NAME: Jehan A.

Macararic DATE SUBMITTED: January 27,2023

SUBJECT & SECTION: ITE132 -MmNn INSTRUCTOR: Sir, Mohammad Domato

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

What is Computer Network?

 A Computer network is collection of computers and devices interconnected by
communication channels that facilitate communications and allow sharing resources
and information among to those interconnected devices in computer. Computer
network is system in which two or more computers are connected or linked together
to each other to share information and resources. Network devices use a system rules,
called communication protocols, to transmit information over wireless topologies.

Advantage of Computer Network System

 File Sharing: easy way to transfer files directly and can share files directly using
network.
 Security: Specific directories can be password protected to limit access authorized
users. Avoid illegal copying of programs.
 Lower cost and save resources
 Ease of accessibility: Modern computer networks are easy to explore. So, even if
you are a kid or a person new to technology, you'll find it easy to connect.
 Flexibility: Here, flexibility means that different people will be able to explore
different things as per their requirements. For this purpose, computer networks
provide you a wide array of choices to share a particular piece of information. For
example, e-mail or messaging apps like WhatsApp. So, there is flexibility for
different users.
 Convenient resource sharing: The main aim of a computer network is to enable
sharing of resources among its users. You can use resources such as printers,
scanners and photocopy machines that can be shared across multiple users. This
resource sharing is important for big companies as they can use one single common
network for connecting with their employees.
 Connectivity: Computer Networks improve connectivity irrespective of a person's
location. In these testing times, we can see live examples as we use video call apps
or Google documents to connect with our friends and colleagues.
 Great storage capacity: Organizations have an abundance of data that needs to be
stored. For that purpose, they are required to store them in a central server. A central
 server is a remote server that is accessible to every employee. So, if in case one loses
the data, others have it.
 Reduced cost: Cost is one of the crucial factors that one needs to consider while
evaluating the pros and cons of a particular technology. In networking, a central
server is used that enables companies to store files in one place and thus reducing
file storage expenses.

TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

1. STAR NETWORK - Provide an inherent advantage that a new site
can be added with ease; only the central site will have to be updated.
In star topology, the central site plays an important role; if it fails, all
the connections will go down. Performance of the central hub dictates
the performance of the connection.
Example: Local Area Network (LAN) in which all nodes are individually connected to a
central connection point, like a hub or a switch.
2. RING NETWORK - is a network topology in which each node
connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous
pathway for signals through each node – a ring. Data travels from node
to node, with each node along the way handling every packet.
Example: Optic fiber is used in telephone lines where data and information travel from one
device to another in the unidirectional path to all other computers and laptops connected to
the network. Ring topology is used in LAN and WAN networks.

3. BUS NETWORK - A bus network is a local area network (LAN)

topology in which each node a workstation or other device is
connected to a main cable or link called a bus. All connected stations
on the bus can communicate with all others on the singular network
segment.
Example: connecting two floors through a single line. Ethernet networks also use a bus
topology. In a bus topology, one computer in the network works as a server and other
computers behave as clients. The purpose of the server is to exchange data between client
computers.
4.MESH NETWORKING - is a group of connectivity devices, such
as Wi-Fi routers that act as a single network, so there are multiple
sources of connectivity around your house instead of just a single
router. Google calls the first mesh device you set up a router, and
each additional mesh device a point.
 Example: The Internet itself. Information travels across the Net by being forwarded
automatically from one router to the next until it reaches its destination.

5.TREE TOPOLOGY - a type of network topology that resembles

a tree. In a tree topology, there is one central node (the “trunk”), and
each node is connected to the central node through a single path.
Nodes can be thought of as branches coming off of the trunk.
Example: Different floors can be connected to each other through combining star topology
network and central bus backbone. B-trees looks same as tree topology and it is used in
different programming languages like MySQL, Redis, PostgreSQL and in filesystems
including ext4, NTFS.

6. HYBRID TOPOLOGY - refers to any computer network that

contains two or more different communications standards. In this
case, the hybrid network uses both Ethernet (802.3) and Wi-Fi
(802.11 a/b/g) standards.

Example: Star-‐Ring and Star-‐Bus networks are most common examples of hybrid
network. These are two examples of hybrid topology: Star-‐Bus: The star bus topology is
combined with the linear bus in large networks. In such cases the linear bus provides a
backbone that connects multiple stars.

TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK ACCORDING TO AREA

 LAN (Local area network) – A local area network (LAN) consists of a series of
computers linked together to form a network in a circumscribed location. The computers
in a LAN connect to each other via TCP/IP ethernet or Wi-Fi. A LAN is normally
exclusive to an organization, such as a school, office, association, or church.
 WAN (Wide area network) – A wide area network is a telecommunications network
that extends over a large geographic area. Wide area networks are often established with
leased telecommunication circuits.
 PAN (Personal area network)- A personal area network (PAN) connects electronic
devices within a user's immediate area. The size of a PAN ranges from a few centimeters
to a few meters. One of the most common real-world examples of a PAN is the
connection between a Bluetooth earpiece and a smartphone.
 MAN (Metropolitan area network) - A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a
computer network that connects computers within a metropolitan area, which could be a
 single large city, multiple cities and towns, or any given large area with multiple
buildings.

TYPES OF COMPUTERS NEWORK ACCORDING TO RULES

1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): TCP is a popular communication protocol

which is used for communicating over a network. It divides any message into series of
packets that are sent from source to destination and there it gets reassembled at the
destination.
2. Internet Protocol (IP): IP is designed explicitly as addressing protocol. It is mostly used
with TCP. The IP addresses in packets help in routing them through different nodes in a
network until it reaches the destination system. TCP/IP is the most popular protocol
connecting the networks.
3. User Datagram Protocol (UDP): UDP is a substitute communication protocol to
Transmission Control Protocol implemented primarily for creating loss-tolerating and
low-latency linking between different applications.
4. Post office Protocol (POP): POP3 is designed for receiving incoming E-mails.
5. Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP): SMTP is designed to send and distribute
outgoing E-Mail.
6. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP allows users to transfer files from one machine to
another. Types of files may include program files, multimedia files, text files, and
documents, etc.
7. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP is designed for transferring a hypertext
among two or more systems. HTML tags are used for creating links. These links may be
in any form like text or images. HTTP is designed on Client-server principles which
allow a client system for establishing a connection with the server machine for making a
request. The server acknowledges the request initiated by the client and responds
accordingly.
8. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS): HTTPS is abbreviated as Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol Secure is a standard protocol to secure the communication among two
computers one using the browser and other fetching data from web server. HTTP is used
for transferring data between the client browser (request) and the web server (response)
in the hypertext format, same in case of HTTPS except that the transferring of data is
done in an encrypted format. So, it can be said that https thwart hackers from
interpretation or modification of data throughout the transfer of packets.
9. Telnet: Telnet is a set of rules designed for connecting one system with another. The
connecting process here is termed as remote login. The system which requests for
 connection is the local computer, and the system which accepts the connection is the
remote computer.
10. Gopher: Gopher is a collection of rules implemented for searching, retrieving as well as
displaying documents from isolated sites. Gopher also works on the client/server
principle

TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK CONNECTION

MOBILE
 Many cellphone and smartphone providers offer voice plans with internet access.
Mobile Internet connections provide good speeds and allow you to access the internet.
WIFI HOTSPOTS
 Wi-Fi Hotspots are sites that offer Internet access over a wireless local area network
(WLAN) by way of a router that then connects to an Internet service provider.
Hotspots utilize
 Wi-Fi technology, which allows electronic devices to connect to the Internet or
exchange data wirelessly through radio waves. Hotspots can be phone-based or free-
standing, commercial or free to the public.
DIAL-UP
 Dial-up connections require users to link their phone line to a computer in order to
access the Internet. This particular type of connection—also referred to as analog—
does not permit users to make or receive phone calls through their home phone
service while using the Internet. Now more outdated, a dial-up connection used to be
among the most common Internet connection type.
BROADBAND
 This high-speed Internet connection is provided through either cable or telephone
companies. One of the fastest options available, broadband Internet uses multiple data
channels to send large quantities of information. The term broadband is shorthand for
broad bandwidth. Broadband Internet connections such as DSL and cable are
considered high-bandwidth connections. Although many DSL connections can be
considered broadband, not all broadband connections are DSL.
DSL
 DSL, which stands for Digital Subscriber Line, uses existing 2-wire copper telephone
line connected to one's home so service is delivered at the same time as landline
telephone service. Customers can still place calls while surfing the Internet.
CABLE
 Cable Internet connection is a form of broadband access. Through use of a cable
modem, users can access the Internet over cable TV lines. Cable modems can provide
extremely fast access to the Internet, making a cable connection a viable option for
many.
SATELLITE
  In certain areas where broadband connection is not yet offered, a satellite Internet
option may be available. Similar to wireless access, satellite connection utilizes a
modem.
ISDN
 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) allows users to send data, voice and video
content over digital telephone lines or standard telephone wires. The installation of an
ISDN adapter is required at both ends of the transmission—on the part of the user as
well as the Internet access provider.

COMPUTER NETWORK DEVICES

What is a network device?
-The network device is one kind of device used to connect devices or computers together to
transfer resources or files like fax machines or printers.
What are the examples of network devices?
The examples are switch, hub, bridge, router, gateway, modem, repeater and access
point.
 Switch – network switch is networking hardware that connects
devices on a computer network by using packet switching to
receive and forward data to the destination device.

 Hub- is a networking device that operates on the physical layer

i.e., the 1st layer of the OSI model, unlike switches that operate
in data link layer. Hub connects multiple devices to itself that
send and receive data through it.
 Bridge- is a computer networking device that creates a single,
aggregate network from multiple communication networks or
network segments. This function is called network bridging.
Bridging is distinct from routing.
 Router- A router connects your devices to each other and, in
hard-wired connection setups, to the modem.

 Modem- computer hardware device that converts data from a

digital format into a format suitable for an analog transmission
medium such as telephone or radio.

 Repeater- is an electronic device that amplifies the signal it

receives. You can think of repeater as a device which receives
 a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power so
that the signal can cover longer distances, more than 100
meters for standard LAN cables. Repeaters work on the
Physical layer.
 Access point- In computer networking, a wireless access
point, or more generally just access point, is a networking
hardware device that allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to
a wired network.