xi ,

• αi,j is the number of entries of a generator basis element yj involved in forming non
generator basis element xi ,
• βi,j is the number of entries of a generator basis element xj involved in forming non
generator basis element yi ,

• βi,j is the number of entries of a generator basis element yj involved in forming non
generator basis element yi .

Analogously as it was obtained for Lie algebras we have that all the non-split central
extensions of R will be determined only by the 2-cocycles non-coboundaries

ω(zi , zj ), ω(zi , zj ), ω(zi , zj ).

Remark 3.2. It should be noted that the above remark is also extendable for Leibniz
algebras and superalgebras having been described the corresponding multiplication table
in [1].
74 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

On the second part of the present paper let us consider first a very important class of
nilpotent Leibniz superalgebra, i.e. the null-filiform Leibniz superalgebra [4,18], we call
it N . We follow now two different procedures:

PROCEDURE 1. On the first one, we compute its central extensions extnil(N ) (see
Section 4) and then study the maximal solvable extension of the superalgebras obtained
R(extnil(N )) (see Section 6).

PROCEDURE 2. However, on the second procedure, we consider first the maximal

solvable superalgebra with nilradical N , R(N ) and then study its central extensions
extsol(R(N )) (see Section 5).
Finally, along Section 6 we compare the results obtained at the end of the two proce-
dures.

4. Classification of central extensions of null-filiform Leibniz superalgebras

Along this section, we focus on k-dimensional central extensions of null-filiform Leibniz

superalgebra, N F n,m , which can be expressed by the law:
⎧
⎪
⎪ [yi , y1 ] = xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
⎪
⎪
⎨ [x , y ] = 1 y , 1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1,
i 1 2 i+1
N F n,m :
⎪
⎪ [yj , x1 ] = yj+1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1,
⎪
⎪
⎩ [x , x ] = x , 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
i 1 i+1

where {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } and {y1 , y2 , . . . , ym } are bases of the even and odd parts respec-
tively. Moreover, in order to have a non-trivial odd part we have only two possibilities
for m (m = n or m = n + 1). For more details it can be consulted [4]. Firstly, we consider
even and odd central extensions.

4.1. Even central extensions of null-filiform Leibniz superalgebras

Lemma 4.1. Let V = V0 ⊕ V1 be a vector superspace with V0 = span{v1 , v2 , . . . , vk } and

V1 = {0}. Then:

(i) The even 2-cocycles Z02 (N F n,m ; V ) are given by the following expression

ω(xi , x1 ) = ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk , 1≤i≤n

ω(y1 , y1 ) = b1 v1 + b2 v2 + · · · + bk vk
ω(yi , y1 ) = ai−1,1 v1 + ai−1,2 v2 + · · · + ai−1,k vk , 2≤i≤m

with aij , bj ∈ C for 1 ≤ i ≤ n and 1 ≤ j ≤ k.

 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 75

(ii) The even 2-coboundaries B02 (N F n,m ; V ) are given by the following expression

ω(xi , x1 ) = ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk , 1≤i≤n−1

ω(y1 , y1 ) = b1 v1 + b2 v2 + · · · + bk vk
ω(yi , y1 ) = ai−1,1 v1 + ai−1,2 v2 + · · · + ai−1,k vk , 2≤i≤n

with aij , bj ∈ C for 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 and 1 ≤ j ≤ k.

(iii) The even 2-cocycles belonging to H02 (N F n,m ; V ) are given by the following expres-
sion

• If m = n,

ω(xn , x1 ) = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk , anj ∈ C, 1 ≤ j ≤ k.

• If m = n + 1,

ω(xn , x1 ) = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk ,

ω(ym , y1 ) = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk , anj ∈ C, 1 ≤ j ≤ k.

Proof. The result derives from the definition of even 2-cocycles and coboundaries. 

Proposition 4.1. A k-dimensional even central extension of null-filiform Leibniz super-

algebra N F n,m is isomorphic to one of the following non-isomorphic superalgebras:

N F n,m ⊕ C k , N F n+1,n+1 ⊕ C k−1 (if m = n + 1), M n+1,n ⊕ C k−1 (if m = n)

with M n+1,n being the Leibniz superalgebra expressed by the law:

⎧
⎪
⎪ [y , y ] = xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
⎪ i 1
⎪
⎨ [x , y ] = 1 y , 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
i 1 2 i+1
M n+1,n :
⎪ [yj , x1 ] = yj+1 ,
⎪ 1 ≤ j ≤ n − 1,
⎪
⎪
⎩ [x , x ] = x , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
i 1 i+1

where {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , xn+1 } and {y1 , y2 , . . . , yn } are bases of the even and odd parts,
respectively.

Proof. By applying Lemma 4.1 we obtain the following multiplication table for the k-
dimensional even central extension of N F n,m :
76 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

⎧
⎪
⎪ [yi , y1 ] = xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1,
⎪ [xi , y1 ] = 2 yi+1 ,
⎪
⎪
⎨ [y , x ] = y ,
j 1 j+1 1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1,
⎪
⎪ [xi , x1 ] = xi+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [xn , x1 ] = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
[ym , y1 ] = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk , if m = n + 1,

with anj ∈ C, 1 ≤ j ≤ k. Note that if anj = 0 for all j, 1 ≤ j ≤ k, then we clearly obtain
the superalgebra N F n,m ⊕ C k . On the contrary, i.e., if there exists anj = 0 for some j,
then after setting xn+1 = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk we get either N F n+1,n+1 ⊕ C k−1
(if m = n + 1) or M n+1,n ⊕ C k−1 (if m = n). 

4.2. Odd central extensions of null-filiform Leibniz superalgebras

Lemma 4.2. Let V = V0 ⊕ V1 be a vector superspace with V0 = {0} and V1 =

span{v1 , v2 , . . . , vk }. Then:

(i) The even 2-cocycles Z02 (N F n,m ; V ) are given by the following expression

ω(xi , y1 ) = 12 (ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk ), 1≤i≤n

ω(yi , x1 ) = ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk , 1≤i≤n

with aij ∈ C for 1 ≤ i ≤ n and 1 ≤ j ≤ k.

(ii) The even 2-coboundaries B02 (N F n,m ; V ) are given by the following expression

ω(xi , y1 ) = 12 (ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk ), 1≤i≤m−1

ω(yi , x1 ) = ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk , 1≤i≤m−1

with aij ∈ C for 1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1 and 1 ≤ j ≤ k.

(iii) The even 2-cocycles belonging to H02 (N F n,m ; V ) are given by the following expres-
sion

• If m = n + 1,

dim(H02 (N F n,m ; V )) = 0

• If m = n,

ω(xn , y1 ) = 12 (an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk ),

ω(yn , y1 ) = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk , anj ∈ C, 1 ≤ j ≤ k
 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 77

Proof. The result derives from the definition of even 2-cocycles and coboundaries. 

Proposition 4.2. A k-dimensional odd central extension of null-filiform Leibniz superal-

gebra N F n,m is isomorphic to one of the following non-isomorphic superalgebras:

N F n,m ⊕ C k , N F n,n+1 ⊕ C k−1 (if m = n).

Proof. By applying Lemma 4.2 we obtain the following multiplication table for the k-
dimensional odd central extension of N F n,m :
⎧
⎪
⎪ [yi , y1 ] = xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [x 1
1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1,
⎪ i , y1 ] = 2 yi+1 ,
⎪
⎪
⎨ [y , x ] = y , 1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1,
j 1 j+1
⎪
⎪ i 1
[x , x ] = x i+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [xn , y1 ] = (an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk ),
1
⎪
⎪ if m = n,
⎪
⎩
2
[yn , x1 ] = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk , if m = n,

with anj ∈ C, 1 ≤ j ≤ k. Note that if anj = 0 for all j, 1 ≤ j ≤ k, then we clearly

obtain the superalgebra N F n,m ⊕ C k . On the contrary, i.e., if there exists anj = 0 for
some j, then after setting yn+1 = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk we get N F n,n+1 ⊕ C k−1
which occurs if m = n. 

4.3. General central extensions of null-filiform Leibniz superalgebras

Throughout this section we deal with general central extensions, that is, which are
neither even nor odd.

Lemma 4.3. Let V = V0 ⊕ V1 be a vector superspace with V0 = span{v1 , v2 , . . . , vk } and

V1 = span{u1 , u2 , . . . , ul }. Then:

(i) The even 2-cocycles Z02 (N F n,m ; V ) are given by the following expression

ω(xi , x1 ) = ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk , 1≤i≤n

ω(y1 , y1 ) = b1 v1 + b2 v2 + · · · + bk vk
ω(yi , y1 ) = ai−1,1 v1 + ai−1,2 v2 + · · · + ai−1,k vk , 2≤i≤m
ω(xi , y1 ) = 12 (ci1 u1 + ci2 u2 + · · · + cil ul ), 1≤i≤n
ω(yi , x1 ) = ci1 u1 + ci2 u2 + · · · + cil ul , 1≤i≤n

with aij , bj , cit ∈ C for 1 ≤ i ≤ n and 1 ≤ j ≤ k, 1 ≤ t ≤ l.

78 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

(ii) The even 2-coboundaries B02 (N F n,m ; V ) are given by the following expression

ω(xi , x1 ) = ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk , 1≤i≤n−1

ω(y1 , y1 ) = b1 v1 + b2 v2 + · · · + bk vk
ω(yi , y1 ) = ai−1,1 v1 + ai−1,2 v2 + · · · + ai−1,k vk , 2≤i≤n
ω(xi , y1 ) = 12 (ci1 u1 + ci2 u2 + · · · + cil ul ), 1≤i≤m−1
ω(yi , x1 ) = ci1 u1 + ci2 u2 + · · · + cil ul , 1≤i≤m−1

with aij , bj , cpt ∈ C for 1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1 ≤ p ≤ m − 1 and 1 ≤ j ≤ k, 1 ≤ t ≤ l.

(iii) The even 2-cocycles belonging to H02 (N F n,m ; V ) are given by the following expres-
sion

• If m = n,

ω(xn , x1 ) = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk , anj ∈ C, 1 ≤ j ≤ k

ω(xn , y1 ) = 12 (cn1 u1 + cn2 u2 + · · · + cnl ul ),
ω(yn , x1 ) = cn1 u1 + cn2 u2 + · · · + cnl ul , cnt ∈ C, 1 ≤ t ≤ l.

• If m = n + 1,

ω(xn , x1 ) = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk ,

ω(ym , y1 ) = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk , anj ∈ C, 1 ≤ j ≤ k.

Proof. The result derives from the definition of even 2-cocycles and coboundaries. 

Proposition 4.3. A (k + l)-dimensional general central extension (neither even nor odd)
of null-filiform Leibniz superalgebra N F n,m is isomorphic to one of the following non-
isomorphic superalgebras:

N F n,m ⊕ C k+l and

• If m = n + 1: N F n+1,n+1 ⊕ C k+l−1
• If m = n: M n+1,n ⊕ C k+l−1 , N F n,n+1 ⊕ C k+l−1 , Rn+1,n+1 ⊕ C k+l−2

with M n+1,n as described in Proposition 4.1 and Rn+1,n+1 the Leibniz superalgebra ex-
pressed by the law:
⎧
⎪
⎪ [yi , y1 ] = xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
⎪
⎨ [x , y ] = 1 y , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
i 1 i+1
Rn+1,n+1 : 2
⎪
⎪ [yj , x1 ] = yj+1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ n,
⎪
⎩ [xi , x1 ] = xi+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 79

where {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , xn+1 } and {y1 , y2 , . . . , yn+1 } are bases of the even and odd parts
respectively.

Proof. By applying Lemma 4.3 we obtain the following multiplication table for the (k+l)-
dimensional general central extension of N F n,m :
⎧
⎪
⎪ [yi , y1 ] = xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [xi , y1 ] = 12 yi+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [yj , x1 ] = yj+1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1,
⎪
⎪
⎨ [x , x ] = x , 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
i 1 i+1
⎪
⎪ [xn , x1 ] = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [ym , y1 ] = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk ,
⎪
⎪ if m = n + 1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [xn , y1 ] = 12 (cn1 u1 + cn2 u2 + · · · + cnl ul ), if m = n
⎪
⎪
⎩
[yn , x1 ] = cn1 u1 + cn2 u2 + · · · + cnl ul , if m = n

with anj , cnt ∈ C, 1 ≤ j ≤ k, 1 ≤ t ≤ l. Note that if anj = cnt = 0 for all j, t,

1 ≤ j ≤ k, 1 ≤ t ≤ l, then we clearly obtain the superalgebra N F n,m ⊕ C k+l . Next, for
studying the remaining possibilities we distinguish separately two cases depending on if
m = n or m = n + 1.
Thus, if m = n and cnt = 0 for all t, then anj = 0 for some j. In this case after setting
xn+1 = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk , we get M n+1,n ⊕ C k+l−1 . On the contrary, if anj = 0
for all j, then cnt = 0 for some t. After stabilizing yn+1 = cn1 u1 + cn2 u2 + · · · + cnl ul ,
we get N F n,n+1 ⊕ C k+l−1 . Finally if anj = 0 for some j and cnt = 0 for some t, after
setting xn+1 and yn+1 as before we obtain Rn+1,n+1 ⊕ C k+l−2 .
For the case of m = n + 1, the only remaining possibility is anj = 0 for some j. In
this case after setting xn+1 = an1 v1 + an2 v2 + · · · + ank vk , we get N F n+1,n+1 ⊕ C k+l−1
which concludes the proof. 

Thus, we get the following general result.

Theorem 4.1.

(I) A k-dimensional even central extension of null-filiform Leibniz superalgebra N F n,m

is isomorphic to one of the following non-isomorphic superalgebras:

N F n,m ⊕ C k , N F n+1,n+1 ⊕ C k−1 (if m = n + 1), M n+1,n ⊕ C k−1 (if m = n).

(II) A k-dimensional odd central extension of null-filiform Leibniz superalgebra N F n,m

is isomorphic to one of the following non-isomorphic superalgebras:

N F n,m ⊕ C k , N F n,n+1 ⊕ C k−1 (if m = n).

80 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

(III) A (k + l)-dimensional general central extension (neither even nor odd) of null-
filiform Leibniz superalgebra N F n,m is isomorphic to one of the following non-
isomorphic superalgebras:

N F n,m ⊕ C k+l and

• If m = n + 1: N F n+1,n+1 ⊕ C k+l−1
• If m = n: M n+1,n ⊕ C k+l−1 , N F n,n+1 ⊕ C k+l−1 , Rn+1,n+1 ⊕ C k+l−2

with M n+1,n and Rn+1,n+1 as described in Proposition 4.1 and Proposition 4.3, respec-
tively.

Remark 4.1. We will refer to the superalgebras obtained in Theorem 4.1 as

extnil(N F n,m ).

5. Central extension of maximal solvable superalgebras with nilradical N F n,m

Throughout this section we obtain all central extensions of the maximal solvable
superalgebra with nilradical N F n,m named R(N F n,m ). This Leibniz superalgebra,
which is unique, was obtained in [8] and can be expressed by the following multipli-
cation table
⎧
⎪
⎪ [yi , y1 ] = xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n, [yj , x1 ] = yj+1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1,
⎪
⎨ [x , y ] = 1 y ,
i 1 2 i+1 1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1, [xi , x1 ] = xi+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
R(N F n,m ) :
⎪
⎪ [x , z] = 2ix , 1 ≤ i ≤ n, [z, x1 ] = −2x1 ,
⎪ i
⎩
i
[yj , z] = (2j − 1)yj , 1 ≤ j ≤ m, [z, y1 ] = −y1 ,

where the omitted brackets are equal to zero, being {x1 , . . . , xn , z} even basis vectors
and {y1 , . . . , ym } odd ones. We distinguish between even and odd central extensions.

5.1. Even central extensions of R(N F n,m )

Lemma 5.1. Let V = V0 ⊕ V1 be a vector superspace with V0 = span{v1 , v2 , . . . , vk } and

V1 = {0}. Then

(i) The even 2-cocycles Z02 (R(N F n,m ); V ) are given by the following expression

ω(xi , x1 ) = ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk , 1≤i≤n−1

ω(z, x1 ) = b1 v1 + b2 v2 + · · · + bk vk
ω(x1 , z) = −b1 v1 − b2 v2 − · · · − bk vk
ω(xi+1 , z) = (2i + 2)(ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk ), 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1
 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 81

ω(z, z) = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + ck vk
ω(y1 , y1 ) = 12 (−b1 v1 − b2 v2 − · · · − bk vk )
ω(yi+1 , y1 ) = ai,1 v1 + ai,2 v2 + · · · + ai,k vk , 1≤i≤n−1

with aij , bj , cj ∈ C for 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 and 1 ≤ j ≤ k.

(ii) The even 2-coboundaries B02 (R(N F n,m ); V ) are given by the following expression

ω(xi , x1 ) = ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk , 1≤i≤n−1

ω(z, x1 ) = b1 v1 + b2 v2 + · · · + bk vk
ω(x1 , z) = −b1 v1 − b2 v2 − · · · − bk vk
ω(xi+1 , z) = (2i + 2)(ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk ), 1≤i≤n−1
ω(y1 , y1 ) = 12 (−b1 v1 − b2 v2 − · · · − bk vk )
ω(yi+1 , y1 ) = ai,1 v1 + ai,2 v2 + · · · + ai,k vk , 1≤i≤n−1

with aij , bj ∈ C for 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 and 1 ≤ j ≤ k.

(iii) The even 2-cocycles belonging to H02 (R(N F n,m ); V ) are given by the following ex-
pression

ω(z, z) = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + ck vk , cj ∈ C, 1 ≤ j ≤ k.

Proof. Since R(N F n,m ) contains, in particular, the bracket products of N F n,m we obtain
first the following restrictions for the 2-cocycles

ω(xi , x1 ) = ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk , 1≤i≤n

ω(y1 , y1 ) = b1 v1 + b2 v2 + · · · + bk vk
ω(yi , y1 ) = ai−1,1 v1 + ai−1,2 v2 + · · · + ai−1,k vk , 2≤i≤m

Now, by applying the 2-cocycle condition, ω(x, [y, z]) = ω([x, y], z) − (−1)|y||z| ω([x, z], y)
for the ordered triple {x, y, z} we get the relationships given in the table:

2-cocycle condition Relationship

{xn , z, x1 } ω(xn , x1 ) = 0
{xi , z, x1 }, 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 (2i + 2)ω(xi , x1 ) = ω(xi+1 , z), 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1
{z, xi , x1 }, 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 ω(z, xi+1 ) = 0, 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1
{z, x1 , z} ω(z, x1 ) = −ω(x1 , z)
{z, y1 , y1 } ω(y1 , y1 ) = − 12 ω(z, x1 )
{yn+1 , z, y1 }, if m = n + 1 ω(yn+1 , y1 ) = 0, if m = n + 1
82 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

Thus, we obtain the expression for the 2-cocycles of the statement. The rest derives
from the definition of 2-coboundary and the expression of the superalgebra. 

Proposition 5.1. A k-dimensional even central extension of R(N F n,m ), the maximal
solvable Leibniz superalgebra with nilradical null-filiform, is isomorphic to one of the
following non-isomorphic superalgebras:

R(N F n,m ) ⊕ C k , ext1 R(N F n,m ) ⊕ C k−1

with ext1 R(N F n,m ) being the Leibniz superalgebra expressed by the law:
⎧
⎪
⎪ [yi , y1 ] = xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n, [yj , x1 ] = yj+1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1,
⎪
⎪
⎪ [x 1
⎨ i , y1 ] = 2 yi+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1, [xi , x1 ] = xi+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
[xi , z] = 2ixi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n, [z, x1 ] = −2x1 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪ [yj , z] = (2j − 1)yj ,
⎪ 1 ≤ j ≤ m, [z, y1 ] = −y1 ,
⎪
⎩
[z, z] = v

where {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , z, v} and {y1 , y2 , . . . , ym } are bases of the even and odd parts re-
spectively.

Proof. By applying Lemma 5.1 we obtain as multiplication table for the k-dimensional
even central extension of R(N F n,m ) the one composed by the multiplication table of
R(N F n,m ) together with the product

[z, z] = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + ck vk

with cj ∈ C, 1 ≤ j ≤ k. Note that if cj = 0 for all j, 1 ≤ j ≤ k, then we clearly obtain

the superalgebra R(N F n,m ) ⊕ C k . Contrariwise, i.e., if there exists cj = 0 for some j,
then after setting v := c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + ck vk we get ext1 R(N F n,m ) ⊕ C k−1 . 

Remark 5.1. We will refer to the superalgebras obtained in Proposition 5.1 as

extsolR(N F n,m ).

5.2. Odd central extensions of R(N F n,m )

Theorem 5.1. Any odd central extension of R(N F n,m ) is a split Leibniz superalgebra.

Proof. Suppose we have V = V0 ⊕ V1 a vector superspace with V0 = {0} and

V1 = span{v1 , v2 , . . . , vk }. First, from the bracket products of N F n,m we obtain first
the following restrictions for the 2-cocycles

ω(xi , y1 ) = 12 (ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk ), 1≤i≤n

ω(yi , x1 ) = ai1 v1 + ai2 v2 + · · · + aik vk , 1≤i≤n
 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 83

with aij ∈ C for 1 ≤ i ≤ n and 1 ≤ j ≤ k. Now, by applying the 2-cocycle condition for
the ordered triple {x, y, z} we get the following relationships given in the table:

2-cocycle condition Relationship

{yj , z, x1 }, 1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1 ω(yj+1 , z) = (2j + 1)ω(yj , x1 ), 1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1
{z, y1 , z} ω(z, y1 ) = −ω(y1 , z)
{z, yj , z}, 2 ≤ j ≤ m ω(z, yj ) = 0, 2 ≤ j ≤ m
{xi , y1 , z}, 1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1 (2i + 1)ω(xi , y1 ) = 12 ω(yi+1 , z), 1 ≤ i ≤ m − 1
{xn , z, y1 }, if m = n ω(xn , y1 ) = 0, if m = n
{yn , z, x1 }, if m = n ω(yn , x1 ) = 0, if m = n

Thus, it is not difficult to check that all the 2-cocycles are also 2-coboundaries and
then dim(H02 (N F n,m ; V )) = 0, which proves the statement of the Theorem. 

Corollary 5.1. Any k-dimensional odd central extension of R(N F n,m ) is isomorphic to

R(N F n,m ) ⊕ C k

6. The maximal solvable Leibniz superalgebra with nilradical extnil(N F n,m )

Along this section we compute R(extnil(N F n,m )), i.e., the solvable Leibniz superal-
gebras with nilradical extnil(N F n,m ). These superalgebras occur to be unique and they
are the maximal solvable. We consider the central extensions of null-filiform Leibniz
superalgebras non-split, that is M n+1,n and Rn+1,n+1 .

6.1. The maximal solvable Leibniz superalgebras with nilradical M n+1,n

The procedure to obtain the maximal solvable superalgebra is described in [8].

Proposition 6.1. Any non-nilpotent outer derivation d of M n+1,n is of the form


n−j+1
d(yj ) = (2j − 1)a1 yj + ai yi+j−1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ n,
i=3

n−i+2
d(xi ) = 2ia1 xi + ak xk+i−1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ n − 1,
k=3
d(xn ) = 2na1 xn ,
d(xn+1 ) = 2(n + 1)a1 xn+1 .

Proof. We compute all derivations. It is easy to check that the odd derivations are nilpo-
tent. Moreover, among the even basis derivations there is only non-vanishing parameter
a1 . Note also that we have eliminated the inner derivation Rx1 which corresponds exactly
with the only non-null parameter a2 = 1. 

The next corollary gives the dimension of the solvable Leibniz superalgebra.
84 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

Corollary 6.1. Any solvable non-nilpotent Leibniz superalgebra L over the complex field,
with L2 nilpotent and nilradical a central extension of nulfiliform Leibniz superalgebra,
that is, isomorphic to M n+1,n , has dimension dim(M n+1,n ) + 1.

Proof. The dimension of the solvable Leibniz superalgebra is bounded by the maximal
number of nil-independent derivations of the nilradical. 

We have the following result using the similar arguments that in Section 5 of the
paper [8].

Theorem 6.1. Let L be an (2n + 2)-dimensional solvable non-nilpotent Leibniz superalge-

bra over C with L2 nilpotent and nilradical isomorphic to M n+1,n . Then L is isomorphic
to the following superalgebra
⎧
⎪
⎪ [yi , y1 ] = xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [xi , y1 ] = 12 yi+1 , 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [y , x ] = yj+1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ n − 1,
⎪
⎪ j 1
⎨ [x 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
i , x1 ] = xi+1 ,
R(M n+1,n ) :
⎪
⎪ [xi , z] = 2ixi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n + 1,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [yi , z] = (2i − 1)yi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [z, x1 ] = −2x1 ,
⎪
⎪
⎩ [z, y ] = −y .
1 1

Proof. In this theorem we use the same techniques as in the Section 5 of the paper
[8]. 

6.2. The maximal solvable Leibniz superalgebras with nilradical Rn+1,n+1

The procedure to obtain the maximal solvable superalgebra is described in [8] and it
is similar as the above subsection.

Proposition 6.2. Any non-nilpotent outer derivation d of Rn+1,n+1 is of the form


n−j+2
d(yj ) = (2j − 1)a1 yj + ai yi+j−1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ n,
i=3

n−i+2
d(xi ) = 2ia1 xi + ak xk+i−1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ n − 1,
k=3
d(xn ) = 2na1 xn ,
d(xn+1 ) = 2(n + 1)a1 xn+1 .

Proof. We compute all derivations. It is easy to check that the odd derivations are nilpo-
tent. Moreover, among the even basis derivations there is only non-vanishing parameter
 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 85

a1 . Note also that we have eliminated the inner derivation Rx1 which corresponds exactly
with the only non-null parameter a2 = 1. 

The next corollary gives the dimension of the solvable Leibniz superalgebra.

Corollary 6.2. Any complex solvable non-nilpotent Leibniz superalgebra L such that L2
nilpotent and its nilradical is a central extension of nulfiliform Leibniz superalgebra, that
is, isomorphic to Rn+1,n+1 , has dimension dim(Rn+1,n+1 ) + 1.

Proof. The dimension of the solvable Leibniz superalgebra is bounded by the maximal
number of nil-independent derivations of the nilradical. 

We have the following result using the similar arguments that in Section 5 of the
paper [8].

Theorem 6.2. Let L be a complex (2n + 3)-dimensional solvable non-nilpotent Leibniz

superalgebra such that L2 nilpotent and its nilradical is isomorphic to Rn+1,n+1 . Then L
is isomorphic to the following superalgebra:
⎧
⎪
⎪ [yi , y1 ] = xi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [x , y ] = 1
y , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
⎪
⎪
i 1 2 i+1
⎪
⎪ [y , x ] = y , 1 ≤ j ≤ n,
⎪
⎪ j 1 j+1
⎨ [x , x ] = x , 1 ≤ i ≤ n,
i 1 i+1
RRn+1,n :
⎪
⎪ [x , z] = 2ix , 1 ≤ i ≤ n + 1,
⎪
⎪
i i
⎪
⎪ [y , z] = (2i − 1)y , 1 ≤ i ≤ n + 1,
⎪
⎪
i i
⎪
⎪ [z, x1 ] = −2x1 ,
⎪
⎪
⎩ [z, y ] = −y .
1 1

Proof. In this theorem we use the same techniques as in the Section 5 of the paper
[8]. 

6.3. Comparison of extsolR(N F n,m ) with R(extnil(N F n,m ))

All the Leibniz superalgebras R(extnil(N F n,m )) obtained along this section occur to
be unique and centerless and that fact does not correspond with any central extensions
extsol(R(N )).
We repeat now the two different procedures but for a very important class of filiform
Lie superalgebras [6], i.e. the model filiform Lie superalgebra N = Ln,m . Thus:

PROCEDURE 1. On one hand, first obtain the one-dimensional central extensions of

N , (denote it by extnil(N ), see Section 7).

PROCEDURE 2. On the other hand, consider maximal solvable Lie superalgebra,

R(N ), with nilradical N . And then describe its central extensions, extsol(R(N )). We
86 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

compare extsol(R(N )) and R(extnil(N )). On that occasion we do not compute explicitly
R(extnil(N )), we do the comparison in a more theoretical way.

7. One-dimensional central extensions of model filiform Lie superalgebras

In this section we deal with the description of the one-dimensional central extensions
of the model filiform Lie superalgebra, Ln,m , which is defined by the only non-zero
products

[x1 , xi ] = −[xi , x1 ] = xi+1 , 2≤i≤n−1

Ln,m :
[x1 , yj ] = −[yj , x1 ] = yj+1 , 1≤j ≤m−1

where {x1 , . . . , xn } is a basis of (Ln,m )0̄ and {y1 , . . . , ym } is a basis of (Ln,m )1̄ . Note that
Ln,m is the most important filiform Lie superalgebra, in complete analogy to Lie algebras,
since all the other filiform Lie superalgebras can be obtained from it by deformations
[6]. In particular, we will describe the one-dimensional central extensions by means of
Lie 2-cocycles.
Recall that Lie 2-cocycles and Lie superalgebras are particular cases of Leibniz 2-
cocycles and Leibniz superalgebras, respectively. Due to the difficulty of the problem we
consider only one-dimensional central extensions and therefore, we will have either even
central extensions or odd central extensions.

Proposition 7.1. Any one-dimensional even Lie central extension of the model filiform
Lie superalgebra Ln,m can be expressed with respect to the basis {x1 , . . . , xn , v, y1 , . . . , ym }
by the following multiplication table, where the omitted products are equal to zero:
⎧
⎪
⎪ [x , x ] = −[xi , x1 ] = xi+1 , 2≤i≤n−1
⎪ 1 i
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ [x1 , yj ] = −[yj , x1 ] = yj+1 ,
⎪ 1≤j ≤m−1
[x1 , xn ] = −[xn , x1 ] = a1n v,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [xi , xj ] = −[xj , xi ] = (−1)i a2,i+j−2 v, 2 ≤ i < j ≤ n, i + j odd, 5 ≤ i + j ≤ n + 2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
[yi , yj ] = [yj , yi ] = (−1)i+1 b1,i+j−1 v, 1 ≤ i ≤ j ≤ m, i + j even, 2 ≤ i + j ≤ m + 1

2 + 2 
n−1 m+1
being (a1n , a23 , a25 , . . . , b11 , b13 , . . . ) ∈ C 1+ .

Proof. From the definition of even Lie 2-cocycles and coboundaries and on account
of V = V0 ⊕ V1 =< v > ⊕{0}, we obtain that the even Lie 2-cocycles belonging to
Z02 (Ln,m ; V ) are given by the following expression

ω(x1 , xi ) = −ω(xi , x1 ) = a1i v, 2≤i≤n

ω(xi , xj ) = −ω(xj , xi ) = (−1) a2,i+j−2 v,
i
2 ≤ i < j ≤ n, i + j odd, 5 ≤ i + j ≤ n + 2
ω(yi , yj ) = ω(yj , yi ) = (−1) i+1
b1,i+j−1 v, 1 ≤ i ≤ j ≤ m, i + j even, 2 ≤ i + j ≤ m + 1
 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 87

being (a12 , . . . , a1n , a23 , a25 , . . . , b11 , b13 , . . . ) ∈ C n+ 2 + 2  . Likewise, we obtain
n−1 m+1

that the even Lie 2-coboundaries B02 (Ln,m ; V ) are given by the following expression

ω(x1 , xi ) = −ω(xi , x1 ) = a1i v, 2≤i≤n−1

being (a12 , . . . , a1,n−1 ) ∈ C n−2 . Therefore, the even Lie 2-cocycles belonging to
H02 (Ln,m ; V ) are given by

ω(x1 , xn ) = −ω(xn , x1 ) = a1n v,

ω(xi , xj ) = −ω(xj , xi ) = (−1)i a2,i+j−2 v, 2 ≤ i < j ≤ n, i + j odd, 5 ≤ i + j ≤ n + 2
ω(yi , yj ) = ω(yj , yi ) = (−1)i+1 b1,i+j−1 v, 1 ≤ i ≤ j ≤ m, i + j even, 2 ≤ i + j ≤ m + 1

2 + 2 
n−1 m+1
being (a1n , a23 , a25 , . . . , b11 , b13 , . . . ) ∈ C 1+ , which proves the result of the
statement. 

Proposition 7.2. Any one-dimensional odd Lie central extension of the model filiform Lie
superalgebra Ln,m can be expressed with respect to the basis {x1, . . . , xn , y1 , . . . , ym , v} by
the following multiplication table, where the omitted products are equal to zero:
⎧
⎪
⎪ [x1 , xi ] = −[xi , x1 ] = xi+1 , 2≤i≤n−1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ [x1 , yj ] = −[yj , x1 ] = yj+1 ,
⎪ 1≤j ≤m−1
[x1 , ym ] = −[ym , x1 ] = c1m v,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [x2 , yj ] = −[yj , x2 ] = c2j v, 1≤j≤m
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
[xi , yj ] = −[yj , xi ] = (−1)i c2,i+j−2 v, 3 ≤ i ≤ n, 4 ≤ i + j ≤ m + 2

being (c1m , c21 , . . . , c2m ) ∈ C m+1 .

Proof. From the definition of even Lie 2-cocycles and coboundaries and on account of
V = V0 ⊕ V1 = {0}⊕ < v >, we obtain that the even Lie 2-cocycles belonging to
Z02 (Ln,m ; V ) are given by the following expression

ω(x1 , yj ) = −ω(yj , x1 ) = c1j v, 1≤j≤m

ω(x2 , yj ) = −ω(yj , x2 ) = c2j v, 1≤j≤m
ω(xi , yj ) = −ω(yj , xi ) = (−1)i c2,i+j−2 v, 3 ≤ i ≤ n, 4 ≤ i + j ≤ m + 2

with cij ∈ C for all 1 ≤ i ≤ 2, 1 ≤ j ≤ m. Likewise, we obtain that the even Lie
2-coboundaries B02 (Ln,m ; V ) are given by the following expression

ω(x1 , yj ) = −ω(yj , x1 ) = c1j v, 1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1

with c1j ∈ C for all 1 ≤ j ≤ m −1. Thus, we get the following expression for H02 (Ln,m ; V )
88 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

ω(x1 , ym ) = −ω(ym , x1 ) = c1m v,

ω(x2 , yj ) = −ω(yj , x2 ) = c2j v, 1≤j≤m
ω(xi , yj ) = −ω(yj , xi ) = (−1) c2,i+j−2 v, 3 ≤ i ≤ n, 4 ≤ i + j ≤ m + 2
i

being (c1m , c21 , . . . , c2m ) ∈ C m+1 , which proves the result of the statement. 

Remark 7.1. All the one-dimensional central extensions of Ln,m we will denote by
extnil(Ln,m ).

8. One-dimensional central extensions of maximal solvable Lie superalgebra with

model filiform nilradical

Along this section we obtain all one-dimensional central extensions of the maximal
solvable Lie superalgebra with nilradical Ln,m named R(Ln,m ). This Lie superalgebra,
which is unique, was obtained in [8] and can be expressed by the following multiplication
table
⎧
⎪
⎪ [x1 , xi ] = −[xi , x1 ] = xi+1 , 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [x1 , yj ] = −[yj , x1 ] = yj+1 ,
⎪
1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ [z1 , x1 ] = −[x1 , z1 ] = x1 ,
⎪
R(Ln,m ) : [z1 , xi ] = −[xi , z] = (i − 2)xi , 3 ≤ i ≤ n;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [z1 , yj ] = −[yj , z1 ] = (j − 1)yj , 2 ≤ j ≤ m;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [z2 , xi ] = −[xi , z2 ] = xi , 2 ≤ i ≤ n;
⎪
⎪
⎩
[z3 , yj ] = −[yj , z3 ] = yj , 1 ≤ j ≤ m;

where the omitted brackets are equal to zero, being {x1 , . . . , xn , z1 , z2 , z3 } even basis vec-
tors and {y1 , . . . , ym } odd ones. We distinguish between even and odd central extensions.

Proposition 8.1. Any one-dimensional even Lie central extension of the maximal solvable
Lie superalgebra R(Ln,m ) can be expressed with respect to the basis {x1 , . . . , xn , z1 , z2 , z3 ,
v, y1 , . . . , ym } by the following multiplication table, where the omitted products are equal
to zero:
⎧
⎪
⎪ [x1 , xi ] = −[xi , x1 ] = xi+1 , 2 ≤ i ≤ n − 1;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [x , y ] = −[yj , x1 ] = yj+1 , 1 ≤ j ≤ m − 1;
⎪
⎪ 1 j
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [z1 , x1 ] = −[x1 , z1 ] = x1 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ [z , x ] = −[x , z] = (i − 2)x ,
1 i i i 3 ≤ i ≤ n;
⎪
⎪ [z1 , yj ] = −[yj , z1 ] = (j − 1)yj , 2 ≤ j ≤ m;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [z2 , xi ] = −[xi , z2 ] = xi ,
⎪ 2 ≤ i ≤ n;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ [z3 , yj ] = −[yj , z3 ] = yj , 1 ≤ j ≤ m;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
[zi , zj ] = −[zj , zi ] = cij v, 1 ≤ i < j ≤ 3;
 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91 89

with (c12 , c13 , c23 ) ∈ C 3 .

Proof. From the definition of even Lie 2-cocycles and coboundaries and on account
of V = V0 ⊕ V1 =< v > ⊕{0}, we obtain that the even Lie 2-cocycles belonging to
Z02 (R(Ln,m ); V ) are given by the following expression

ω(x1 , xi ) = −ω(xi , x1 ) = a1i v, 2≤i≤n−1

ω(z1 , x1 ) = −ω(x1 , z1 ) = b11 v,
ω(z1 , xi ) = −ω(xi , z) = (i − 2)a1,i−1 v, 3 ≤ i ≤ n;
ω(z2 , x2 ) = −ω(x2 , z2 ) = b22 v, 3 ≤ i ≤ n;
ω(z2 , xi ) = −ω(xi , z2 ) = a1,i−1 v, 3 ≤ i ≤ n;
ω(zi , zj ) = −ω(zj , zi ) = cij v, 1≤i<j≤3

Likewise, we obtain that the even Lie 2-coboundaries B02 (R(Ln,m ); V ) are given by the
following expression

ω(x1 , xi ) = −ω(xi , x1 ) = a1i v, 2≤i≤n−1

ω(z1 , x1 ) = −ω(x1 , z1 ) = b11 v,
ω(z1 , xi ) = −ω(xi , z) = (i − 2)a1,i−1 v, 3 ≤ i ≤ n;
ω(z2 , x2 ) = −ω(x2 , z2 ) = b22 v, 3 ≤ i ≤ n;
ω(z2 , xi ) = −ω(xi , z2 ) = a1,i−1 v, 3 ≤ i ≤ n.

Therefore, the even Lie 2-cocycles belonging to H02 (R(Ln,m ); V ) are given by

ω(zi , zj ) = −ω(zj , zi ) = cij v, 1≤i<j≤3

which proves the result of the statement. 

A straightforward computation leads to the following result:

Proposition 8.2. Any one-dimensional odd Lie central extension of the maximal solvable
Lie superalgebra R(Ln,m ) is isomorphic to R(Ln,m ) ⊕ C.

Remark 8.1. We will call all the one-dimensional central extensions of R(Ln,m ) by
extsol(R(Ln,m )).

8.1. Comparison of extsolR(Ln,m ) with R(extnil(Ln,m )) and Conjecture

In [8] the authors proved that under the condition of r2 being nilpotent, any solv-
able Lie superalgebra over the real or complex field can be obtained by means of outer
90 L.M. Camacho et al. / Linear Algebra and its Applications 656 (2023) 63–91

non-nilpotent derivations of the nilradical in the same way as it occurs for Lie alge-
bras. Moreover, these outer non-nilpotent derivations are even superderivation, see [10].
Therefore, for any solvable Lie superalgebra r with r2 nilpotent, we have a decomposition
→
−
into semidirect sum: r = t ⊕ n such that

[t, n] ⊂ n, [n, n] ⊂ n, [t, t] ⊂ n.

Therefore, for obtaining the maximal solvable Lie superalgebra with nilradical each
family of extnil(Ln,m ), i.e. R(extnil(Ln,m )), we consider for each family of extnil(Ln,m )
its maximal torus composed by even derivations, t = Span{T1 , T2 , T3 }. Note that the
dimension of the torus is the same as the number of generator basis vectors of the
family of superalgebras, which is always three. Then t is Abelian (i.e., [t, t] = 0) and
the operators adT (T ∈ t) are diagonal. By calling ti the new even basis vectors which
derive from the action of the maximal torus we obtain for R(extnil(Ln,m )) the basis
{x1 , . . . , xn , t1 , t2 , t3 , v, y1 , . . . , ym }. Thus, R(extnil(Ln,m )) is non-split verifying [ti , tj ] =
0 for all i, j and this does not correspond with any non-split Lie superalgebra obtained
in extsol(R(Ln,m )).

Analyzing the results obtained throughout the paper one can suppose the following
conjecture:
→
−
Conjecture. Let R(N ) = t ⊕ N be the maximal solvable extension of a nilpotent Leibniz
superalgebra N , under the condition dim(t) = dim(N/N 2 ) = k. Then, there exists a
basis of R(N ), {x1 , . . . , xn , t1 , t2 , . . . , tk }, where {x1 , . . . , xn } is a basis of N in which
all the non-split central extensions of R(N ) will be determined only by the 2-cocycles
non-coboundaries ω(ti , tj ).

Declaration of competing interest

There is no competing interest.

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