APA Reference List

with Example
(Research Article / Dissertation / Thesis)

K.THIYAGU, Assistant
1 Professor,
Department of Education, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod
 Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
Agenda

• Introduction
• Format of the Reference List
• Elements of a Reference
• Reference Categories
2
 Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
The reference list at the end of a paper provides the
information necessary to identify and retrieve each work
cited in the text.
APA Style
generally require
reference lists,
not bibliographies.

3
 Format of the Reference List

Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Format of the Reference List

Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Begin the reference list on a new page after the text.

Place the section label “References” in bold at the top of the page, centered.

Order the reference list entries alphabetically by author

Double-space the entire reference list (both within and between entries).

Apply a hanging indent of 0.5 inch. to each reference list entry, meaning that the first line of the
reference is flush left and subsequent lines are indented 0.5 inch. from the left margin. Use the
paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program to apply the hanging indent.
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Order of works in the Reference List

Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author

followed by the initials of the author’s given name(s).

In APA Style for alphabetizing names, “nothing precedes something”:

Loft, V. H. precedes Loftus, E. F., even though “u” precedes “v” in the alphabet.

When alphabetizing names, disregard any spaces or punctuation marks (e.g., apostrophes, hyphens)
in two-word surnames.

Also disregard anything in parentheses (e.g., roles like “Eds.”) or square brackets (e.g., usernames).

Alphabetize entries by authors who have the same given name and
surname with suffixes indicating birth order chronologically, oldest first.
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Order of Multiple Works by the Same First Author
Multiple works by the Same First Author Order
One-author entries should be arranged by year of publication, Patel, S. N. (n.d.).
the earliest first. References with no date precede references Patel, S. N. (2016).
with dates, and in-press references are listed last. Patel, S. N. (2020a).
Patel, S. N. (2020b, April).
Patel, S. N. (in press).
One-author entries should precede multiple-author entries Davison, T. E. (2019).
beginning with the same first author, even if the multiple- Davison, T. E., & McCabe, M. P. (2015).
author work was published earlier.
Multiple-author entries in which all authors appear in the Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (2013).
same order should be arranged by the year of publication (the Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (2014).
same as one-author entries).
Multiple-author entries with the same first author and Jacobson, T. E., Duncan, B., & Young, S. E. (2019).
different subsequent authors should be arranged Jacobson, T. E., & Raymond, K. M. (2017).
alphabetically by the surname of the second author or, if the Pfeiffer, S. J., Chu, W.-W., & Park, S. H. (2018).
second author is the same, the surname of the third author, Pfeiffer, S. J., Chu, W.-W., & Wall, T. L. (2018)
and so forth.
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Order of works with the Same Author and Same Date

• The letter format for references with years is “2020a,” “2020b.”

• The letter format for references with no date is “n.d.-a,” “n.d.-b.”
• The letter format for in-press references is in “in press-a,” “in press-b.”

Same author and Same Date Order

Assigning the letters is a two-step process. First, Azikiwe, H., & Bello, A. (2020a).
compare the dates. References with only a year precede Azikiwe, H., & Bello, A. (2020b, March 26).
those with more specific dates, and specific dates are Azikiwe, H., & Bello, A. (2020c, April 2).
placed in chronological order.

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11
Elements of a Reference
 Four Elements of a Reference
Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Who When
is responsible was this
for this work
work? published?

Author Date

Source Title

Where What
can I retrieve is this work
this work ? called?
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Figure 9.1

a Journal Article

13
Example of Where to Find
Reference Information for
 Author
Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

An author may be
a group or
an (institution,
multiple a combination
government
individual, people, of people and
agency,
organization; groups

14
 Format of the Author Element
Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Invert all individual authors’ names, providing the surname first, followed by a comma and the initials

Use a comma to separate an author’s initials from additional author names, even when there are only two authors;
use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name

Do not use a comma to separate two group authors

Use a serial comma before the ampersand (&) with three or more authors.

Provide surnames and initials for up to and including 20 authors.

When there are two to 20 authors, use an ampersand before the final author’s name

When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add
the final author’s name.
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 Format of the Author Element
Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Author Element Reference Format

Single Author Author, A. A.
Double Author Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
With three or more authors. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
When there are two to 20 authors, use an ampersand
(&) before the final author’s name
When there are 21 or more authors, include the first Author, A. A., Author, B. B., …….. Author, C. C.
19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (but no Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D.,
ampersand), and then add the final author’s name Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu,
Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo,
K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . . . Joseph, D.
(1996).
Hyphenated Name Xu, A.-J., for Ai-Jun Xu.
If an author has only one name Plato. (2017)
Two Group Authors American Psychological Association &
National Institutes of Health
No Author Move the title of the work to the author position
Ex: Generalised anxiety disorder. (2019)
If, and only if, the work is signed “Anonymous,” is “Anonymous”
as the author. 16
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Date

Date may take one of the following forms

Range of
Year, Year Year dates
Year and
Month, and (range of
Only Season years, range
and Day Month
of exact
dates)

17
 Format of the Date Element
Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Enclose the date of publication in parentheses, followed by a period: (2020).

For works from a reference category that includes the month, day, and/or season along with the year, put the year first, followed by
a comma, and then the month and date or season: (2020, August 26). (2020, Spring/Summer).

For unpublished, informally published, or in-progress works, provide the year the work was produced.
Do not use “in progress” or “submitted for publication” in the date element of a reference.

If a work has been accepted for publication but is not yet published, use the term “in press” instead of a year

Do not provide a date in the reference until the work has been published.

If a work is an advance online publication, use the year of the advance online publication in the reference

If a work includes both an advance online publication date and a final publication date, use the final publication date in the reference.
When the date of original publication is approximate, use the abbreviation “ca.” (which stands for “circa”).
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Format of the Date Element

Date Element Reference Format
Year of Publication (2020).
Month, day, and/or season along with the year (2020, August 26).
(2020, Spring/Summer).

For unpublished, informally published, or in-progress (2019).

works, provide the year the work was produced.

If a work has been accepted for publication but is not yet (in press).
published, use the term “in press” instead of a year
If a work is an advance online publication, use the year of the (2021).
advance online publication in the reference

When the date of original publication is approximate, use (Original work published ca. 350 B.C.E.)
the abbreviation “ca.” (which stands for “circa”). Citation: Aristotle, ca. 350 B.C.A.

Updated or reviewed online works UpToDate

Retrieval dates Wikipedia / Facebook Post: (2019, January 13).
Encyclopaedia/Twitter/Facebook Page: Retrieved August 31, 2019

No Date {n.d. stands for ‘no ‘date’} (n.d.).

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 Title
Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

In a reference, the title refers to the title of the work being cited.
Titles fall into two broad categories:

• whole books, reports, gray literature,

Works that dissertations and theses, informally published
Stand alone works, data sets, videos, films, TV series,
podcasts, social media, and works on websites

Works that are

• periodical articles, edited book chapters, and
part of a TV and podcast episodes
Greater Whole
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Format of the Title Element

For works that stand alone (e.g., books, reports, webpages and websites), italicize the title, and capitalize it using sentence
case.

For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g., journal articles, edited book chapters), do not italicize the title or
use quotation marks, and capitalize it using sentence case.

For book and report references, enclose in parentheses after the title any additional information given in the
publication for its identification and retrieval (e.g., edition, report number, volume number). Do not add a period
between the title and the parenthetical information, and do not italicize the parenthetical information. If both
edition and volume information are included, separate these elements with a comma, placing the edition number
first.

Finish the title element with a period.

However, if the title ends with a question mark or exclamation point, that punctuation mark replaces the period.

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 Format of the Title Element
Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Title Element Tips Reference Format

Standalone Work: Italicize & Capitalize Burgess, R. (2019). Rethinking global health:
Books, Reports, Webpages & Websites Frameworks of power. Routledge.
Greater Whole Work: Don’t italicize, Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with
Journal article, edited book chapters but capitalize consequences. Educational Leadership, 76(1), 26–33
Additional Information: Enclose in parentheses. Brown, L. S. (2018). Feminist therapy (2nd ed.).
After the title any additional Do not add a period between American Psychological Association.
information given in the publication for the title and the parenthetical https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092- 000
its identification and retrieval information, and do not italicize
(e.g., edition, report number, volume the parenthetical information
number).
Series and multivolume works - Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., & Lindsay, G. (2010).
Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., Vol. 1). John
Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119
Bracketed Descriptions Comprehensive meta-analysis (Version
3.3.020)[Computer software]
No Title [Map showing the population density of the United
States as of the year 2010].
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Source

In a reference, the source indicates where readers can retrieve the cited work.
As with titles sources fall into two broad categories:

The source for a work that is part of a greater whole

(e.g., journal article, edited book chapter)

The source for a work that stands alone (e.g., whole book, report, dissertation, thesis, film,
TV series, podcast, data set, informally published work, social media, webpage)

Works associated with a specific location (e.g., conference presentations) include location
information in the source and, depending on the work, may also include a DOI or URL

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 Periodical Sources Format
Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Periodical Sources Format

Name of Journal, Magazine, Newspaper, • Capitalize the title of periodical using title case
Newsletter, News letter or blog • Italicize it
• Place a comma (not italicized) after it
Volume number • Italicize
Issue number • Not italicize
• Enclose the issue number in Parentheses
• Comma after the issue number
Page number • Not italicize
• Page numbers in a range by an en dash
• Followed by period

DOI or URL • After the page number

Reference Format
Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with consequences. Educational Leadership, 76(1), 26–33.
McCauley, S. M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2019). Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of
child language development. Psychological Review, 126(1), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126
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Format of the Source Element

Source Element Reference Format

Online Periodicals with Missing information The New York Times.

Article Numbers – eLocators Article e0158474

Edited Book Chapter Title of book (2nd ed., Vol.3, pp.xx-xx).

Publisher Sources Guilford Press; Basic Books

Database and Archive Sources ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Global

Monograph published in ERIC
Primary Sources Published in JSTOR

Works with Specific Location (Conference Location) Provide the city; state. Province, or territory; and country.
New Your, NY, United States
Sydney, NSW, Australia

Social media resource Social media site name (title case without italics)

DOIs and URLs http:// or https://doi.org/xxxxxx

No Source A reference without a recoverable source cannot be included in the reference list
Delete the reference list entry and substitute another reference if possible.
25
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Reference Categories

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Textual
Works

Data sets,
Online Reference
Software
Media Categories
& Tests

Audio-
visual
Media
27
 Reference Categories
Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Textual Data Sets, Online

Audio-visual
Software &
Works Media Media
Tests

Periodicals
Date Sets Audiovisual Works
Books & Reference Works
Social Media
Edited Books Chapters

Reports & Gray Literature Computer Software,

Mobile Apps, Apparatuses Audio Works
Conference & Equipment

Dissertation & Theses

Webpages and Websites
Reviews Tests, Scales, and
Video Works
Inventories
Unpublished Works

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Textual Works
Textual
APA Reference
Works

Periodicals

Books & Reference Works

Edited Books Chapters

Reports & Gray Literature

Conference

Dissertation & Theses

Reviews

Unpublished Works

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30
Periodicals
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Periodicals

31
Periodicals

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Works Citations Reference

1 Journal article Parenthetical Citation: McCauley, S. M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2019). Language
with a DOI (McCauley & learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child
Christiansen, 2019) language development. Psychological Review, 126(1), 1–51.
https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126
Narrative Citation:
McCauley and
Christiansen (2019)
2 Journal article Parenthetical Citations: Ahmann, E., Tuttle, L. J., Saviet, M., & Wright, S. D. (2018). A
without a DOI, (Ahmann et al., 2018) descriptive review of ADHD coaching research:
with a Implications for college students. Journal of Postsecondary
nondatabase URL Narrative Citations: Education and Disability, 31(1), 17–39.
Ahmann et al. (2018) https://www.ahead.org/professionalresources/publications/jp
ed/archived-jped/jped-volume-31
3 Journal, magazine, or Parenthetical Citations: Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with consequences.
newspaper article (Anderson, 2018; Educational Leadership, 76(1), 26–33.
without a DOI, Goldman, 2018)
from most academic Goldman, C. (2018, November 28). The complicated calibration
research databases or Narrative Citations: of love, especially in adoption. Chicago Tribune.
print version Anderson (2018) and Goldman
(2018)
32
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Works Citations Reference
4 Journal article Parenthetical Citation: Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D.,
with a DOI, (Kalnay et al., 1996) Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu,
21 or more authors Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J.,
Narrative Citation: Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . . . Joseph,
Kalnay et al. (1996) D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project.
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3),
437–471. http://doi.org/fg6rf9
5 Journal article Parenthetical Citations: De Vries, R., Nieuwenhuijze, M., Buitendijk, S. E., & the
with a DOI, (De Vries et al., 2013) members of Midwifery Science Work Group. (2013). What
combination of does it take to have a strong and independent profession of
individual and Narrative Citations: midwifery? Lessons from the Netherlands. Midwifery, 29(10),
group authors De Vries et al. (2013) 1122–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.07.007
6 Journal article Parenthetical Citations: Burin, D., Kilteni, K., Rabuffetti, M., Slater, M., & Pia, L. (2019).
with an article (Burin et al., 2019) Body ownership increases the interference between observed
number or and executed movements. PLOS ONE, 14(1), Article
eLocator Narrative Citations: e0209899. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209899
Burin et al. (2019)
7 Journal article, Parenthetical Citations: Huestegge, S. M., Raettig, T., & Huestegge, L. (2019). Are
advance (Huestegge et al., 2019) faceincongruent voices harder to process? Effects of face–
online publication voice gender incongruency on basic cognitive information
Narrative Citations: processing. Experimental Psychology. Advance online
(Huestegge et al., 2019) publication. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a00044033
Periodicals

Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Works Citations Reference
8 Journal article, Parenthetical Citation: Pachur, T., & Scheibehenne, B. (in press). Unpacking buyer– seller
in (Pachur & Scheibehenne, in press) differences in valuation from experience: A cognitive modeling
press approach. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.
Narrative Citation:
Pachur and Scheibehenne (in press)
9 Journal article, Parenthetical Citations: Chaves-Morillo, V., Gómez Calero, C., Fernández-Muñoz, J. J., Toledano-
published (Chaves-Morillo et al., 2018) Muñoz, A., Fernández-Huete, J., Martínez-Monge, N., Palacios-Ceña,
in D., & Peñacoba-Puente, C. (2018). La anosmia neurosensorial:
another language Narrative Citations: Relación entre subtipo, tiempo de reconocimiento y edad
Chaves-Morillo et al. (2018) [Sensorineural anosmia: Relationship between subtype, recognition
time, and age]. Clínica y Salud, 28(3), 155–161.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clysa.2017.04.002
10 Journal article, Parenthetical Citations: Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood (J.
republished (Piaget, 1970/1972) Bliss & H. Furth, Trans.). Human Development, 15(1), 1–12.
in https://doi.org/10.1159/000271225 (Original work published 1970)
translation Narrative Citations:
Piaget (1970/1972)
11 Journal article, Parenthetical Citations: Shore, M. F. (2014). Marking time in the land of plenty: Reflections on
reprinted (Shore, 1981/2014) mental health in the United States. American Journal of
from another source Orthopsychiatry, 84 (6), 611–618. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100165
Narrative Citations: (Reprinted from “Marking time in the land of plenty: Reflections on
Shore (1981/2014) mental health in the United States,” 1981, American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 51 [3], 391–402, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-
0025.1981.tb01388.x) 34
Periodicals

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Works Citations Reference
12 Special section Parenthetical Citation: Lilienfeld, S. O. (Ed.). (2018). Heterodox issues in psychology [Special section].
or (Lilienfeld, 2018; Archives of Scientific Psychology, 6(1), 51– 104.
special issue McDaniel et al., 2018)
in a journal McDaniel, S. H., Salas, E., & Kazak, A. E. (Eds.). (2018). The science of
Narrative Citation:
teamwork [Special issue]. American Psychologist, 73(4).
Lilienfeld (2018) and
McDaniel et al. (2018)
13 Article from the Parenthetical Citations: Mehrholz, J., Pohl, M., Platz, T., Kugler, J., & Elsner, B. (2018).
Cochrane (Mehrholz et al., 2018) Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving activities of
Database of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke. Cochrane
Systematic Narrative Citations: Database of Systematic Reviews.
Reviews Mehrholz et al. (2018) https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006876.pub5
14 Article Parenthetical Citations: Morey, M. C. (2019). Physical activity and exercise in older adults. UpToDate.
from the (Morey, 2019) Retrieved July 22, 2019, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physical-
UpToDate Narrative Citations: activity-andexercise-in-older-adults
database Morey (2019)

15 Magazine Parenthetical Citations: Bergeson, S. (2019, January 4). Really cool neutral plasmas. Science, 363(6422),
article (Bergeson, 2019; Bustillos, 2013; 33–34. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7988
Weir, 2017) Bustillos, M. (2013, March 19). On video games and storytelling: An interview
with Tom Bissell. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-
Narrative Citations: turner/on-videogames-and-storytelling-an-interview-with-tom-bissell
Bergeson (2019), Bustillos (2013),
and Weir (2017) Weir, K. (2017, January). Forgiveness can improve mental and physical health.
Monitor on Psychology, 48(1), 30. 35
Periodicals

Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Works Citations Reference
16 Newspaper Parenthetical Citation: Guarino, B. (2017, December 4). How will humanity react to alien life?
article (Guarino, 2017; Hess, 2019) Psychologists have some predictions. The Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-
Narrative Citation: science/wp/2017/12/04/how-will-humanity-react-to-alien-lifepsychologists-
Guarino (2017) and Hess (2019) have-some-predictions

Hess, A. (2019, January 3). Cats who take direction. The New York Times, C1.

17 Blog Parenthetical Citations: Klymkowsky, M. (2018, September 15). Can we talk scientifically about free
post (Klymkowsky, 2018) will? Sci-Ed. https://blogs.plos.org/scied/2018/09/15/can-we-
talkscientifically-about-free-will/
Narrative Citations:
Klymkowsky (2018)
18 Comment Parenthetical Citations: KS in NJ. (2019, January 15). From this article, it sounds like men are figuring
on an (KS in NJ, 2019) something out that women have known forever. I know of many [Comment
online on the article “How workout buddies can help stave off loneliness”]. The
periodical Narrative Citations: Washington Post. https://wapo.st/2HDToGJ
article or post KS in NJ (2019)
19 Editorial Parenthetical Citations: Cuellar, N. G. (2016). Study abroad programs [Editorial]. Journal of
(Cuellar, 2016) Transcultural Nursing, 27(3), 209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659616638722

Narrative Citations:
Cuellar (2016) 36
 Books and Reference Works

37

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 Books and Reference Works

38

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Books & Reference Works

Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Works Citations Reference

20 Authored book Parenthetical Citation: Brown, L. S. (2018). Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). American
with a DOI (Brown, 2018) Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092- 000
Narrative Citation:
Brown (2018)
21 Authored book Parenthetical Citations: Burgess, R. (2019). Rethinking global health: Frameworks of
without a DOI, (Burgess, 2019) power. Routledge.
from most academic
research databases or Narrative Citations:
print version Burgess (2019)
22 Authored ebook Parenthetical Citations: Cain, S. (2012). Quiet: The power of introverts in a world that
(e.g., Kindle book) (Cain, 2012; Christian & can’t stop talking (K. Mazur, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Random
or audiobook Griffiths, 2016) House Audio. http://bit.ly/2G0BpbI
without a DOI,
with a nondatabase URL Narrative Citations: Christian, B., & Griffiths, T. (2016). Algorithms to live by: The
Cain (2012) and Christian and computer science of human decisions. Henry Holt and Co.
Griffiths (2016) http://a.co/7qGBZAk
23 Authored book Parenthetical Citations: Meadows, D. H. (2008). Thinking in systems: A primer (D.
with editor credited (Meadows, 2008) Wright, Ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing.
on the book cover
Narrative Citations:
Meadows (2008)
39
Books & Reference Works

Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Works Citations Reference
24 Edited book Parenthetical Citation: Schmid, H.-J. (Ed.). (2017). Entrenchment and the psychology of
with a DOI, (Schmid, 2017) language learning: How we reorganize and adapt linguistic
with multiple knowledge. American Psychological Association; De
publishers Narrative Citation: Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1037/15969-000
Schmid (2017)
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26 Edited ebook (e.g., Parenthetical Citations: Pridham, K. F., Limbo, R., & Schroeder, M. (Eds.). (2018).
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28 Book Parenthetical Citation: Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child
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29 Republished Parenthetical Citations: Freud, S. (2010). The interpretation of dreams: The complete and
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30 One volume Parenthetical Citations: Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., & Lindzey, G. (2010). Handbook of
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31 Book in a Parenthetical Citation: Madigan, S. (2019). Narrative therapy (2nd ed.).
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Zalta, E. N. (Ed.). (2019). The Stanford encyclopedia of

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34 Anthology Parenthetical Citations: Gold, M. (Ed.). (1999). The complete social scientist: A Kurt
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36 Ancient Greek or Parenthetical Citations: Aristotle. (1994). Poetics (S. H. Butcher, Trans.). The Internet
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40 Chapter in an edited Parenthetical Citations: Tafoya, N., & Del Vecchio, A. (2005). Back to the future: An
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https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9P7CB

74 Informally published Parenthetical Citation: Ho, H.-K. (2014). Teacher preparation for early childhood
work, from ERIC (Ho, 2014) special education in Taiwan (ED545393). ERIC.
database Narrative Citation: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED545393.pdf
Ho (2014) 68
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APA Reference
Data Sets,
Software &
Tests

Date Sets

Computer Software,
Mobile Apps, Apparatuses
& Equipment

Tests, Scales, and

Inventories

69
 Data Sets

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 references for data sets.
Use the template shown next to construct

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Data Sets

Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Data Citations Reference

75 Data Set Parenthetical Citation: D’Souza, A., & Wiseheart, M. (2018). Cognitive effects of music
(D’Souza & Wiseheart, 2018; National and dance training in children (ICPSR 37080; Version V1)
Center for Education Statistics, 2016) [Data set]. ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR37080.v1

Narrative Citation: National Center for Education Statistics. (2016). Fast Response
D’Souza and Wiseheart (2018), and Survey System (FRSS): Teachers’ use of educational
National Center for Education Statistics technology in U.S. public schools, 2009 (ICPSR 35531;
(2016) Version V3) [Data set and code book]. National Archive of
Data on Arts and Culture.
https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR35531.v3

76 Unpublished Parenthetical Citations: Baer, R. A. (2015). [Unpublished raw data on the correlations
raw data (Baer, 2015; Oregon Youth Authority, between the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the
2011) Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills]. University of
Kentucky.
Narrative Citations:
: Baer (2015) and Oregon Youth Authority Oregon Youth Authority. (2011). Recidivism outcomes
(2011) [Unpublished raw data]

72
 and Equipment
Computer Software, Mobile Apps, Apparatuses,

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 Computer Software, Mobile Apps, Apparatuses, and Equipment

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 Mobile Apps information

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Computer Software, Mobile Apps, Apparatuses, and Equipment

Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Software Citations Reference
77 Software Parenthetical Citation: Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2014).
(Borenstein et al., 2014) Comprehensive meta-analysis (Version 3.3.070) [Computer
software]. Biostat. https://www.meta-analysis.com/
Narrative Citation:
Borenstein et al. (2014)
78 Apparatus Parenthetical Citations: SR Research. (2016). Eyelink 1000 plus [Apparatus and software].
or equipment (SR Research, 2016; https://www.sr-research.com/eyelink1000plus.html
Tactile Labs, 2015)
Tactile Labs. (2015). Latero tactile display [Apparatus]. http:
Narrative Citations: //tactilelabs.com /products/haptics/latero-tactile-display/
SR Research (2016) and
Tactile Labs (2015)
79 Mobile app Parenthetical Citation: Epocrates. (2019). Epocrates medical references (Version 18.12)
(Epocrates, 2019) [Mobile app]. App Store.https://itunes.apple.com/us /app/epocrates
/id281935788? mt=8
Narrative Citation:
Epocrates (2019)
80 Entry in a Parenthetical Citation: Epocrates. (2019). Interaction check: Aspirin + sertraline. In Epocrates
mobile app (Epocrates, 2019) medical references (Version 18.12) [Mobile app]. Google Play
reference Store.https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?
work Narrative Citation: id=com.epocrates&hl=en_US
Epocrates (2019) 76
 and
Inventories
Tests, Scales,

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 Tests, Scales, and Inventories

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 Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
Test, Scales & Inventories

Test, Scales & Citations Reference

Inventories
81 Manual for a Test, Parenthetical Citation: Tellegen, A., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2011). Minnesota
Scale, or Inventory (Tellegen & Ben-Porath, 2011) Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 Restructured Form
(MMPI-2-RF): Technical manual. Pearson.
Narrative Citation:
Tellegen and Ben-Porath (2011)
82 Test, Scale, or Parenthetical Citation: Project Implicit. (n.d.). Gender–Science IAT.
Inventory Itself (Project Implicit, n.d.) https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html
Narrative Citation:
Project Implicit (n.d.)
83 Database Record for Parenthetical Citations: Alonso-Tapia, J., Nieto, C., Merino-Tejedor, E., Huertas, J. A.,
a Test (Alonso-Tapia et al., 2018; & Ruiz, M. (2018). Situated Goals Questionnaire for
Cardoza et al., 2000) University Students (SGQ-U, CMS-U) [Database record].
PsycTESTS. https://doi.org/10.1037/t66267-000
Narrative Citations:
Alonso-Tapia et al. (2018) and Cardoza, D., Morris, J. K., Myers, H. F., & Rodriguez, N.
Cardoza et al. (2000) (2000). Acculturative Stress Inventory (ASI) (TC022704)
[Database record]. ETS TestLink.
79
Audio-visual Media

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APA Reference
Audio-visual
Media

Audiovisual Works

Audio Works

Video Works

80
 Media
Audio-Visual

81

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 by media type, as shown next.
The author of an audio-visual work is determined

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 Source: 7th Edition - Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
Use the template shown next to construct references
for audio-visual media that stand alone.

83
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Use the template shown next to construct references for
audio-visual media that are part of a greater whole.

84
Audio Visual Works

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Works Citations Reference
84 Film or video Parenthetical Citations: Forman, M. (Director). (1975). One flew over the cuckoo’s nest [Film]. United Artists.
(Forman, 1975; Fosha &
Levenson, 2017; Jackson, Fosha, D. (Guest Expert), & Levenson, H. (Host). (2017). Accelerated experiential
2001) dynamic psychotherapy (AEDP) supervision [Film; educational DVD]. American
Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/pubs/videos/4310958.aspx
Narrative Citations:
Forman (1975), Fosha and Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). The lord of the rings: The fellowship of the ring [Film; four-
Levenson (2017), and disc special extended ed. On DVD]. WingNut Films; The Saul Zaentz Company.
Jackson (2001)
85 Film or video in Parenthetical Citation: Malle, L. (Director). (1987). Au revoir les enfants [Goodbye children] [Film]. Nouvelles
another (Malle, 1987) Éditions de Films.
language
Narrative Citation:
Malle (1987)
86 TV series Parenthetical Citation: Simon, D., Colesberry, R. F., & Kostroff Noble, N. (Executive Producers). (2002–2008).
(Simon et al., 2002–2008) The wire [TV series]. Blown Deadline Productions; HBO.
Narrative Citation:
Simon et al. (2002–2008)
87 Webinar, Parenthetical Citation: Goldberg, J. F. (2018). Evaluating adverse drug effects [Webinar]. American Psychiatric
recorded (Goldberg, 2018) Association. https://education.psychiatry.org/Users/ProductDetails.aspx? ActivityID=6172
Narrative Citation:
Goldberg (2018) 85
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Works Citations Reference
88 TV series episode Parenthetical Citations: Barris, K. (Writer & Director). (2017, January 11). Lemons (Season 3, Episode 12) [TV
or webisode (Barris, 2017; series episode]. In K. Barris, J. Groff, A. Anderson, E. B. Dobbins, L. Fishburne, & H.
Oakley et al., 1995) Sugland (Executive Producers), Black-ish. Wilmore Films; Artists First; Cinema
Gypsy Productions; ABC Studios.
Narrative Citations:
Barris (2017) and Oakley, B. (Writer), Weinstein, J. (Writer), & Lynch, J. (Director). (1995, May 21). Who
Oakley et al. (1995) shot Mr. Burns? (Part one) (Season 6, Episode 25) [TV series episode]. In D. Mirkin,
J. L. Brooks, M. Groening, & S. Simon (Executive Producers), The Simpsons. Gracie
Films; Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation.
89 TED Talk Parenthetical Citations: Giertz, S. (2018, April). Why you should make useless things [Video]. TED
(Giertz, 2018; TED, 2012) Conferences.https://www.ted.com/talks/simone_giertz_why_you_should_
make_useless_things
Narrative Citations:
Giertz (2018) and TED TED. (2012, March 16). Brené Brown: Listening to shame [Video]. YouTube.
(2012) https://www.youtube.com/watch?psN1DORYYV0
90 YouTube video Parenthetical Citations: Cutts, S. (2017, November 24). Happiness [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/244405542
or other (Cutts, 2017; Fogarty, 2016;
streaming video University of Oxford, 2018) Fogarty, M. [Grammar Girl]. (2016, September 30). How to diagram a sentence (absolute
basics) [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/deiEY5Yq1qI
Narrative Citations:
Cutts (2017), Fogarty (2016), University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on water? [Video].
and University of Oxford YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm1xGfOZJc8
(2018) 86
Audio Works

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Audio Works Citations Reference
91 Music Album Parenthetical Citations: Bach, J. S. (2010). The Brandenburg concertos: Concertos BWV 1043 &
(Bach, 1721/2010; Bowie, 2016) 1060 [Album recorded by Academy of St Martin in the Fields].
Decca. (Original work published 1721)
Narrative Citations:
Bach (1721/2010) and Bowie (2016) Bowie, D. (2016). Blackstar [Album]. Columbia.

92 Single song or Parenthetical Citations: Beyoncé. (2016). Formation [Song]. On Lemonade. Parkwood;
track (Beyoncé, 2016; Childish Gambino, 2018) Columbia.

Narrative citations: Childish Gambino. (2018). This is America [Song]. mcDJ; RCA.
Beyoncé (2016) and Childish Gambino (2018)
93 Podcast Parenthetical Citation: Vedantam, S. (Host). (2015–present). Hidden brain [Audio podcast].
(Vedantam, 2015–present) NPR. https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain
Narrative Citation:
Vedantam (2015–present)
94 Podcast episode Parenthetical Citation: Glass, I. (Host). (2011, August 12). Amusement park (No. 443) [Audio
(Glass, 2011) podcast episode]. In This American life. WBEZ Chicago.
Narrative Citation: https://www.thisamericanlife.org/episode/443/amusement-park
Glass (2011)
95 Radio interview Parenthetical Citation: de Beauvoir, S. (1960, May 4). Simone de Beauvoir discusses the art of
recording in a (de Beauvoir, 1960) writing [Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive; The Chicago
digital archive Narrative Citation: History Museum. https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/
de Beauvoir (1960)
96 Speech audio Parenthetical Citation: (King, 1963) King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Speech audio recording].
recording Narrative Citation: King (1963)
American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/haveadrea 87 m.htm
Visual Works

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Visual Works Citations Reference
97 Artwork in a Parenthetical Citations: Wood, G. (1930). American gothic [Painting]. Art Institute of
museum or on a (Wood, 1930) Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
museum website Narrative Citations: https://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6565
Wood (1930)
98 Clip art or stock Parenthetical Citation: (GDJ, 2018) GDJ. (2018). Neural network deep learning prismatic [Clip art].
image Openclipart. https://openclipart.org/detail/309343/neuralnetwork-
Narrative Citation: GDJ (2018) deep-learning-prismatic
99 Infographic Parenthetical Citation: Rossman, J., & Palmer, R. (2015). Sorting through our space junk
(Rossman & Palmer, 2015) [Infographic]. World Science Festival.
https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2015/11/space-
Narrative Citation: junkinfographic/
Rossman and Palmer (2015)
100 Map Parenthetical Citations: (Google, n.d.) Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from La Paz,
Bolivia, to Lima, Peru]. Retrieved February 16, 2020, from
Narrative Citations: Google (n.d.)
https://goo.gl/YYE3GR
101 Photograph Parenthetical Citations: Rinaldi, J. (2016). [Photograph series of a boy who finds his
(Rinaldi, 2016) footing after abuse by those he trusted]. The Pulitzer Prizes.
Narrative Citations: Rinaldi (2016) https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/jessica-rinaldi

102 PowerPoint slides Parenthetical Citations: Housand, B. (2016). Game on! Integrating games and simulations
or lecture notes (Housand, 2016) in the classroom [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/brianhousand/game-on-iagc2016/
Narrative Citations: Housand (2016) 88
 APA Reference
Online Media

Social Media

Webpages and Websites

89
Online Media

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90
Social
Media

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 Social Media Content

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Social Media Content

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Social Media Citations Reference
103 Tweet Parenthetical Citations: APA Education [@APAEducation]. (2018, June 29). College
(APA Education, 2018) students are forming mental-health clubs—and they’re making a
difference @washingtonpost [Thumbnail with link attached]
Narrative Citations: [Tweet]. Twitter.
APA Education (2018) https://twitter.com/apaeducation/status/10128104905301401 61

104 Twitter Profile Parenthetical Citation: APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter.
(APA Style, n.d.) Retrieved November 1, 2019, from
https://twitter.com/APA_Style
Narrative Citation:
APA Style (n.d.)
105 Facebook Post Parenthetical Citations: Gaiman, N. (2018, March 22). 100,000+ Rohingya refugees could
(Gaiman, 2018) be at serious risk during Bangladesh’s monsoon season. My
fellow UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador Cate Blanchett is [Image
Narrative Citations: attached] [Status update]. Facebook. http://bit.ly/2JQxPAD
Gaiman (2018)
106 Facebook Page Parenthetical Citation: Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute.
(Smithsonian’s National Zoo and (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved July 22,
Conservation Biology Institute, n.d.) 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/nationalzoo
Narrative Citation:
Smithsonian’s National Zoo and
Conservation Biology Institute (n.d.) 92
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Social Media Citations Reference
107 Instagram Photo Parenthetical Citation: Zeitz MOCAA [@zeitzmocaa]. (2018, November 26). Grade 6
or Video (Zeitz MOCAA, 2018) learners from Parkfields Primary School in Hanover Park visited
the museum for a tour and workshop hosted by [Photographs].
Narrative Citation: Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BqpHpjFBs3b/
Zeitz MOCAA (2018)

108 Instagram Parenthetical Citation: The New York Public Library [@nypl]. (n.d.). The raven [Highlight].
Highlight (The New York Public Library, n.d.) Instagram. Retrieved April 16, 2019, from
https://bitly.com/2FV8bu3
Narrative Citation:
The New York Public Library (n.d.)
109 Online Forum Parenthetical Citation: National Aeronautics and Space Administration [nasa]. (2018,
Post (National Aeronautics and Space September 12). I’m NASA astronaut Scott Tingle. Ask me anything
Administration, 2018) about adjusting to being back on Earth after my first spaceflight!
[Online forum post]. Reddit.
Narrative Citation: https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/9fagqy/im_nasa_a
National Aeronautics and Space stronaut_scott_tingle_ask_me_anything/
Administration (2018)

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94
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 Webpages or Websites

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Webpages & Websites

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Webpage / Website Citations Reference
110 Webpage on a Parenthetical Citations: Avramova, N. (2019, January 3). The secret to a long, happy,
NEWS WEBSITE (Avramova, 2019; Bologna, 2018) healthy life? Think age-positive. CNN.
https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-
Narrative Citations: towardelderly-leads-to-long-life-intl/index.html
Avramova (2019) and Bologna (2018)
111 Webpage on a website Parenthetical Citations: World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and
with a (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018; answers on immunization and vaccine safety.
GROUP AUTHOR World Health Organization, 2018) https://www.who.int/features/qa/84/en/
Narrative Citations:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018)
and World Health Organization (2018)
112 Webpage on a Parenthetical Citation: Martin Lillie, C. M. (2016, December 29). Be kind to
website with an (Martin Lillie, 2016) yourself: How self-compassion can improve your
INDIVIDUAL AUTHOR Narrative Citation: resiliency. Mayo Clinic.
Martin Lillie (2016) http://www.ethicsguidebook.ac.uk/EthicsPrinciples

113 Webpage on a Parenthetical Citations: Boddy, J., Neumann, T., Jennings, S., Morrow, V., Alderson,
website with (Boddy et al., n.d.; National Nurses United, n.d.) P., Rees, R., & Gibson, W. (n.d.). Ethics principles. The
NO DATE Narrative Citations:
Research Ethics Guidebook: A Resource for Social
Scientists. http://www.ethicsguidebook.ac.uk/EthicsPrinciples
Boddy et al. (n.d.) and National Nurses United (n.d.)

114 Webpage on a Parenthetical Citation: (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.) U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population clock.
website with a Narrative Citation: U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.)
U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved July 3, 2019,
RETRIEVAL DATE from https://www.census.gov/popclock/
96
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