The BALAN€E BBries,

' " , l

FOR THE REVISED CPE

Reading
&
Vocabulary

Addie Kane
HILLSIDE PRESS
Description of Paper 1 4

Introduction to BALANCE 1 5

Student's Memo (General Guidelines for the Reading Paper) 6

Student's Memo (Guidelines for Part 1) 7

Unit 1 8

Student's Memo (Guidelines for Part 2) 18

Unit 2 19
Student's Memo (Guidelines for Part 3) 33

Unit 3 34

Student's Memo (Guidelines for Part 4) 45

Unit 4 46

Unit 5 56

Unit 6 66

Unit 7 79

Unit 8 89

Unit 9 99

Unit 10 109

Unit 11 121

Unit 12 131

Unit 13 141

Unit 14 151

Unit 15 164

Unit 16 174

Practice Test 1 185

Practice Test 2 195

Word Formation Appendix 205

Phrasal Verbs Appendix 211

Collocations Appendix 219

3
 DESCRIPTION 01? PAPER 1

Timing
1 hour 30 minutes.

Answer Format
For all parts of this paper, candidates indicate their answers by shading the correct lozenges on an answer sheet.
Candidates should use a soft pencil (B or HB) and mark their answers firmly. Candidates should use an eraser to rub out
any answer they wish to change.

Marks
Questions in Part 1 carry one mark. Questions in Parts 2, 3 and 4 carry two marks.

Part

Four-option multiple-choice lexical doze Idioms, collocations, fixed 18

phrases, complementation,
Three texts each containing six gaps. Each gap phrasal verbs, semantic
corresponds to a word and candidates must select the precision
word from the four options given which fits the gap.

Four-option multiple choice Detail, opinion, attitude, tone, 8

purpose, main idea,
Four texts on one theme from a range of sources. implication,1ext organisation
Two four-option multiple--choice questions on each text. features (exemplification,
comparison, reference)

Gapped text Cohesion, coherence, text 7

structure, global meaning
One text from which paragraphs have been removed
and placed in jumbled order after the text. Candidates
must decide from where in the text the paragraphs
have been removed.

Four-option multiple choice As Part 2 7

One text with seven four-option multiple-choice

questions.

4
 INTROI)UCTION TO BALANCE 1

BALANCE 1 - Reading & Vocabulary

BALANCE 1 consists of 16 units, each divided into a reading comprehension section and a lexical
items section. There is a separate pack of Progress Tests which can be used for consolidation work
on the lexical items. BALANCE 1 also contains 2 Practice Tests (CPE Paper 1, Reading
Comprehension).

Structure of the Unit

.. Reading Comprehension
Learners are given practice in the skills needed to tackle the different parts of the CPE Reading
Comprehension Paper. This part of each unit contains one of the four parts of the reading
comprehension test. These appear in order, so students have the opportunity to work through all the
parts of the reading comprehension paper every four units. A student's memo for each of the first
four units gives specific advice on how to approach the relevant part of the paper. After the reading
comprehension texts and tasks, there is a page of follow-up questions for class discussion. These
questions are designed to help students to develop a clearer understanding of the texts and the issues
they involve, and to gain some insight into how the text writers achieve their aims.

- Lexical Items
Prepositional Phrases: This task will help students to become familiar with some commonly
met prepositional phrases, and will prove useful for their own writing as
well as for reading comprehension.
Word Formation: This task provides excellent practice for CPE Paper 3, Part 2.
Phrasal Verbs: These are presented through a task-based approach, followed by an
appropriate task for practice. Full explanations and examples are also
listed at the back of the book. The phrasal verbs presented are different
from those used in ON THE MOVE and in BALANCE 3.
Collocations: Each unit has a task-based presentation of different collocat1ons,
followed by different practice tasks.
Set Phrases: 12 set phrases are presented in each unit and the presentation is
followed by a related task. This builds on the extensive collection of set
phrases contained in BALANCE 3.
Confusing Words: Groups of words with similar meanings or uses are presented with clear
example sentences and explanations. After the presentation there is a
task for students. The confusing words material is particul_arly useful for
the first part of the,reading comprehension paper, as well as for
students' own writing. -
Vocabulary ECPE type: Each unit contains a multiple-choice vocabulary task modelled on the
vocabulary task in the Michigan University Proficiency Exam. This task
is not only useful for those students sitting the ECPE, but offers valuable
practice in building a working knowledge of vocabulary that will prove
useful for the Cambridge CPE reading comprehension paper.

Progress Tests (in a separate pack)

The Progress Tests allow for regular consolidation and revision of the lexical items in BALANCE 1 as follows:

• a set of 8 tests (1 for every 2 units)

• a set of 4 tests (1 for every 4 units)
• a set of 2 tests (1 for every 8 units)
• a final test

5
 0TUDENT'S MEMO 1

The reading paper aims to test com-

prehension at word, phrase, sentence,
paragraph and whole text level. You should
read extensively as well as intensively. It is
important that you familiarise yourself with the
instructions for each part of the test. Be careful,
when you transfer your answers to the Answer
Sheet, to avoid mistakes. You can photocopy
the Answer Sheet and use it each time you
answer the text questions.

0TUDENT'S MEMO 2

You have one and half hours (90 minutes)

for the four parts of the paper. This means
that you may devote approximately 20 minutes
to each part. Then you have 10 minutes to mark
your answers on the answer sheet and cross-check.
GlJJDELINES FOR PART 1 OF THE REA.DING PAPER

<!>TUDENT'S MEMO

Remember that this part consists of three

unrelated short texts, each with six gaps. You
have to choose a word or phrase from a set of four to
fill the gaps. You should not only know the meaning of
the words, but also be familiar with confusing words,
collocations, set phrases, phrasal verbs, etc.

The second part of each unit of BALANCE 1 will help you by

giving you more practice with these types of lexical items.
Don't forget to take into account the broader context of the
previous or following sentences, or of the whole text.
When you study, try to learn whole phrases, rather than
just individual words, together with the appropriate
usage.

7
 For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or DJ best fits each gap.

The Camping Trip

"Camping isn't for everyone," my brother said, but what he meant was that I couldn't
do it, and I (1) _____ it as a dare. I couldn't imagine where he'd got that idea,
anyway, as he'd never camped before himself, but I guess he just supposed that he
had a higher (2) ______ for hardship than I did.
He wasn't (3) _____ wrong, but he was no champion outdoorsman, either. We piled
into the car, which was especially cramped because my brother had loaded it, filling
it with such absolute necessities as marshmallows, sandwich ingredients, energy
drinks, CDs, and so on. We (4) _ _ _ _ _ the driving up to the northern tip of the
national park where we'd (5) ______ a pitch at the campsite. Pitching the tent took
ages but, by dusk, we were happily sitting down to dinner. Then the clouds began to
roll in. At the first clap of thunder, we dropped everything, leapt into the car, and
(6) _ _ _ _ _ the nearest hotel.

1 A took B kept C considered D consented i

,i
:l
2 A patience B lenience C tolerance D endurance ..,'
3 A much B too C quite D far j
,,
4 A divided B halved C shared D split ~i
.,J
5 A reserved B engaged C rented D hired ·l
f
6 A kept up B ran into C took to D made for '~
''•,::5:;·;:-;3

Bollywood
Hollywood may seem like the centre of the cinematic world to us in the West,
but it is actually Bombay which (7) ______ the biggest film-making industry on
the planet.
The films that bring down the (8) ______ in India are not the socially relevant
works that impress critics worldwide, but the so-called Bollywood blockbusters,
one of which (9) - - _ _ _ international acclaim not long ago at the prestigious
Cannes film festival. It was a remake of an old classic: a man is forbidden
to marry a woman who is not his social equal, and descends into despair and,
of course, debauchery and drunkenness. The usual ingredients of the Bollywood
flick are (10) - - _ - _ _ drama, plenty of romance, tears, violent (11) _ _ _ - of
passion, and more, always in colourful, sensuous surroundings. Singing and
dancing are musts - on~. film released several years ago depicted the difficult
life of a Kashmiri :fg}g~lt~ho ludicrously (12) ______ song (and dance) on several
occasions during the struggle for freedom.

7 A boasts B professes C claims D brags

8 A audience B home C house D cinema
9 A won B triumphed C held D beat
10 A tall B great C lofty D high
11 A outbreaks B outputs C outcomes D outbursts
12 A broke out B burst into C came into D blew up

8
 E-commerce
E-commerce is definitely booming. Some firms boast that up to 40% of their sales
are electronic, and several big companies are turning a (13) _ _ _ _ _ _ profit and,
buoyed by a solid reputation in the marketplace, branching (14) _ __ _ __ into every
imaginable realm. Tight security for on-line sales keeps fraud to a (15) ______ ,
helping to ensure consumer confidence.
So why do we still want to talk to a live human being when we buy something?
Last week I had to book a plane ticket which cost a month's salary and, although
I'd spent hours combing the Internet for deals, I couldn't (16) _ _ _ _ _ _ myself to
actually purchase my ticket on-line. I could only (17) _ _ _ _ _ _ my credit card
number once I'd racked up a big long-distance phone bill talking to a real person.
In the (18! ______ , my cheap ticket cost the same as it would have if I'd bought
it from my local travel agent.

13 A clean B tidy C neat D fresh

14 A off B away C out D around
l5 A fraction B minimum C smidgen D trifle
16 A get B push C bring D make
17 A hand out B part with C give away D share out
18 A event B case C end D way

9
 FoUow~up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)

The Camping Trip

l Why do you think the writer agreed to go on a 2 What is the writer doing when she uses the
camping trip with her brother? phrase 'absolute necessities'? Why?

Bollywood
3 Two words or phrases in this extract both suggest 4 Why do you think the writer describes the
the ideas of success and an enthusiastic recep- Kashmiri rebel as behaving 'ludicrously'?
tion. What are they?

5 What advantage does the writer suggest is to be 6 How do you think the writerfeels? Why?
gained if someone buys a plane ticket on the
Internet rather than through a travel agent?

10
 Fill the gap jn each sentence with the missing preposition. Remember to write all these prepositional phrases in a
separate section of your notebook, for study purposes.

l What's _ __ - - - -- the agenda for today's meeting?

2 He is worried about making a mistake, so he does everything ________ the book.
3 Although the boss is polite to me, it's obvious that I'm ________ a cloud because I lost that deal.
4 I think the accountant and the manager were ________ collusion - otherwise the accountant would have
found the discrepancy.
5 Since she told me about it ________ confidence, you don't expect me to tell you, do you?
6 I have a file of all our correspondence with that firm _________ date.
7 When the nightwatchman saw flames, he realised the warehouse was ______ - _ fire.
8 I haven't got any money, but I'll pay you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kind; you can have half the olives you pick.
9 The witness testified ________ oath that she had seen him set fire to the car.
People were chosen _______ random for the survey.
11 We never sell all our oil - we always keep some ________ reserve.
12 The way she speaks about her colleagues, you'd think she was ________ war with them.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (OJ.

We are still unable to predict with any (0) __ pre_cJsiQ/1 __ PRECISE

when an (11 ___________ may occur. Even as recently INUNDATE
as the early years of the 21st century, Europe was
(2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ as the rivers which flow across the WASH
continent burst their banks. (3) ___________ rains TORRENT
meant that countries were ravaged by swollen rivers,
cities were swamped and isolated. Although the levels
tbe rivers rose to are not (41 _____ - - ____ , some of PRECEDE
.,/,;~~em were at their highest since the late 19th century,
a,rJd the death toll from this natural disaster was
(5) ..-~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ high. Many flood victims began to ACCEPT
question government policies, which had proved
(61 ___________ as a defence. ADEQUATE

Cities which erected flood barriers for their protection

largely escaped (7) ___________ flooding, so those SPREAD
authorities who had not built such barriers laid them-
selves open to criticism for lack of (8) _______ - - - - . SIGHT
With growing concern in the (9) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ world SCIENCE
about the rise in the sea level caused by melting polar
ice caps and global warming, it became apparent that
there was a need for more countries to take precautions
against further (10) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of this nature. OCCUR

11
A Match the definitions below with the phrasal verbs in the sentences.

A emit, produce from a central position Gseparate/isolate from

B happen; occur H state a lot of information
C visit sb for a shorttime I take the best part
Ddie J be very noticeable
E eave remove quickly/roughly
F think out and produce L do sth that needs. to be done

l The bomb disposal operation passed off without 7 I never knew my mother-in-law because she
any mishaps. passed on the week before I first met my wife.

2 By the end of the World Cup my ten-year-old 8 As soon as Tom was given his birthday present,
brother could reel off the names of all the players he tore all the wrapping paper off.
who had taken part in the tournament.
9 The bad-tempered man told the youths outside
3 If you have time, stop by on your way to the his house to push off, even th~ugh they were
lecture and we'll have a little chat. actually waiting at the bus stop.

4 Cheryl's very good at organising: she's put 10 What really stuck out was their coldness
together a full programme of events for the towards us.
fortnight that the foreign students will be here.
11 The criminal was released from prison on con-
5 Whenever she thought no one was watching, dition that she always wore a tagging device
Grandma used to skim some of the cream off that sent out signals to a computer at the police
the milk and give it to the cat. HQ.

6 Due to the storms and heavy snow, the village 12 I'm still very busy with the cooking, so I'd be
was cut off from the rest of the world. grateful if you would see to the guests when
they arrive.

B Choose d1e three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries
in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they are used.

12
,
1
BODY LANGUAGE
Behavioural experts can tell a Jot about a person by their body language and, on a daily basis, all of us make
instinctive judgements about other people and their feelings, based on physical cues. Some gestures, like the ones
below, leave little room for doubt about their meaning.

A Match the items related to body language (1-13) to their meanings (A-M).

;~f:uggi;~~gor sh'p01d:6g· l ;bSvJs ikil~raqt¢}•or ~ lack

. tl~nching y;ur teeihlfist •2. .: is a f;rmclf gnietJ0g
. · hand
..,,,
',
ill hJnd
,,, .. ,, .,
3 is a sign of ah b<'>nesi~ open
rolling yo6reyes 4· shows .impatienc~ d· irritation
. folding you; ~'rrns 5 snows worry or con.cei1tratton ·
(head inyour hands. 6 shows no feeling or uncferstandihg
akingyour head Pl.. means 'yes ( . . . . ·.....· .
. dingyopr head 8 H shows dominanceOr confidence
. ~c1kinghands · 9 I .·.. ·. shoks .aloofness or refqsa(,
ablank .stare 10 J si)owsjnger
on y()ur hips U . . is}1:sign.of<1ffectiQ1) · .·, .
<:ye:cdnfact · 12 1. ·. .· shows desperafioh o/fr4s{ralion
fur.rowep. brow · 13 .M ineans 'no' ,
' ,' ""- .

B Complete the sentences below using an appropriate form of one of the items above.

l Hours after hearing the news that his stocks were worthless, Brian was still sitting at his desk with his

2 When I asked her where her brother was, she just ________ . ___ __ _ _ _ and looked away.
3 Interviewers are often suspicious of job applicants who do not make ______ .. _______ when
answering questions.
4 The young couple strolled around the park ______________ _
5 Mary stood with her _______ .. __________ and lectured us about our bad manners.
6 The Chief Executive Officer ______ Susan's ______ warmly and welcomed her to the organisation.
7 I could tell from his ______________ that he was racking his brain for an answer to my question.

C Now write sentences of your own that illustrate the meaning of the six remaining items.

13
 l above and beyond the call of duty: more than 7 keep up appearances: try to behave and dress in
would usually be expected from sb your usual way, in order to hide a loss of money,
His lending me the money to get me out of social status, etc
debt was above and beyond the call of duty. They' re on the brink of bankruptcy, but
they're intent on keeping up appearances;
2 get your act together: become organised sothat
you can achieve sth 8 · back-seat driver: passenger in a car who gives
You'd better get your act together, or you' II unwanted driving advice
never finish your degree. I refuse to drive with my father in the car, as
he's a persistent back-seat driver.
3 get the better of: defeat; be more powerful than
sb/sth 9 be/hang in the balance: be uncertain or on the
In talks with his boss, his anxiety always got point of being decided
the better of him. After his indiscretions, his career hung in the
balance.
4 against your better judgement: even though
you know you shouldn't 10 not bat an eyelid: show no sign of surprise or
Against my better judgement, I lent him the worry when sth unexpected happens
money. He didn't bat an eyelid when they told him he
was sacked, as he'd been planning to resign
5 agree to differ: accept that you disagree with sb,
anyway.
to prevent further argument
I'm not going to change my mind, so let's just 11 . be at sb's beck and call: be always willing to do
agree to differ on this. whatever sb asks
His mother was always at his beck and call, and
6 make amends: do sth to compensate for sth bad
now he thinks everyone's his personal servant.
you have done
He was upset that I'd forgotten his birthday, add insult to injury: make your relationship with
so I bought him a nice gift in an effort to somebody worse by offending them
make amends. She declined my invitation to dinner, and added
insult to injury by saying that my cooking always
gave her indigestion.

Use a phrase from the presentation in the right form to fill in the gaps.
a He gave up his job as a waiter, as he hated _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ everyone's _ _ _ _ _ _________ .
b I put him in charge of the petty cash, much ________________________ .
c I wanted to ______________ for not going to her graduation ceremony, so I invited her out for a meal.
d In a pathetic attempt to _________________ , she spent all the money she had left on a new outfit.
e He arrived late and then, to _____________ -, he said he could only stay for half an hour, despite the
fact that I had spent so much time preparing dinner.
f I shall have to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ or I won't meet the deadline for completing this work.
g He was viciously attacked and, by'the time the ambulance got to the hospital, his life ____ - ___ - ________ -·
h There's no point in arguing. We'll ne,V;er see eye tdeye on this, so we'll just have to - - _________ .

B Using the remaining four phrases, write sentences which illustrate their usage.

14
 l

l 5
The whole town gathered together to celebrate the There's a chance I will come to the party. (possibility)
inauguration of the mayor, which they regarded as an You shoujd plan more carefully instead of leaving
important event. (important happening; occurrence) everything to chance. (fate, luck)
In the event of fire, do not use the lift.
(collocation: if sth happens)
6
Ordinarily, you should not be late for class, but I am pre-
2 [u_;;ually plural] pared to make an exception in this case.
The circumstances surrounding the murder are not known. (a particular situ9tion, often in connection with a
(facts connected with an event) particular person)
Under no circumstances should you contact him.
(idiom: in no case, never)
7
The economic situation on the continent continues to
3 worsen. (set of circumstances at a certain time)
A birthday is an occasion for celebration. (a particular
time when sth happens; a time which is socially
8
suitable for a particular activity)
I attended a civic function at the Town Hall.
(formal organised reception or dinner)
4
Given the opportunity, I would travel round the world.
(a favourable time for doing sth you want to do,
a chance)

l 4
Is the game suitable for this age group? Patrols were sent out periodically to make sure the borders
(a collection of people or things placed together) were secure.
(a group of people who go round an area in
2 order to keep it secure)
Our sales team did very well this year.
(a group of people who work together toward a 5
common goal) The squad of detectives began investigating the murder.
(a small group of soldiers or police officers who
3 work together)
The police force needs more recruits if it is to be effective.
(a collection of people organised to do a particu- 6
lar job, especially military or security) When the teenagers failed to return home, a search party
was organised (a group of people formed for a
common activity)

15
 Choose the best alternative to fill each gap.

1 A children's party is hardly a(n) - . - for an argument about politics.

11 A event B occasion C circumstance D function

2 I took the - - - to congratulate him on his promotion.

A opportunity B chance C occasion D circumstance

3 The art exhibition was the cultural - - - of the year.

A occasion· B function C event D situation

4 There is widespread concern about the worsening political - - - .

A occasion B situation C circumstance D case

5 The - - - of tourists, under the tour guide's supervision, walked through the historic city.
A team B squad C party D patrol

6 The condemned man faced the firing - . and prepared to die.

A group B team C squad D force

7 The foot . - - diligently searched the area for signs of the enemy.
A squad B force C party D patrol

8 If everyone works together as a . - - , the task will be accomplished quickly.

A party B team C squad D group

. V~cabulary - ECPE Type··

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

1 Unfortunately, no one noticed the - - - between the 5 She was distraught when she learned that her
two eye-witnesses' accounts. mother had a - - - illness. ·
a distinction a terminal
b discrepancy b lethal
c distortion c mortal
d distraction d deadly
2 She was such a - - political figure that she could 6 The - - - serial killer was finally captured after a
go nowhere without being recognized. long investigation.
a prevalent a famous
b predominant b notorious
c prominent c rep!,!table
d predicament d conspicuous
3 When he was arrested, his lawyer issued a fldt. - - - 1 He - - his dog so much you'd think it was a child.
of the charges brought against him. a treats
a rejection b trains
b dismissal c pets
c refusal d pampers
d denial I wanted to resign, but my boss - - - with me to stay.
4 I offered to do the job, but soon found that I was - - - , a pleaded
as it was more difficult than I had thought. b parted
a pushing up daisies c argued
b knocking on wood d bargained
c in over my head
d off their hands

16
 9 The president was elected in December and - . - 18 At the age of 60 she was looking forward to - - - ,
in January. when she could have as much leisure time as she
a instilled wanted.
b inaugurated a redundancy
c installed b retirement
d inculcated c resumption
d freedom
Adolescents are - - - to mood swings.
a liable 19 The speaker was given a very - - welcome and
b prone roundly applauded.
c accessible a cordial
d discernible b admirable
c authentic
11 He asked the question rather - - - , as his boss was
d austere
in a bad mood and he didn't want to annoy her.
a tentatively The design team were asked to - - - any problems
b explosively that could affect the new product before it hit the
c provokingly market.
d insolently a decipher
b elicit
12 When her father died she - - - a small fortune,
mostly in works of art and property. c express
d anticipate
a came across
b came into He - - - his gaze in embarrassment, realizing he'd
c got together been staring at the couple sitting opposite.
d got away with a avoided
b averted
13 The stray dog looked so - - - sitting in the rain that
c cancelled
we took pity on it and brought it inside.
d concealed
a superficial
b cute It was difficult to - - - his handwriting, which was
c forlorn little more than a scrawl.
d disturbed a discern
b decode
The store issued its customers with a{n) .. - - card
c decipher
to ensure they kept on going back.
d describe
a loyalty
b incentive Her - - - laughter soon spread through the whole
c creditor room.
d debit a infectious
b humorous
15 After careful investigation, the committee - - - the
c caustic
accountant and recommended that the police
,.d calamitous
should not charge her.
a acquitted "· 24 The shy child was - - - by the noisy children and
b expelled stayed away from them. .
c dispelled a dispelled
d exonerated b revoked
c intimidated
16 His .. - - expression left us in no doubt as to how
d provoked
much her rejection had hurt him.
a plausible 25 The - - - windmill is an amazingly spacious house
b anguished now.
c resigned a dilapidated
d downright b preserved
c customized
17 He is usually so - - - ; I had no idea he could be so d converted
aggressive.
a pacific
b relaxed
c placid
d complacent

17
 Part 2

&ruDENT'S MEMO
Mllil,4 &

Remember that this part consists of four

short texts with two multiple-choice questions
on each. These questions may test comprehension
of the whole short text or may focus on the detail in a
section or sections of the text.

These texts are broadly linked thematically. It is important to read

the text for a first overall impression before you read the multiple-
choice questions. Don't forget to read the questions carefully, as
well as the four possible answers. If a question is based on a
detail in a text, identify and underline the relevant lines in the
text so that you can cross-check later on. When you read the
four possible answers for a question, try to isolate the two
most likely alternatives and concentrate on them. Don't
get stuck on unknown words. Try to guess their meaning
from the context.

18 t. .; nt ::rt· :f
 ~

n 2

You are going to read four extracts which arc all concerned in some way with behaviour. For questions 19-26,
choose the answer (A, B, C or DJ which you think fits best according to the text.

POLITICALLY INCORRECT
We consider ourselves civilised. We talk about political correctness and believe in
tolerance and equal opportunities for minorities. But just how tolerant were our line 2
forebears? We would probably be horrified if we knew what attitudes our ancestors line 3
had. Why is it that Homo Sapiens are the only humanoids now surviving on the
Earth? The unpleasant truth is probably that our predecessors slaughtered all the
others. We were a savage and war-loving species. I'm not saying that the
Neanderthals and their friends were any less bloodthirsty - they were probably just
less intelligent. It was survival of the brainiest and the most belligerent, and we
were probably just trying to survive, by getting rid of the opposition; or were
they just a nuisance that tended to get in the way?

There is still a violent streak in some of us, and many of those who exhibit this
trait are behind bars, safely out of the gene pool. I wonder if perhaps they are
the real Homo Sapiens. Times have changed, but have we? A violent nature can
come in very handy in times of war. Just how far below the surface do our brutal,
primitive faculties lurk? Is it only a small portion of the population that possesses
violent genes, or are they in all of us, just below the surface, waiting for some
extreme situation to provoke what might euphemistically be called 'unsociable'
behaviour?

19 Why does the writer pose the question she asks in lines 2 and 3?
A She doesn't know how tolerant our forebears were.
B She wants to emphasise that we haven't always been tolerant.
C She is drawing a contrast between past and present behaviour.
D She is suggesting that it is wrong to be tolerant all the time.

20 The writer suggests that

A our ancestors had no qualms about committing genocide.
B Neanderthals were more violent than Homo Sapiens.
C violence has been bred out of us.
D there is no use for savage behaviour in our society.

19
 C:C)LLABC)RA'TIVE RECA_LL
That memory declines with age is a well-established fact. However, two or more
individuals co-operating on a memory task may offer a means for older adults
to retain their ability to function at a high level. For this reason, collaborative
recall has been the subject of extensive scientific research.

Older adults who have been living together usually develop 'interactive expertise',
where rich memories of shared experiences may be cued by a brief remark or
a single gesture. Similarly, in memory research, cueing is considered the cause of
facilitation in collaborative memory tasks. Information remembered by one person
is expected to act as a memory cue and lead to recall by other group members
that would not have occurred had this cue not been present.

Research on collaborative recall in younger adults, however, suggests that

collaboration may not in fact enhance performance. Groups are sometimes less
effective than would be expected based on individual results, and this is known
as 'process loss'. Many causes of process loss have been identified in experiments
involving college-age students. One such cause is 'social loafing', where people
do not work as hard when they are in a group as they do individually, and
there may be a number of reasons for this, such as mitigated accountability, or
inhibition. Some of these influences on process loss are social factors, and may
function differently in groups made up of older individuals.

21 According to the passage, 'process loss' means that

A researchers mislay their research results, and have to repeat an experiment.
B a great deal of time is wasted during the process of experimentation.
C subjects forget what researchers had expected them to do during an experiment.
D group performance is inferior to researchers' predictions based on individual
performances.

22 Experiments show that

A people's ability to recall facts improves when they are in a group.

B young people often lack 'the ,self-~onfidence to speak up when they are in a group.
C students feel they have a,,;:1{sponsibility to participate in group discussions.
,;;() older people can remeni~~t.;Nacts more easily than younger people.
:~1i ,:, :q~
~~--'<

J;1Kf j};:: ~,,:~½;-:,,};?

20
'./ Lifestyles have changed. Population density is rapidly increasing, more single people
are living alone, and life in the city is becoming ever more impersonal and lonely.
Nevertheless, we all need an outlet for our caring and nurturing instincts and,
increasingly, we are turning to pets for unconditional affection. People want to own
a pet, but they don't want the ties, time and effort that dogs demand and, as a result,
there bas been a dramatic rise in the popularity of cats.

The term 'behaviour therapy' usually evokes images of a patient lying on a couch
while a psychiatrist asks questions about their disturbed childhood so, naturally, the
idea of a cat behaviour therapist may be arnusing to some. Nevertheless, as people
arc buying expensive pedigree cats, they are becoming more prepared to pay to find
solutions to any problems their pampered pets may be facing.

Feline behaviour problems could be due to medical ailments, diet or environmental

influences. Although few cats display problems, some can exhibit obsessive
compulsive disorders, such as those recognised in humans, so feline behaviour therapy
is a growing part of available support services for cat owners in Britain and the USA.
The ultimate aim is to help owners to understand their cat's behaviour and establish
a mutually beneficial relationship between owners and their pets, with advice and
solutions for overcoming any problem behaviour which might arise.

According to the text, one of the reasons why the number of cat owners has increased
is that
A dogs are more expensive to buy.
B people crave affection from a pet.
C dogs need more attention than cats.
0 cat ownership does not involve any ties.

Some people might consider the phrase 'cat behaviour therapist' amusing because
A it seems like a waste of-money.
B they imagine a cat being psychoanalysed.
C they can't imagine such attep\ion being lavished on a cat.
0 the concept of having a disturbed past is not relevant to cats.
 I can understand your concern. However, you shouldn't consider your son's behaviour
abnormal, or even unusual. As I'm sure you've noticed, children change continually as
they grow up. There's an on-going process of physical and mental adjustment in their
image of themselves and their relationships with others. Just as a child, growing physically
taller, sees the world from a different perspective, so it is that, with mental maturity,
behaviour and attitudes change, and ideas of authority, responsibility, right and wrong,
acceptable and unacceptable behaviour adjust accordingly. It is a difficult balancing act
which we have all had to go through and which depends on feedback from others. No
one grows up in a vacuum. Your son will modify his behaviour according to how you
react to him, so what you say and do is very important.

Given his age, he will naturally want to rebel, display his individuality and independence,
whilst at the same time he still needs to know that he is loved. Although this may sound
contradictory, when a person is mid-way between childhood and adulthood it is not
surprising that there are conflicting messages and emotions. Try to remember how you
felt when you were his age.

This is nature's way of driving a wedge between the child and the comfort of the nest. line 16
It has developed over thousands of years of evolution, and affects everyone's child, without
the children themselves really understanding it. You have to do the understanding and,
fortunately, the vast majority of us do survive the experience!

25 The writer compares physical growth in childhood to mental development, so as to

A show that they happen concurrently.
B prove that they occur at different rates.
C demonstrate that both involve regarding the world from an ever-changing slant.
D explain why adolescence is an especially difficult stage of development.

26 What do you think the writer means by the phrase 'driving a wedge between' (line 16)?

A leading someone away from

B forcing a detachment
C creating attachments
D generating bad feeling

22 17 377 f
 nit2
Follow-up (Juestions for Further Con1prehension
(Optional Task)

POLITICALLY INCORRECT

l What do you understand by the term 'politically 4 What is the writer's opinion of our ancestors?
correct'?

5 If 'unsociable' is a euphemism, what term

would be more appropriate?
2 In line 10, who does 'they' refer to?

3 What is the style and register of this extract?

COLLABORATIVE RECALL
l Explain in your own words why collaborative 4 What is the relevance of "inhibition" in terms of
recall has been a subject for scientific research. collaborative recall performance?

2 What do you understand by the term 'interac-

tive expertise'? 5 Explain the term 'mitigated accountability'.

3 Why is 'cueing' important in aiding conversa-

tion?

23
I◄'ELINE PSYCI-IIATRY
l Explain in your own words why cats have 3 Can you explain the term 'obsessive compulsive
become more popular than the traditional disorder' and give an example?
'man's best friend'.

2 What would you say is the difference between a

vet and a feline 'behaviour therapist'? 4 How do we know that, according to the writer,
feline therapy aims to help both the cat and its
owner?

DEAR READER

1 Where might you expect to find this piece of 4 What style is used in this text? Explain why it is
writing? appropriate.

2 In one word, describe what period of life the

boy is going through.
5 What, according to the writer, is the purpose of
the rebelliousness of adolescence?
3 Explain in your own words the 'balancing act'
which we have all had to go through.

24 I T 7 ■::C ::Z II TMPlll"IUIII Ii 5"111 ·- 7 :zrzgq lllttr i 1 Ill? 1•u■1•mu!IWA. 11 rr....,,.,

 Select a preposition and word/phrase to complete each sentence. Remember lo write all these prepositional
phrw,es in a separate section of your notebook, for study purposes.

Prepositions

Words/Phrases

there was a news blackout yesterday _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ the strike by journalists.

Qur product is also manufactured _______________ in Australia.
3 T~e giving of loans is __ . . _____ .. _____ the bank manager.
A ~ponsored walk was held _____________ the Shelter for Stray Animals.
He \foesn't accept payment ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ -; he only deals in cash.
Thei\ children grew up and, ____________ -, left home to make their way in the world.
I
Th~r~ is a lot of criticism of government ministers flying round the world _____________ the taxpayer.
She\was given a golden handshake _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _______ her long years of faithful service.
He didn't mean to harm you; he was acting ____________ -·
It wa\ announced that the firm was going into liquidation and, _____________ , that the workforce
would be made redundant.
l He suddenly found himself ___________ and being marched out of the airport between two police officers.
She ~ought a lottery ticket ____________ -; she didn't really expect to win anything.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

nan of
Driving can be the cause of a ___ YfJrle_ty_ ___ of emotions in the driver. If VARY
you are driving along a ___________ country lane, communing with
nature, then it is a ___________ experience; but being stuck in a traffic
jam can be a driver's worst (3) ___________ , as anyone will tell you. NIGHT
The media frequently report incidences of road rage, an _- - - - _- - - - INCREASE
common phenomenon, which is becoming ever more (5) ____ - - - - - - - on PREVAIL
our roads. Given this, together with ''the problems associated with pollution,
(6) - - - - - - __ - _ should be encouraged to abandon their cars and use other MOTOR
forms of transport. Perhaps fortunately, some people are deterred from
learning to drive because of (7! __________ - , engendered by the aggres- NERVES
siveness and carnage they encounter on the road. Governments are
constantly engaged in trying to find (8) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ which will SOLVE
(9) ___________ the death toll caused by reckless or careless driving. LOW
There is nothing to compare with the feeling of freedom you get from driving
a sports car with the top down and the wind in your hair; but, first of all, you
need to find an (10) _ _ _ _ ____ stretch of road. CLUTTER
 Using your knowledge of English, choose phrasal verbs from the list to fill in the gaps. Put the verbs in the correct
tense and form. Use each phrasal verb only once.

l It was only when my uncle retired that he realised he should ______________ more for his retirement.
2 You should never assume that you can __ _ __________ all your business expenses __ - - - - - _ _- - - ,
tax.
3 I don't know why you're still ______________ ; it's an opportunity you should seize with both hands.
4 If you'd only ______________ it ______________ more carefully before doing it, you wouldn't have
got into such a mess.
5 Why didn't the team leader _________ . ____ the plan in detail with you before sending you off to carry
out your tasks?
6 Once you've memorised this sketch plan, I'd like you to _______________ it ______ - - - ___ to the
next member of the team.
7 Everything on my desk and in my drawers was in a mess; someone must have _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ for the
confidential list of prize winners.
8 I've never known anyone else who could _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ so many meetings _____________ - a
working day.
9 He's so miserable that, even if he _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ an envelope full of money in his pocket, he'd still
say he'd had an awful day.
10 Although she still had some petrol left, Sheila _______________ the first petrol station she saw, because
she knew it was a long way to the next one.
11 If any player uses such a rough tackle next week, I'm definitely going to ______________ them

12 On my way south for the conference, I _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ at a health farm for a day's relaxation.

B Two of the phrasal verbs used in this task have another meaning. Look them up in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix and
write an example sentence for each to illustrate these other meanings.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7' -"- - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -

26 r 11
,
 l

v Communicating unimportance
Several adjectives can be used to state that something is small or insignificant.

A Match each of the adjectives !,n the circle with the group of nouns it collocates coJTeclly with.

alteration
injuries
matter
operation
modifications
objection
----- ----- chore part/role
job offence
task repairs
work damage

minor - (dis )advantage

cash
petty change
crime/theft
details
slight ➔ error
trivial headache
jealousies
menial improvement
squabbles
grievances problem
rules

detail
dispute
matter
offence
problem

B Complete these sentences using one of the collocations.

I Unfortunately, as he had no qualifications, all he could find was a _________ .. _ __.

2 The athlete had a __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ over his opponent.
3 Luckily, the car only needed _ _ _______ - __ .
4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ among employees were common in the staff canteen.
5 Being arrested on suspicion of murder is not a _ __ _ _________ .
6 The boy only had a __ __ __ _ _ _ _ ____ - , but his mother kept him home from school anyway.
7 Immigration policy played a ______________ in the party's election platform.

27
 Find lhe collocation which best matches the meaning of the phrase in bold.

Paul's uncle went into hospital for routine surgery. __ .. _______ .. .. ________ - _ _ _ _ -
A small mistake in our calculations meant that the spaceship went off course. __ - - - - _ - - - ____ ..
3 I don't need to hear all the unimportant minutiae about the meeting. _ _ _ _ .. - - - - - _ - - - - - - .. .. . . - - -
4 We took on an office junior to do some of the more boring jobs, like photocopying. - - - - - - - - - ------
5 Lil took a few coins from the amount of money kept in the office and bought some coffee ... _- - - - -
6 The children let their silly feelings of envy come between them. _ _ _ _ _____ .. __ .. ____ - .. _ - .. __ - - - - .. - - _
A little difference in the weather is expected tomorrow. _____ . ___________________ - - - ____ - - - - - -
8 Luckily, only a few small changes were needed for the room to be converted into an office. - - - _.... - - -· -

Now choose ten more of the collocations, and write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.
\i l bite sb's head off: speak angrily or sharply to sb breaking and entering: illegally forcing your way
There was no need to bite her head off; it was into a house, usually to steal
hardly her fault. The burglar was eventually caught and charged
with breaking and entering.
bite your tongue: make a huge effort to stop
yourself saying sth you really want to say 8 buck the trend: deliberately do sth differently from
I was just on the point of saying that her new the way it is now normally done
hairstyle was horrible, but I bit my tongue. Soon, videos will be obsolete and we will all have
to buy DVD players - there's no point in trying
make a case (for/against): give reasons why you
to buck the trend.
support/oppose sth
She made a good case for expanding the call a spade a spade: speak frankly, even if this
department's operations, but it simply can't be involves saying sth unpleasant
done at the moment. Let's call a spade a spade: you were just too
lazy to do your homework, weren't you?
a bone of c;ontention: something that two people
or groups often argue about call sb's bluff: dare sb to do what they are threat-
This border has always been a bone of ening to do
contention between the two countries. The company threatened to sack anyone who
participated in the demonstration, but I called
the bottom line: the total profit or loss that a com-
their bluff and went anyway.
pany has made; the deciding factor
Are they prepared to meet our demands or not? 11 carry a torch for: secretly love or admire sb
That's the bottom line. He still carried a torch for his high school
sweetheart.
(be in) breach of: break a rule, law, etc.
If the government refuses the press access to blow your top: lose your temper
this information, it will be in breach of the law. He blew his top when he heard the news.

Choose a phrase from above to complete the sentences.

I'd appreciate it if you'd stop speaking so obliquely and ___________ .. __ .... _ - - - - - - - - -

He was pleased to be awarded first prize in the debating competition, as he knew he had
- - - - - - - - - - - - __ good _. - __ _ _______ against capital punishment.
It was the owner of the property whom the police caught, supposedly _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - .. __ .. -•
d I was sure they wouldn't carry out their threats so I ______________________ -•
When she realised he had been lying she couldn't take any more and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
f A boy from the boarding school went out after 11. pm, which was a flagrant _- __ - _ .. __ .. _ - the rules.
g We have been informed that we must break even or else lose our jobs. That's - - - - - - - - - - .. - - .
12
h I have no idea what's wrong ~ith 'i-,flc-,.(:.
her. When I said 'Good morning' she practically ______ - - - - - ___ .
r,_c ~ f

B With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.
 nit

ti Set l 2
l l
He strongly denies any involvement in the incident. (say Everyone is welcome, irrespective of age or origin.
that sth is not true) (without considering; without having to allow for)

2 2
He refused to tell me why he had declined the job offer. You mustn't treat people in such a disrespectful way.
(say you will not do sth; not accept sth) (show a lack of respect; be impolite)

3 3
He flatly rejected my suggestion. (refuse to accept or He acted on impulse, regardless of his own personal safety.
consider sth) (paying no attention to)

4 4
She disclaimed all responsibility for the incident. Disregarding his parents' advice, he did exactly what he
(say that you do not have or accept knowledge of wanted
or responsibility for sth) (ignoring; refusing to consider sth)

5 5
Traditionalists re$ist changes in language, wanting to keep He was completely unresponsive to our requests for help,
it "pure". (oppose sth; try to stop sth happening) and ignored us. (not reacting to sb or sth in an
appropriate way)
6
They say the spray will repel mosquitoes. (keep away,
prevent an attack)

7
He rebuffed my attempts to strike up a friendly relationship.
(refuse or reject an offer or request, etc unkindly)

Choose the best alternative for each gap.

I He was dismayed when he learnt that his job application had been - - - out of hand.
A denied B refused C repelled D rejected
2 She - - - to acknowledge her mistakes.
A refused B denied C n=!jected D resisted
3 The judge was unwilling to be lenient when .she, l~qrned that the offender had - - - arrest.
A refused B resisted C,.r;!'!j~'ct?d D denied
4 The thought of having to cut up a frog,~•~'.;:'''.h~z.:_Jt',P
A rejected B rebuffed,f;:/·· C repelled D resisted
·w

5 He stated his opinion - - - of the vi~ws of the other members.

A disregarding B irrespective C disrespectful D unresponsive
6 She had fallen into a coma and was completely - - - .
A unresponsive B regardless C irrespective D disregarding
7 Her .. - ... attitude caused many problems at school as she was impolite to teachers.
A disregarding B unresponsive C irrespective D disrespectful

30
 l

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

,; l At parties, she is often - - -- by shyness. The - - - of science are being pushed back on a
a inhibited daily basis.
b rejected a exploits
c shunned b inventions
d displaced c frontiers
2 When he was younger, his mother - - - him from d technology
reality and now he finds it difficult to cope. 11 We're learning about the - - - of the Earth on its
a kept axis.
b shielded a rotation
c isolated b circulation
d saved c running
3 They - - - outside the concert hall, long after d marking
everyone else had gone home. The storm continued - - - and people feared for their
a handled safety.
b darted a unabashed
c shunned b unaccompanied
d lingered c unabated
4 He was a{n} - - - reader and got through several books d unaccountable
a week. The company had a disastrous year, and is now on the
a atrocious - - - of bankruptcy.
b avid a side
c careful b verge
d diligent c slope
5 The - ~ - were thwarted in their plans to overthrow d cliff
the government. They're going to build a hotel on that - - - lot.
a conspirators a vacant
b jurors b free
c convenors c open
d arbitrators d loose
6 She - - - illness so that she could have a day off Many people are of the opinion that graffiti is a
work. form of - - - 1 whilst others believe it's artistic.
a pretended a ugliness
b attracted b transgression
c feigned c vandalism
d amassed d recklessness
7 The - - - were so strong that trees were uprooted. 16 / know you're angry, but you should try to keep your
a tycoons
b gales a temper
c blizzards b conduct
d hailstones i;;".
c mood
8 They decided that his story was at best - ~ - 'bnd at. 1 d temperament
/

worst a downright lie. 17 Tall trees - - - from side to side in the high winds.
a untrue a shivered
b exasperated b shook
c exaggerated c swayed
d fallible d trembled
9 It is believed that the police should be given more 18 He has amassed many sports - - -- as he is a good
powers to - _ - the law. all-round sportsman.
a espouse a competitions
b extol b rewards
c exert c tournaments
d enforce d trophies

31
 I.ft

Jfl

He's got no manners! How can you tolerate such She is allergic to pollen, so she only has
a(n) - - -- person?' flowers in the house.
a uncouth a beautiful
b stubborn b artificial
c: villainous c wild
d sullen d domestic
The members of the board came to a(n) When the state health care system was - - - , many
decision to appoint him. There were no dissenters. large hospitals closed down.
a quick a outlawed
b amicable b uprooted
c: unanimous c denounced
d striking d abolished
2 The country's economy is - - - after substantial When I checked in for the flight, I was asked if I
investment in industry and agriculture. wanted a window seat or a(n) - - - seat.
a transparent a corridor
b thriving b reclining
c turgid c comfortable
d placid d aisle
The news reporters could not give full details of the
story as their information was still - - - by official
sources.
a rejected
b unanswered
c: unconfirmed
d clarified
Part 3
TUDENT'S MEMO
Remember that this part consists of a long text from which para-
graphs have been removed and placed in jumbled order after the text.
There is always one extra paragraph which does not fit any of the gaps. This is
called a gapped-text task.

When you start doing this part, you should read the gapped text first in order to gain an over-
all idea of the structure and the content of the text. You should consider the text as a whole and
rately. Try and understand the organisation of the whole of a text.

attention to the information and ideas before and after each gap as
well as throughout the whole of the gapped text. You should try to identify extracts or sections
which contain the same key words as the missing paragraph. These are called linguistic
devices and consist of words/phrases indicating sequence of events, cause and effect,
premise, conclusion, etc. Don't forget to identify the person(s) where possible.
Sometimes the missing paragraphs are similar and you may have two alterna-
tives. You have to identify any links before or after this paragraph. It is
essential to underline any words, phrases or sentences which
lead you to choose a particular paragraph.

33
 You are going to read an extract from an article about global wanning. Seven paragraphs have been removed
from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-Il the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra
paragraph which you do not need to use.

I-IOW CLIMATE CI-IANGE MAY AFFECT OUR l.lVES

The dangers of global warming caused by our profligate 30

use of fossil fuels are now becoming apparent as the climate
is changing; this is particularly noticeable in the northern How many of us would not jump at the chance to orbit
hemisphere. Some scientists, however, refute these claims, Earth and admire our planet from a different perspective?
by pointing out that there have been climate changes The first space tourist was a millionaire who suffered cer-
throughout the world's evolutionary history, with Ice Ages tain physical hardships on his journey, but living conditions
and warmer periods, some resulting in desertification. Still in space capsules will undoubtedly improve as research
others blame climatic change on the phenomenon of El and development continue. Space travel will become a
Nino, and cite this as a cause of the natural disasters which viable alternative holiday.
occurred all over the world at the end of the 20th century.
I I · ·· . I I.___,_
31
__________.
21
Other threats to health may be caused by disease, for
Apart from the destruction caused by such natural disasters, example, hepatitis in areas which have been affected by
and the human suffering that ensued in their aftermath, the severe flooding, especially if drinking water becomes
worsening weather conditions affect everyone, as well as the infected by sewage. Mosquitoes may start transmitting
economy of a country. For example, people like ice cream malaria in some European countries where summer conditions
manufacturers and vendors, who depend on seasonal trade, are becoming more tropical. Even more worrying, perhaps,
will not be able to maintain their business if the increased is the growing incidence of the potentially fatal West Nile
summer rainfall persists. disease in the USA, and its related death toll.

,__2a____._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____.l I 32 I J
There are other businesses, conversely, which benefit from Many low-lying countries have responded to a worst-case
depressing conditions; for example, manufacturers of fake scenario by erecting flood barriers and defences, whilst
tanning products and tanning salons. There may be several others, in an ostrich-like fashion, ignore the possible dangers,
reasons for this, one being that people get a psychological adopting a wait-and-see stance. Countries which rely on
boost when tanned, and another, that people are now beach tourism need to maintain their beaches by replenishing
aware of the health risks associated with over-exposure to them with sand, which may need to be imported, thus
sunlight. preventing or at least delaying land erosion.

Eco-tourism might benefit from this trend, as rporf people The human species has shown its versatility and adaptability
might opt for a trip to Antarctica to view th1f~ifdJif~, and throughout its long history. Unfortunately, those most
at least they will go prepared for the weath~(~ ¢;t'.,~ourse; vulnerable to changes in climate would be those living in
this in turn may cause problems as, with th,~;'.J?e'sfiwill in the abject poverty where there are inadequate social and physical
'"';:: ,,~!~(f P".'. ,,t ,.,}. , ...
world, hordes of tourists inevitably damage~'fhe environ-·· infrastructures. A certain level of the political will needed to
ment, and an increase in the volume of shipping heightens attempt to eradicate poverty has been demonstrated at the
the risk of oil spillage, thus polluting the sea and endan- international Earth Summits, and this could be spurred by
gering the lives of many marine creatures and birds. global threats to the environment, thus helping to prevent
the deaths of millions from natural disasters.

34 ts 17 2 fr
 it

;1A Of course, if this change in climate continues, with bad E The future may not be all doom and gloom, however.
weather affecting countries which previously basked in Scientists believe that certain crops and other vegetation
sunshine, at least during the summer months, this will will benefit from higher levels of humidity, as plants will
have a negative effect on those countries' economies. respond positively and become more water-efficient, in
Fewer tourists will be attracted to once-popular haunts, this way becoming resilient to the extremes of heat and
and travel companies will have to be more ingenious, drought that may occur more frequently, especially in
advertising different types of holiday which are not Mediterranean countries.
focused on sun, sea and sand.
F Another tourist area which might stand to benefit is that
B There are, however, more serious consequences of of space tourism, with more people choosing to leave
climate change - its impact on our physical well-being, the trials and tribulations of our planet behind them, if
for example. Apart from the risks of skin cancer, research only for a short time. Eventually the cost of such journeys
has shown that when the temperature rises above the will become less prohibitive, as has been the case with
population's physiological threshold, accompanied by commodities such as DVDs, camcorders, and so on.
a high level of humidity, susceptible people (eg - the
elderly) will die. The death rate increases two to three G This may seem contradictory, however, if we examine
weeks after a heat wave, affecting city-dwellers most. the facts, because although it is getting wetter, it is also
This can probably be attributed to the increase in smog getting warmer. But people in northern Europe think that
caused by high temperatures and humidity levels. if it is raining and the sky is grey, winter is upon them,
and rush out to stock up on comfort food, abandoning
C Greenpeace has long been campaigning for commercial salads for foods high in carbohydrates. They feel less
enterprises to be more aware of the risks they take with willing to eat in restaurants or, indeed, to go anywhere
the environment, and commonly cites disasters to par- that is not absolutely necessary in such atrocious weather
ticular eco-systems when the main concern is profit. conditions. As a result, there is a drop in revenue for food
Everyone bears some responsibility for the environment and entertainment industries.
and should act accordingly, but people still persist in
putting their own interests first. H Scientists are becoming increasingly concerned about
the size of ice floes breaking away from the Arctic and
D Flooding on a wide scale caused havoc in Europe, Asia Antarctic, one of which was reported to be the size of a
and the American continent. Prior to the torrential rain small country. It was carefully monitored; and alarm
in the USA, there had been droughts which threatened spread as it began to melt at a much faster rate than had
some farmers with a loss of livelihood. All over Europe, originally been calculated, causing more speculation
rivers burst their banks, inundating some of the most about rising sea levels.
historic cities. Billions of euros were needed to rebuild,
renovate and restore them to their former glory.
 Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)

l Why is it difficult to prove that it is people who What is happening in the Arctic and Antarctic
are responsible for climate change? which is indicative of global warming?

Which word in the paragraph beginning "After Why might certain governments, in an 'ostrich-
the destruction ... " means 'the result or period like fashion', ignore the threats posed by poten-
following a bad event'? tial rising sea levels?

In paragraph G it is suggested that in bad

weather people tend to stay at home. Which
businesses may lose customers because of this, What reasons does the writer have for ending
and which stand to gain? the text on an optimistic note?

What is meant by the phrase "trials and

tribulations" in paragraph F?

36
 it3

Choose a word from the box to fill each gap.

!//) bounds length

!//) $ daylight
@ edge <a>circulation ® terms
$ hook "' detention ® defiance

® jest • issue • good

1 It was a daring robbery carried out in broad _ _ _ _ _ _____ in front of many witnesses.
2 Everyone is anxious and feeling on ____________ , waiting for the election results to be announced.
3 Although the book was banned, there were some copies in ___________ .
4 We could go wherever we wanted - except to the quarry, which was out of ___________ .
5 If the negotiations are to succeed, the two sides must meet on equal _ _ _ _______ .
6 The boss spoke at - - - __ _ ___ about the international economic situation before announcing a pay cut.
7 The protesters marched in ____________ of the police ban.
8 There's nothing wrong with the phone - the receiver is off the ____________ , that's all.
9 I'm sure that man skulking outside is up to no _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
10 The government denied that political prisoners were being hefd in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ without trial.
11 Although she spoke as if in ___________ , we all recognised the cold ruthlessness behind her smile.
12 The point at ___________ is the fate of the sea urchin.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at d1e beginning (0).

MOW USEFUL IS SELF-STUDY?

"Self-study" is a blanket term which means different things to
different people. It can be used to mean "autodidactic", or refer
to self-help material for those who, for (0) __ '!lh9teyf)c_ __ reason do WHAT
not have access to a teacher.
For students following a (1) ___________ learning course, such DISTANT
methods are (2) ___________ as they are designed for those WORTH
who cannot attend (3) ___________ courses, which are far more RESIDENCE
expensive.
There are many drawbacks to self-study for university students,
however, as one studies jd (4) . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and cannot ISOLATE
enjoy exactly the same lifestyle as the traditional type of
(5) - - ___ - ____ , who is _combining new social and academic GRADUATE
experiences. Those who chob~e to use self-study as a path into the
realms of (6) -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ do so for very different reasons, ACADEMY
which depend on their (7) ___________ background to a large FINANCE
extent. Today, no one frowns on this, seeing it as a positive step
towards (8) ___________ . UGHT
Self-help courses are also available for those who recognise they
have some kind of (9) ___________ problem but who cannot PSYCHE
afford the fees charged by psychoanalysts. Such courses need to
be carefully selected, but they can be {10) ___________ to those BENEFIT
who seek self-help.

37
 fiyr each of the following sentences, choose the correct words or phrases (a, b, or c). More than one option may be
correct.

We'll keep going until the _ starts to peter out.

path interest road

I wouldn't have expected Sarah to cop out of _______________ _

doing her share owning up to her mistakes spraining her ankle

Geraldine soon struck up a _ ______________ _ __ with her new neighbour.

conversation quarrel friendship

They eagerly roped in all the ___________ _ ___ they could.

a answers b helpers c volunteers

I'm willing to wait up _______ if I have to.

all night longer this once

The disappointed teacher reluctantly pulled her class out of the

Ci competition b computer c difficulty

They're not likely to ladle out ____________________ during the current armed conflict.
footholds b information c medals

I think she's just torn up our __ _ _ ___ _

a agreement b diamonds c happiness

Please don't let in the

a draught b headache c sales representative

You shouldn't rely on your __ .... _________________ to step in whenever you have a problem.
a privileges b supervisor c talent

The _ whipped up a first class picnic.

a childminder b elements c response

The _ _ _ ____ . _ -· ______ -· __ pushed in while we were boarding the train and spoilt our enjoyment.
a music b pensions c shoppers

B Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries
in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then make upy8yr own examples to illustrate how they are used.
 it3

'J
The mind and memory
A Choose one of these two words, mind(,<,') or memory, to complete the collocations and expressions below.

1 be in two - - - __ - - - _ _ about something l slip your ___ _

2 have something on your _ _ _ __ .. ___ _ 2 fade from (your)
3 __ - - - - - - - - - lapse 3 cross your __________ -
4 commit to _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 4 make up your _______ - - - -
5 speak your __________ _ 5 in living __ ·- __
6 boggle the ____ _ 6 refresh your __
7 cal I to __ . . _ _ _____ _ 1 jog your _ _ _
8 __ loss 8 change your __________ _

B Now match the expressions from Group A to their meanings below.

decrease in the ability to remember things (help you to) remember sth
learn and remember sth be undecided about sth
be thinking about sth temporary inability to remember sth
amaze or confuse say what you think

C Match the expressions from Group B to their meanings below.

that can be remembered by people who are decide

still alive alter your decision
occur to you slowly become more difficult to remember
cause/help you to remember something remind sb/yourself of sth
forget

D Complete the following sentences using the correct form of one of the collocations from Group A.

l You look as if you ---------------- -----· Tell me about it.

2 Gavin _______________ -· whether he sllc\uld accept the job until he found out how good the salary was.
3 The humour and patience of the long-suffering refugees really _ _ _ _______ - -!
4 Unlike many employees, Jane never hesitates to _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ____ in meetings with the boss.
5 He _______________ the shopping list _ __ _ _ ________ and set off to the supermarket.
E Complete the following sentences using the correct form of one of the collocations from Group B.

Ten minutes before the trial was due to start, the lawyer looked over her notes to
about the details of the case.
Have you _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ________ about where you want to live, yet?
It never even _ _ _ __ __ _ ________ that John might be embezzling funds!
I'm sorry I didn't call you last night. It completely _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _!
Last night's storm was the most destructive __________________ .

F Now write sentences of your own with the remaining expressions from bod1 groups.

40
 }\ Read the plu-ases 1-8 and their example sentences, then write each of the meanings A-H (below) in the space
~
next to the appropriate phrase.
l catch somebody napping: ______________ _ 7 dress to kill: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -- __ --- _-- - - - - - - -

Our opponents caught us napping, and we had She went to the party dressed to kill.
to struggle to regain our lead.
8 mal<e/put a dent in (an amount of money,
2 haul sb over the coals: . work): _ - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
We've been up all night but we've hardly put a
My brother was hauled over the coals for dent in our backlog.
coming home late last night.
9 in all/good conscience: fairly, honestly,
3 return the favour: _ _ __ __ _ ______________ _ without feeling guilty
I could not, in all/good conscience, refuse
Thanks so much for your help. I hope you' II let their request for support.
me return the favour some day.
10 the cutting edge: the most recent, most
advanced stage
4 take sb/sth for granted: ________________ _
Milan has always considered itself to be at
the cutting edge of fashion.
My parents took it for granted that I would
want to go to university, but I didn't. 11 a drop in the bucket/ocean: a small and
He had always taken his wife for granted, and insignificant amount
was quite shocked when she left him. Public spending on education is little more
5 make a dash for: _____________________ _ than a drop in the bucket/ocean.
She got out of the car in the pouring rain and 12 ill at ease: uncomfortable
made a dash for the front door. He went to the office party, but was ill at
6 draw a blank: - _____ - ___ ~ _________ - - - - -
ease with his new colleagues.

He asked me if I remembered where I'd put

the car keys, but I drew a blank.

A run quickly towards E surprise sb; gain an advantage over sb

B reduce when they are unprepared
C criticise sb severely for sth they have done I' fail to reme-mber or find sth you are looking
wrong for
D believe sth to be true without thiqking G intentionally wear clothes that attract
about it; not appreciate sb/sth /t ) admiration
H do sth to help sb who has helped you

B Write sentences with the following: ill at ease, in all/good con.science, tile cutting edge, a drop in tile
bucket/ocean.

41
 l

The constant criticism he encountered destroyed his self- Parliament was formally dissolved before the General
confidence. (ruin) Election, so that politicians could concentrate on their
election campaigns. (end an arrangement, organisation
or assembly officially)
A majority voted to abolish the unpopular tax.
(bring a system or law to an end)
The marriage was annulled, so she was free to re-marry.
(announce officially that sth is not legally binding)
The house was in such poor condition that it could not be
renovated, so the decision was taken to demolish it.
(knock down or destroy a building or theory) The band were farced to cancel their concert because the
lead singer was ill. (say that sth which was arranged
will not happen. NB: to postpone = to delay sth)
We had to call in a pest control expert to exterminate
the cockroaches.
(completely destroy a group of animals or people) There was uproar at the football match when the referee
disallowed the home team 's final goal.
(not allow, approve or accept something)
Witnesses to the massacre claimed that the whole tribe
had been annihilated (destroy or defeat sb/ sth
completely) He was executed after being found guilty of murder. (kill
a person as a legal punishment)

Choose the best alternative for each gap.

It is hoped that the new inoculation programme will - - - the disease.

A exterminate 8 annihilate C destroy D abolish
They claim to have - - - all the mosquitoes in the area.
A demolished B abolished C annihilated D exterminated
The outdated law was - - - by the new parliament.
A annihilated B abolished C destroyed D demolished
Flash floods - - - the crops.
A exterminated B annihilated C dem~1ished D destroyed
This article brilliantly - - - the racist's arguments. ,
A destroys B demolishes (;,abolishes D exterminates
He was - - - at dawn by a six-member firing ,squad.
A annihilated B destroyed c<;C executed D destroyed
After much legal wrangling, the contrdd was - - - .
A annulled B dissolved C disallowed I) destroyed
The judge - - - the evidence because the witness was obviously prejudiced.
A disallowed B dissolved C annulled D abolished
The meeting was - - - when the organisers were arrested.
A cancelled B annulled C destroyed D abolished

42
Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

The books in the attic are iust .. - - dust; perhaps we He was branded a iuvenile - - - , although all he'd
should get rid of them. done was to break a window.
a acquiring o minor
b accessing b convict
c accumulating c delegate
aligning d delinquent
As people grow older, they lose calcium and their
After the earthquake, we were left with the task of
bones become - - - .
removing - - - from the streets.
a brittle
b crisp Ol garbage
b slime
snappy
debris
fragile
d dust
The statue of the nymph had been _ .. _ with
garlands for the festival. The CD is a - - - of the singer's early work.
a complication
a affiliated
b consolidation
b cascaded
c compilation
c adorned
d conglomeration
bunched
The police have recently ..... down on motorists Their work had to be finished by 6th January, which
who drink and drive. was a very tight - - - .
a turned a deadline
b limit
b clamped
C fit
C put
d call
d pulled
All the drains are - - - with dead leaves. He was - - - when I met him: homeless, and
begging in the streets.
a passed over
a dormant
stuck up
singled out b despicable
c destitute
d clogged up
d devout
We've been working hard for weeks· now it's time
to - - - . We've achieved enough. ' He was - - - by the amount of work he had been
given, and afraid of failure.
a call a spade a spade
a daunted
b call it a day
b dissuaded
c call it quits
c consoled
d call their bluff
d constrained
We. have a full - - - for this meeting, so any other
It was very - - - of him not to admit that he'd lost the
business should be put off until next week.
keys, and to let his brother take the blame.
a timetable
a defective
b quota
b compulsive
c agenda
c commendable
d house
d cowardly
The - - - of the mist made it impossible for us to find
our way in the forest. The teacher - - - the girl's mobile phone until after
school, as she was using it during lessons.
a density
a commissioned
b displacement
b collected
c dispersal
c confiscated
d diversity
d conceded

43
 Shops are now equipped with machines which can The child was really - - - , and wanted to know
tell if money is - - - or not. what everything was.
a artificial a inciting
b counterfeit b inquisitive
c fabricated c grateful
d sham d ham-fisted
He felt that he had been - - - against when a Tap water often contains - - - , so it's a good idea
younger, but unqualified, applicant got the iob. to use a filter.
a held a debris
b turned b impurities
c reacted c impediments
d discriminated d moisture
The language became extinct on the - - - of its last Now that you have more money, you'll be able to
surviving speaker. - - - a little; you have no excuses any more.
a demise a live it up
b wishes b make a break
c sayings c cut and run
d intervention d fly off the handle
Although he came to work the day before his I'll tell you the secre( since I know I can rely on
retirement, everyone knew he was just - - - . your - - - .
a going with the flow a decision
b going through the motions b wits
c going against the grain c discretion
d going along with them d confidence
Her whole personality - - - a warmth which was
very endearing.
, a germinated
b dazzled
c formulated
d generated

44
 C!>TUDENT'S MEMO
Remember that this last part of the
paper consists of a long text followed by seven
multiple-choice questions. In this part you need con-
fidence in your detailed understanding of a text.

It is important to read the text before reading the multiple-choice

questions. You should remember that you will be able to answer the
questions correctly only by close reference to the text, which means
that you should identify the words/phrases/sentences or lines where
the information relevant to the answer is to be found. You should
develop your ability to infer underlying meaning. It is essential that you
read the four possible answers for each question and try to concen-
trate on the two most likely alternatives. Don't forget to underline
the words/phrases/lines where your answers are referred to.

Remember that the final question may depend on inter-

pretation of the text as a whole, for example, the
writer's purpose, attitude or opinion.

45
 You are gojng to read an article about an opportune meetfog. For ques6ons 34-40, choose the answer
(A, B, C or JJ) which you think fits best according lo the text.

Living on an island, the song goes, is like 'living in a dream' snakes, but just then the restaurant owners trundled up in
and certainly some events had dream-like qualities. The their 'motor vehicle' and offered us a lift almost into town;
cosmopolitan nature of the people who lived there made we accepted gratefully, even though it involved sitting in the
every day a fascinating experience; different responses to back with an assortment of chickens.
the same stimuli, because of the variety of backgrounds,
captured a writer's imagination. The scenery was spectacular, We headed off to change and eat an early dinner, as Jean-
sparkling blue sea contrasting with the dazzlingly white Marie was still adamant that I would be in danger if I was
houses. out during the night. We headed back to my apartment,
and stayed up late into the night, talking, eating, playing
There was an atmosphere of bohemianism, perhaps even Yahtzee until I finally fell asleep on the sofa. I awoke occa- .1
decadence, influenced no doubt by the history of sionally during the night to find my devoted friend wide
Bacchanalian revelry which the island boasted, with wild awake, the poor soul, watching over me sleepily but
beach parties on the night of the full moon, an upside- vigilantly, making sure I didn't stray from the shelter of his
down day with no one surfacing until 2 pm and then concerned presence.
converging on the harbour for a late breakfast or lunch.
The next day, we headed out for breakfast and heard the
It was here that I met Jean-Marie, a professional astrologer news; one of my friends had been attacked by a tourist
who claimed to read the stars for the rich and famous, his with a knife and had been airlifted to hospital, whe.re he
clients including the then President of the USA. He was was fighting for his life. Had I been there I would probably
unpretentious but good at his job. He saw my future and have stood between them, and it could have been me in
offered me an escape route. I could go and live with him in that condition. I had a lot to thank Jean-Marie for.
a European capital, I wouldn't have to work, he would take
care of me. By this time I was in my late twenties and too He left the island shortly after that and promised to return
young to appreciate what I might have been escaping. in September. Unfortunately, this didn't happen, so my
friends and I took off for another country for a holiday. By
He probably saved my life one night - but who can be the time we got back, having been delayed by bad weather
sure? He looked up at the stars and boldly stated that I and boat timetables, Jean-Marie had already returned and
would not be going out the following night and, to that left again, omitting to leave his address. Fate had taken a
end, he would stay with me for the next 48 hours. So we hand and I had to accept mine, whatever it brought. This
arranged to go to a beach, and that was where the prob- was doubtless for the best, as I would probably not have
lems started. I had imagined that we were going to the accepted his offer, since I was not as mature as I might
usual beach, involving a bus and boat trip, but no, he headed have been for my years.
for the taxi rank in the square and shoved me into a cab.
We negotiated a price with the driver and aske~,,;giV to I still think about him and wish we could at least have
pick us up again in the evening, but he refused~'fas there stayed in touch. I'd really like to go back to the island and
would be a cruise ship in the harbour and taxis Wbtild be at
Jk;J,
try to establish his whereabouts, or at least to find out if he
a premium. The locals had no chance of a ride~;{,,,' is dead or alive, but I know the reality would be a disap-
pointment, as I lived an idyllic existence there, but 'that
We tbought we'd find someone on the beach who would was in another country, and besides, the wench is dead.'
giye;:@s a lift back to town, but the beach was deserted all
dJy. I fell asleep and woke up a lovely shade of lobster, and
at that point we headed for the restaurant, where we were
the only customers. We were treated royally and later
decided to walk to the main road and so on to town, about
7 kilometres. I panicked when Jean-Marie picked up a
rather hefty stone as protection against the deadly black
 In the ffrst paragraph, the author reveals that
her time on the island was ethereal and surreal.
the island develops the imagination.
she found the experience stimulating.
her experience improved her creative abilities.

When describing the atmosphere on the island in paragraph 2, the author shows her
disdain for its visitors.
admiration for its idiosyncrasies.
awareness of its reputation.
appreciation of its lifestyle.

What does the author state about Jean-Marie in paragraph 3?

He was a renowned astrologer.
He was a modest person.
He liked taking care of his friends.
He was respected by his clients.

Men desczibing the day at the beach, the author indicates

she was surprised by Jean-Marie's confidence.
she was amused by the unforeseen difficulties.
she had expected things to run more smoothly.
she was thankful for her good fortune.

The author's tone when describing her friend's all-night vigil is

worried.
ambivalent.
amused.
appreciative.

Upon hearing about the attack, the authqr

was saddened by the news.
was impressed by the astrolog!:r's accuracy.
felt lucky that she hadn't been there.
thanked Jean-Marie. "

40 The overall impression given by the text is that the author

regrets not having taken Jean-Marie up on his offer.
wishes she knew where he was.
is nostalgic for that time and place.
is grateful to her friend for saving her life.
 Unit
Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)
\/

l Why does the writer use the phrase "an upside- 4 How was Jean-Marie able to tell people what
down day" in paragraph 2? would happen to them?

5 Why is the writer reluctant to go back to the

island?
2 What does the phrase 'shade of lobster' tell us,
and why does the word 'lovely' precede it?

6 Which of the following adjectives might be used

to describe the mood of the text when describing
life on the island? sombre, whimsical, reminiscent,
bitter, buoyant, irreverent, despondent
3 What does the writer imply about the restaurant
owners' vehicle in paragraph 5?

48
 it4

For each of the following sentences, choose the correct alternative. Then write out the prepositional phrases.

I I didn't know what to do; I was at my mind's/wits' end. _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ -- _- __ - __ _

2 Due to the recent bad weather, fresh fruit is at a price/premium. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ - - _ - - - __ _
3 He's on record/camera as saying that women should not be given driving licences. -- - _ - - - - _- - --
4 The building project is on hold/delay while archaeologists examine the site. -- ___ - - _ -- -- - _ - - - - - - - - - _
5 So far our sales figures are on aim/target, so we should reach our projected total. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6 The reporter caught the Prime Minister off balance/step with her question. ___________ - __ - - __ - _
7 He is generous to a mistake/fault, with the result that people take advantage of him. _ - _ - - _ - - __ - _
8 Each proposal will be judged on its advantages/merits. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ - ___ - - _ - - -- - - _- __
9 We haven't really got enough time. At a pinch/press, we'll have to work overtime. - __ - - - - - - - - - _ - - -
IO After today's performance, it looks as if we have a gold medallist in the making/doing. - - -- - - - - - - - - -
11 I never take politicians' promises on trust/truth. _____________________________ - __ - -- _ - - - _ _ _
12 I'm afraid the marketing manager is on leisure/leave until the end of the month. - ___ - - _ - - - - - - _ - - -

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the Jines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Al.LERGIES
In extreme circumstances, allergies can be (0) ___ _ [atal __ -· If FATE
we look back to the past we might wonder whether some
(1) ___________ deaths occurred due to allergies which could MATLIRE
not, at the time, have been (2l ___________ . But this might be DIAGNOSIS
the wrong perspective. Are we, in fact, developing allergies
because we are living in an advanced (3) ___________ age? Are TECHNOLOGY
we the masters of our own destruction?

Is it because of (4) ___________ that allergies have appeared PUBUC

on the national health agenda? Is it true that more children are
suffering from eczema and asthma? Does pollution cause such
problems? These seem to be (5 I ___________ questions. ANSWER
_/:,.,
-flf
The (6f - - - - - - - - - - societies seems to have a bearing on the INDUSTRY
growth of incidences ~t)~llergies. We are now alerted to the danger
of eating peanuts, and (7) _______ ~ ___ foods carry health warn- PACKAGE
ings for allergy suffers. Indeed, some people suffer such extreme
allergic reactions that they need to live in an absolutely sterile -
environment, (8) ___________ to live a normal life. ABLE

We have a built-in immune system, but diseases such as AIDS,

which attacks our natural (9} _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to viruses and IMMUNE
bacteria, can leave us (10) ___________ . We need to take a DEFEND
good, long look at our lifestyles and concentrate on improving
our environment so that our health will not suffer further.

49
 Match the items in the box to the verbs in bold. Then use the phrasal verbs once each in the correct form to
complete the sentences 1-10.

l?e caused l?y sth: boil _________________ _

revise your knowledge of sth: bone
look for: cast ____ ------- ___ _
mention continually: keep ________________ _
encourage competitiveness between others for your own l?enef it: play - - - - - - - -
make sth available for a purpose: put ________________ _
write for sth to be delivered to you: send _-'- ______________ _
continue to demand (a certain amount of) sth: stick _________ - - - - - - -
change the purpose for which sth is used: turn _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - -
enter a place and find sb doing sth (embarrassing): walk _ - ______________ _

l Claude manages pop groups, and he's always ______________ new talent.
2 Colonial powers like to __ ____________ different groups in the indigenous population
each other.
3 When the couple inherited the big house, they converted it into small flats and __ _ ____________ it
______________ holiday lets.
4 Jeremy thought he ought to ______________ the highway code, since so many new regulations had
been brought in.
5 Mary entered the office without knocking, and ___ _ _ _ _ _ ____ her boss admiring himself in the mirror.
6 Jenny hardly ever goes shopping for new clothes; instead, she ______________ them through mail
order.
7 We had to - - - - - - - - - - - - __ our house ___ ____ _ _ ____ sale in order to pay for our child's operation.
8 I do wish you woulcfn't - - __________ -:- _ my mistakes in front of the others.
9 Charles is convinced he's a go°",9J'~~j~~h worker to _ _ _ __ _ _ _____ more pay.
IO Their dismal performance injtp'e\~fams ______________ a lack of self-discipline.
r/:, : ~"~i/ _ ,. -.

B Two of the phrasal verbs used in this task have another meaning. Look them up in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix and
write an example sentence for each to illustrate these other meanings.

50
\{Expressing opinions and ideas
A Choose the correct options from the items in bold. More than one may be coJTect.

l be of the opinion/view/idea
2 express a(n) suspicion/impression/opinion
3 air 'a(n) view/opinion/notion
4 hold a(n) impression/view/opinion
5 take a dim suspicion/notion/view
6 conceive a(n) idea/impression/opinion
7 not have the slightest notion/idea/view
8 be under suspicion/an impression/the impression
9 get the impression/an idea/a notion
10 regard with an idea/suspicion/a notion

B Fill each blank with the coJTect verb.

l Sally __ -- ___ - _______ a dim view of people who tell lies.

2 I don't _____ -- - - - _____ the slightest idea where I left my keys.
3 We - - - - - _ - - - - -- - of the opinion that company policy should change.
4 Anyone who is not wearing an identification badge is _____________ with suspicion.
5 You will have the opportunity to ______________ your views at the meeting.

C Complete the sentences below with one of the collocations above.

l The banker is ______________ of insider-trading, but they don't have enough evidence to arrest him.
2 I don't _____ - - _______ slightest ______________ what's wrong with Barry; he's been in a foul
mood all day.
3 Anne is - ___ - - - -- - _ -- ____________ that funding cuts are imminent. (2 possibilities)
4 Graham _____ - - - _ _ _ ___ view of people trying to copy from him during exams.
5 At staff meetings, employees are encouraged to ______________ views.

D Now write your own sentences using collocations with get, conceive, express, hold and regard with.

17 7 7
7 r 51
\/ l ebb and flow: a frequent change of style, 7 from far and wide: from everywhere, from a
direction, intensity large number of places
By now, we're accustomed to the ebb and flow They came from far and wide to attend the
of the stock market. annual fair.
2 by a process of elimination: by removing from 8 be a far cry from: be completely different from
several possible answers the ones which are This room is a far cry from 'a little untidy'!
unlikely to be correct until only one is left It's a complete mess!
I figured out who had revealed my secret by a
9 be few and far between: rare, infrequent
process of elimination.
Employees with integrity are few and far
3 be of the essence: be a very important factor between, so we_should try to make them feel
We need to get there before the traffic appreciated.
builds up, so time is of the essence.
10 have a field day: enjoy/take advantage of an
4 take exception to: be offended by or object to opportunity
She took exception to being asked to wait Whenever there's a hint of political scandal,
outside, and complained to the manager. the press have a field day.
5 have eyes in the back of your head: be able to 11 with a fine-tooth comb: carefully and in detail
see everything going on around you, even when it The police searched the premises with a
seems impossible fine-tooth comb, but could find no trace of
The teacher must have eyes in the back of the stolen goods.
her head - how did she know I was the one
12 put the finishing touches on: finish and make
who passed the note?
perfect
6 under false pretences: pretending to be sb else or They were just putting the finishing to_uches
to have particular qualifications in order to obtain sth on the birthday cake when the guests arrived.
The swindler gained access to their money under
false pretences - he claimed he was an accountant.

Complete the sentences with phrases from above.

a We went through the evidence __ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ , looking for proof of his guilt.
b The warm weather in Mediterranean countries attracts tourists ___________________ .
c I sat there quietly, listening to the _____________________ of the conversation.
d Living in remote areas of the country ___________________ living in the capital city.
e Don't write out a second copy of the composition, because speed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ________ .
f In this day and age, good friends are ___________________ so we can't afford to lose any.
g When the school authorities announced an unexpected holiday, the pupils _-- _______ - -- - _ - ___ - .
h The police interviewed all the suspects and discove~e,c~ who the culprit was _____ - - - - - - - - - - - ____ .
' ".\:~,
~-t<f?'~;
~~\¾l
B With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of youfi¥J.wn which illustrate their meaning.

52
 it4

l
l 5
Elderly people can get agrant from the local council to Since their daughter won a scholarship, they don't have
insulate their homes. {specific amount of money to pay school fees. {award for studies given by a
given by a government or other institution to indi- school, university or other organisation)
viduals or organisations for a particular purpose)
6
2 I've spent all my allowance already, but my parents won't
The government will meet a lot of opposition from give me any more until next month. {money given regu-
farmers if it tries to cut farm subsidies. larly to sb, usually a family member, for living
(money given by a government to help organisations expenses)
or sectors of the economy in order to save an
industry or jobs, or keep· prices down) 7
My aunt bought-an annuity to guarantee an income for
3 herself in her old age. {an investment or insurance
The accident victims were not satisfied with the compen- policy that pays a fixed amount each year)
sation offered by the firm and threatened to take it to
court.{money given by a person or organisation 8
to reduce the bad effect of damage done) Now my sister has retired and is living on a pension, she
can't afford expensive holidays. (an amount of money
paid regularly by the state or a former employer
Her ex-husband has disappeared in order to avoid paying to a retired person)
alimony, so she has hired a private detective to find him.
(the money ordered by a court to be paid to a
former husband or wife after a divorce)

2
l 4
She puts aside a third of her salary and deposits it in a Every year, my uncle donates a lot of money to animal
separate account. welfare organisations.
{put sth in a certain place; put money in a bank) {give money to a person or organisation in order
to support and help them)
2
He felt in a generous mood and paid for all the tickets 5
himself (give money in order to buy something, or She went to the casino and gambled away half her pay.
to settle a debt) {play games of chance for money)

3 6
I decided to invest in a microwave oven, in the hope that If we don't find enough firms to sponsor the event, we
it would save me a lot of time. (place money, time or shall have to cancel it.
effort in a firm, property or scheme in order to {to pay all or part of the expenses of an event,
make a prof it or to benefit in some way) usually to get publicity)

7 53
 nit4
Choose the con-ect word in each sentence.

l The government has announced an increase in the family grant/subsidy/allowance for families with two or more
children.
2 We received a grant/subsidy/compensation from the government to repair our house after the earthquake.
3 His parents '«ere delighted when he won a(n) subsidy/scholarship/allowance to Leeds University.
4 I'm so glad I didn't gamble/deposit/invest in those shares: their value has plummeted.
5 This track and field event is being paid/sponsored/donated by Keepfit, the chain of sports clothes outlets.
6 The famous film star is trying to get alimony/compensation/allowance from her ex-husband for the damage he
caused to her penthouse.

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

I The characters in the novel are - - - and have no 7 Many non-smokers find the smell of tobacco smoke
connection with any living person.
existential a reputable
b distorted b tedious
C fictitious C offensive
d episodic d unconventional
2 They're a real - - - organisation; they're only 8 He's a real miser. I've never met anyone so - -- - .
interested in making a profit. a tight-fisted
a devil-may-care b mealy-mouthed
b fly-by-night c thick-skinned
C open-handed light-fingered
d down-to-earth 9 / cannot - - - to that point of view; it is diametrically
3 The country was threatened with ___ unless it opposed to mine.
complied with international demands. a adhere
a terminations b affiliate
b actions c; subscribe
c obstructions d cohere
d sanctions 10 The information was given to me in the strictest - - - ,
4 I would like to hear the - - - behind your so I cannot divulge my source.
suggestion. a discretion
a rationale b regard
b prospective c fidelity
C perception d confidence
d inflection 11 She wore a bracelet - - - with diamonds.
5 He is a typical - - a glimpsing
profit and loss. b gliding
a inhibited c glittering
b humane d glimmering
C inflexible 12 Having decided to study carpentry, I - - - on an
d hard-headed evening course.
6 I made a(n) - - - movement and knocked over all a enlisted
the glasses on the table. b enrolled
a unwilling c enjoined
b involuntary d endorsed
c outrageous
d nonchalant
 nit

There are some - - - expressions which are The children were quite safe, playing in the - - -
commonly used, and to which the response is pool.
automatic. turbulent
distorted shallow
engaging slight
fabricated swirling
d formulaic
The audience were - - - by her inspiring lecture.
The NGO relies on - - to enable it to carry out uplifted
its work. soared
Cl promotions upheld
donations ascended
reassurances
You always know exactly what she's thinking -
pigments
she's so - - - .
The refugees were offered - - - in the embassy. opaque
sanctuary transparent
preservation crystal
conservation overt
redemption
The glad - - - brought the villagers together in
She was extremely elegant and obviously very - - - . celebration.
entitled spirits
upheld b legends
C upstanding tidings
well-heeled events
His charm is - - - ; it has no substance! From the customer's - - - this new system is a
tarnished disaster.
superficial tl prospect
subdued b attitude
unobtrusive recollection
standpoint
When he threw her book on the floor, she - - by
setting fire to his newspaper. I wish you'd stop - - - with that watch. lt"needs to
equalized be repaired by a professional.
resorted dabbling
reprimanded b striving
d retaliated tinkering
persevering
The car was old and - . - , having been exposed to
the elements for years.
rusty
b decomposed
c silted
d tarnished

55
 For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Being a chef is not all it's (1) ___ to be. People have an image of chefs dreaming
up exotic dishes, cxperimentingi with delicious expensive ingredients, and then
(2) - - . __ exquisite meals with panache. That isn't really how it is. There are a lot
of things to do, and most of them are done in a sweltering hot kitchen with 80 to l 00
people waiting for the finished product.
Even the creative part is riddled with the difficulties posed by having to take
mundane details (3) _ _ ___ consideration. Firstly, for example, the items for the
weekly table d'h6te must (4) _ _ __ _ _ the food left in the fridge from the previous
week. Secondly, the fc)Od must be something a customer might (5) - - - - - .. buy, which
means that burgers are often on the menu, despite the chef's disdain. The real
opportunity for artistry comes when someone orders the poached salmon with dill
butter, and there's not a (6) .. - - __ of butter in the place.

l. A talked out B shaped up C cracked up D broken off

2 A generating B creating C forming D shaping
3 A above B under C with D into
4 A incorporate B compose C integrate D amalgamate
5 A truly B actually C genuinely D certainly
G A speck B pinch C drop D pat

Mosaics
Notwithstanding the recent proliferation of trendy coffee-table books on the
subject, the art of making mosaics has a long history. Made famous by the
Romans, its existence actually stretches as far back as the Hellenistic period,
if not further. Mosaics were especially (7) ______ as floor coverings, since their
scale (8) - - - - _ . itself to large spaces and because they could stand up to daily
(9) ------ and tear.

I can't say that it was an awareness of this lofty past which induced me to
take up mosaics; I just liked the look of them. So I (10) __ - _ _ _ off to sign
up at the local community centre, where my classmates and I were soon
earnestly poring over art books, deep in thought about our future masterpieces.
It took me well over a year to complete a table-top the size of a dinner plate
(thus cleverly (11) - - _ ~ _°__ beauty with function) and, in the end, it was so
uneven that you couldn't even (12) _ _ _ _ _ _ a glass on it.

7 A enjoyed B praisi::d C favoured D encouraged

8 A suited B adahfecf'i
:/ >
C fit D lent
9 A wear B use
;,.;

"fr., C friction D neglect

10 A limped B hurtled C trotted D trudged
11 A including B combining C merging D mixing
12 A situate B install C locate D stand

56
 y
My family doctor had been J _ _ ___ me for several years: 'Exercise!', 'Exercise!',

I
'Exercise!'. It was like the irritating jingle from a commercial that just won't go
away. Of course, I had been a little more sporty in my youth but, somehow, sports
had all f alien by the (14) . ___ . . I was no longer able to fit them into my life.
That left the gym. I'd been (15) _ _ _ _ _ _ it over for about 5 years, but each and
every time I glanced through a gym window, I was convinced it was a ghastly
idea. Everything about it put me off: the bulky, competitive, exhibitionist types,
grunting and sweating, performing mind-numbingly monotonous activities like lifting
weights, all in front of huge picture windows in (16) ... __ .. __ view of dozens of
passers-by! Nothing about it was the least (17) ______ appealing. And yet, when
I finally (18) _ _ _ _ _ _ the gym, I was pleasantly surprised. With careful planning,
the grunters can easily be avoided, and I'm becoming quite fond of weights.

13 A badgering B belittling C beguiling D bantering

14 A backlog B wayside C backdrop D roundabout
l5 A pondering B reflecting C contemplating D mulling
16 A total B great C full D apparent
17 A bit B trace C spot D fragment
18 A enrolled B enlisted C registered D joined

Il
r

57
 nit 5
Follow-•up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)

The Chef
l How is the reality of being a chef different from 2 Why might a chef regard hamburgers with dis-
most people's image of the job? dain?

Mosaics
3 Explain in your own words why mosaics were 4 Which phrase in this text means 'studying or
especially popular in ancient times. paying close attention to something written or
printed'?

The Gym
5 Who is the writer referring to when she uses 6 In your own words, what are the three
the phrase 'the grunters'? disadvantages of the gym?
 Complete each sentence by supplying the correct preposition.

1 Don't take him at his word. Get him to put it _ .. _ __ writing.

2 Once the train had left the station and the journey was _ .. ___ way, I began to relax and feel safe.
3 Avocados are not sold ______ weight; you pay so much per avocado.
4 My aunt works out at the gym twice a week to keep ______ shape.
5 Do you realise what's _ _ _ _ _ stake here? Your whole future!
6 Newspaper editors must sense when the public's interest in a story is the wane.
7 University tutors have been warned to be _ _ _ _ the watch for plagiarism when assessing students'
assignments, now that students can download material from the Internet.
8 What with the wedding only a few days away, we are all ____ .. _ a-whirl finalising the arrangements.
9 For once, the sports commentator was lost ______ words and couldn't continue the commentary.
10 Although, at first glance, the terms of the contract seemed favourable, ______ scrutiny, they turned out
to be disadvantageous.
11 As far as I'm concerned, that deal is ______ the bag and we needn't spend any more time or effort on it.
12 The children were enthusiastic about the beach-cleaning project and tackled the task ______ a will.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

I THE EFFECTS OVERCROWDING

To some extent, the effects of overcrowding undoubtedly
depend on the sqciety in which one lives, since in some

I cultures (0) __ _R/LV§IQY. ___ is seen as an absolute necessity,

while others don't even have a word to express the concept.
In the latter, the idea of being alone is equated with the feeling

I of (1) __________ -,an emotion which is in sharp contrast to

the one felt by those who crave solitude.
Regardless of subjective (2) ___________ , overcrowding
can lead to real social and health problems and has even been
LONE

PERCEIVE
shown to be detrimental to (3} ___________ . History is rife SANE
with tales of death and destruction as a result of prolonged
exposure to cramped conditions. Before the (4) _ _ _ _ _____ _ ABOUSH
of slavery, slaves were transported around the globe on
board (5) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ crowded, filthy ships and suffered EXCESS
(61 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ misery and even death. During the industrial TELL
revolution, disease was rampant among (71 ___ - ______ _ LABOUR
who were forced by economic necessity to share living space
with dozens of people.
In some developed countries, land is at a premium, so there
is a (8) ___ - - ______ to build high-rise apartment blocks, TEND
while individual flats are becoming increasingly smaller. This
phenomenon is prevalent in countries in the northern hemi-
sphere. Inevitably, some people find such living conditions
(9) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oppressive. Consequently, a growing BEAR
number of urban professionals are dropping out of the rat
race and moving to the country in order to (10) - - - - - - - - - - - GAIN
their privacy.

59
 Units

\!
A Match the phrasal verbs on the left with their meanings on the right, then complete each of the sentences below
with the right fonn of the c01rect phrasal verb.

l) bleat on about a keep complaining in an annoyingway

2) cry out for b keep talking aboutsth(boring). •··· .·
3) go onat C i express confidence in; guaratitee sb!sth
4) rabbiton d . make· sth. sound better. than• it iS ·
S) rattle off·. e in
eJfplainbeliefs, facts, ~tc a Qleir?6rgahisedway
rattle.through f express support forsb · ·
rip/tear/lay into g in
be great need of .·. . .· . >
8) rootfor h ·. say/do sth quickly (in order tofinish it)..
~) setforth have afulUJiscussion aboutsth'.< · .· ·
10)talkover j. ke~p criticising
1 talk up k speak very critically to sb ·
12) vo9chf9r I say sth qukklyandeasi!Y

l Alex ______________ all the maths exercises in twenty minutes.

2 Can't you stop _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ the children for not behaving the way you did as a child?
3 I'm perfectly willing to ______________ this employee's reliability.
4 I wish you wouldn't keep ______________ about your boyfriend. Haven't you got anything more
interesting to talk about?
5 Sandra really ______________ into Matthew when he finally arrived, an hour late.
6 Of course, the fund manager will try to ______________ the new scheme, but I'm convinced it will be
a failure.
7 I'm fed up with Melanie ______________ how badly she's been treated.
8 I thought you'd be upset about it, but I feel reassured now that we've been able to ___ it ______ -·
9 I hope you win the game on Saturday. We'll all be ______________ you.
10 Ted's been to the city centre so often that he can ______________ the names of all the stations you pass
on the way.
11 After two years of drought, the country _____________ rain.
12 The prosecutor ______________ the evidence against the accused in a most convincing fashion.

-£~
B Choose the three phrasal verbs from thl~' task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries
in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then.iilake up yourow'i):(f}f.amples to illustrate how they are used.

------------------------t~ . --------_J~ti .--------------------------------

60
 \lhrases concerned with growth and decline
A Choose the coITect preposition from the three below lo form phrases used to talk about growth and decline.

l an increase 7 (be) _ _ _______ the decrease

2 (be) _____ the decline 8 rise
3 (be) _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ decline 9 go ____________ (a) decline
4 (be) _ __ _ _ _ the rise 10 (be) ___________ the increase
5 to fall ___ _ _____ (a) decline 11 a reduction ___ _ _ _ _ __ _
6 a decrease __________ _ 12 a drop ____ .

B Choose the adjectives below which collocate with all the nouns from Task A.

slight trivial significant clear

. important minor marked noticeable
c::posic;lerable evident n$9ligible gradual
blunt solid

I
I C Complete the following sentences using phrases from Task A and suitable adjectives from Task B. More than
one answer may be correct.

l Over the last few years, there has been _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ the number of university graduates.
2 Meteorologists are predicting a __________________ in temperatures for the weekend.
3 Some industries __________________ after the war.
4 There has been __________________ in the birth rate over the last seven years.
5 _Polls indicate that there has been _________ .. ________ in tHtmayor's popularity since the last election.

D Some of the phrases cannot be used with adjectives. Which are they?

Write four sentences of your own using these phrases.

61
\i l like a fish out of water: uncomfortable because of 7 go against the grain: be opposed to your nature or
a situation or the surroundings principles
I felt like a fish out of water among all the uni- Although it went against the grain, I tried hard
versity graduates, as I had had little formal not to get involved in an argument with the
education. overtly racist politician.
2 fit to drop: very tired 8 a Freudian slip: sth said accidentally, which is
After running for an hour, he was fit to drop. believed to show sb's true thoughts
His accidentally calling me by his ex-wife's
3 flat out: as fast or as hard as you can
name was definitely a Freudian slip.
They worked flat out for two whole days, and
fin ally completed the project. 9 be up for grabs: ready to be won or taken
You should enter the contest, as there are lots
4 take the floor: start speaking; start dancing
of great prizes up for grabs.
After the council members' speeches, the
mayor herself took the floor. 10 win hands down: win quickly and/or easily
We were expecting a close game, but the home
5 fly in the face of: go against (convention, reason,
team won hands down.
common sense)
This strategy flies in the face of company 11 give a big hand: applaud enthusiastically
policy. When the school band took the floor, we gave
them a big hand.
6 food for thought: sth to think about
The film was rather disturbing, and gave the 12 hard to swallow: difficult to believe
audience plenty of food for thought. I find your story about him once being a spy a
bit hard to swallow. ,

A Choose a phrase from above to complete the sentences.

a He said that he hadn't meant to put it like that, but to me it sounded like a very revealing

b I was determined to be polite to the obnoxious man, but it __________ - ____ - - -- - __ - .

c The audience was extremely appreciative and the comedian was ____ - - - ____ - - - ____ -•
d The story was very unlikely. Even though it could have been true, I found it __ - - - - ___ - - - - - __ ·-- - -·
e I was so new in the job that I felt _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
f No one else was allowed to dance until the newly-weds ___________ - - ____ - -.
g After working for twelve hours st~~g'ht, J was ___________________ .
-~ff•·~;,:

h Not trusting your regular babysftt:er with the k~ys of the house - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - rational judgement.

B With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.

62
 Set l Set 2
l l
There was a single rose in the box, with a card attached A hundred balloons were released into the sky. (set free)
(only one)
2
2 He described how his country was liberated from colonial
The sole survivor of the crash is being questioned by the rule. (freed from the control or influence of)
police. (only one existing or remaining)
3
3 He is handsome, unattached and has agood job. Do you
This is unique - there's not another like it. want me to introduce you to him? (not tied or connect-
(the only one of its kind) ed to anyone or anything)

4 4
She is the one person who might be able to help. He took his jacket off and loosened his tie.
(the only, for emphasis) (make weaker, less firm or tight)

5 5
An independent enquiry into the allegations of bribery has I was anxious to be discharged from hospital as soon as
been announced (separate from, not involved with, possible.
not dependent on others) (give permission to leave)

6
Although our association is affiliated to others, it is
autonomous: we take our own decisions.
(governing
· jour..self, taking your own decisions)

Choose one of the following words for each gap.

:~is~nbrc9ea ~.
?)(,c:f """' s ~

- l This music video offers a . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ blend of visual and acoustic effects.
2 Despite strenuous police efforts, not a(n) __ .. ____ .... _____ member of the gang has been caught.
3 The - _ .. - - - . _ .. _____ slaves had nowhere to go and no way to earn a living.
4 She's looking for work because she wants to be _____________ _

S He was - - .... _ - - - .. ___ from the army after the explosion damaged his eyes.
6 His .. - - - - - - _ _ _ _ __ reason for resigning was to find a job where he would earn more money.

63
 nits

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

\!
1 The spy wove a -- -- -- of intrigue to cover his tracks. IO The lawyer -- -- -- the facts of the case in an effort to
a system make the defendant seem incapable of committing
b web the crime.
c network a distorted
d yarn b distended
2 He was a(n} -- -- expert on Egyptian antiquities. c dismantled
d disturbed
a acknowledged
b severe 11 Every year the local inhabitants -- -- -- the battle which.
C ambivalent was fought on this site.
d adverse
a revisit
3 He was arrested for traveling on a(n} -- -- -- passport. b reconsider
a synthetic C re-enact
b incorrect d replay
c false 12 His grandfather -- -- -- on a fish bone and couldn't
d artificial breathe.
4 The - -- -- of sheep moved slowly up the hillside. a gulped
a pack b throttled
b flock C chewed
c herd d choked
d fleece 13 We always invite George to our dinner parties _as
5 it was a complicated situation which, even when he's a very -- -- -- guest.
explained to me, was still beyond my -- -- -- . a congenial
,a wit b congenital
b knowledge C considerable
c ability d conical
d comprehension 14 The examiner fried to -- -- -- a response from the
6 He spoke the language fluently, but when confronted candidate, but to no avail.
with a large audience h? was by no means -- -- - . a expose
a eligible b elicit
b articulate C protract
C organized d propose
d analogous 15 The torch -- -- -- slightly, then went out. The battery
7 The errors have now been -- -- , so the manuscript was dead.
should be ready for publication. a flashed
a eroded b guttered
b eliminated c considered
c annihilated d flickered
d deleted 16 The rescue team -- -- -- the scene, trying to work out
8 The weather was not -- -- -- the best way to find any survivors.
abandoned our plans. a estimated
a complimentary b surveyed
b corporal C considered
c conducive d esteemed
d collaborative 17 One -- -- -- of the epidemic was that all the schools
9 They were forced to -- -- - were closed.
them. a proposal
a conform b expectation
b dispel C consequence
c yield d forecast
d contract

64
18 The operation itself went smoothly but - - - arose, 22 Many schools now insist on - - - learning so that
and the patient died shortly afterwards. no single individual has to work on their own.
a injuries a pair
b disease b rote
c distortions C collaborative
d complications d consecutive
19 His work is always - - - and thorough; he can 23 The iudge ruled that there was no - - - evidence,
always be trusted to do any iob. and threw the case out of court.
a mellow a circumstantial
b meticulous b admissible
c avid C adamant
d powerful d discrete
As the house neared - - -., our excitement grew; we 24 I've managed to complete a fair - - - of my
would soon be moving into our own home. ' assignment.
a finishing . a chunk
b accommodation b scale
C accomplishment C bunch
d completion d lump
The celebrity temporarily lost her - - - when 25 A single - - - stood guard at the entrance to the
someone threw a tomato at her. army camp.
a composure a rustic
b confusion b armoury
C discretion C sentry
d dissolve d recruit

65
Un~ 6

You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with the environment. For questions
19-26, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

The Coral Reef

28th December

It was a bumpy bus ride to the resort, and the facilities are not quite what we
had expected, but we got down to business right away. Our group spent the
morning learning about equipment and safety procedures. The instructor seems
extremely knowledgeable. I'd never have imagined that coral reefs are home
to a quarter of all the marine species in the world. This afternoon, we practised
putting on our tanks and masks, and then breathing underwater just off shore.
It's a big day tomorrow; we're finally off to the coral reef.

29th December

\ It"s amazing what you can do if you put your mind to it! Scuba diving had
t seemed an impossible dream until I eventually took the plunge. The coral reef
I is an astonishing, magical world. All you can hear is the sound of your own breath-
j ing as you glide above the strangely shaped corals from which colourful crea-
tu res peek at you inquisitively, and larger fish swim majestically by, while
ll·«·

. keeping a beady eye on intruders.

f Sadly, some dead, bleached coral stands out stark and white against the deep
\,.".• hues of the living coral. The reefs are under threat from global warming.
r Fortunately, here they are protected from unscrupulous fishermen using explo-
1 sives to kill and collect fish. As this is part of a national marine park, fishing
1 is prohibited and the reefs are safe - from direct human intervention ctt least. fine18
l Elsewhere, however, the situation is dire. Unfortunately, it seems its impossible to
\ get away from the countless perils threatening our planet.
i~,~C'.c-•":l':l.1~~~.;_~c,.'%";-~~"'~1'~~,.._...-..~~~~{~:",~:4lil~;"';.-.~f'·•:'!'~~-½':'ll"l;J'r,:"'.":'c:~·r:r;f&:S:-_,"(>-$~-;-"'~':-;-,'<:,;c~::; """:J;'~?'I~''·- .... ~ ... ~

19 The writer indicates that

A there was too much empt)c{~fs on safety procedures.
:~;'.~;t4.,
B hers was the only gro1..1p;«3,tthe resort.
C the resort was not as ,IJ..;,:;1A'-:.-
ld~~rious as they had hoped.
D they had expected t&!iJe'taken to the,.,coral reef on the first day.
l ,~,t,;~:j;ffrfilji ·.
20 What does the writer suggc;st·when she says, "the reefrare safe -from direct human
intervention at least"(line YB)?
A There is no need for the ban on fishing to continue.
B Human beings are responsible for climate change.
C The condition of coral reefs is improving due to human intervention.
D Factors other than human intervention are affecting the reefs.

66
 Tran sf rontier Parks
\j

Today I'd also like to talk about two nature reserves which are in very different
parts of the world, but whose aims are the same: to promote peace and con-
servation through sanctuaries which transcend political boundaries.

I'm sure you all know of Kruger National Park in South Africa. This wonderful
park, whose origins go back to the establishment of game reserves in the area
in 1898, shelters 147 types of mammal and 500 bird species in its 7,523 square
miles, and may soon become part of a tri-country reserve called the Great
Limpopo Transfrontier Park. This will include regions of Mozambique and Zimbabwe
in addition to the South African part. It is hoped that the co-operation involved in
setting up and protecting the park and its inhabitants (both human and animal) will
foster peace in this strife-torn area and, of course, attract tourism, bringing
tangible benefits to the local populations and teaching them the importance of
protecting the natural environment.

Now, moving on from Africa to Europe and, more specifically, to the Balkans, the
governments of three neighbouring countries signed an agreement in the year
2000 to create Prespa Park. The lakes of Prespa and Mikri Prespa are actually
two of the oldest in Europe, and the surrounding wetlands are a vital breeding
ground for over 160 bird species. Any co-operation between nations in this region
is an exceptionally significant step, as the Balkans have experienced a great deal
of upheaval over the years. If this also manages to bring about the protection
of the environment, it is certainly an endeavour worthy of our support.

According to the text,

A the Great Limpopo covers a larger area than Prespa Park.
B of the two sanctuaries, only the African reserve will have human inhabitants.
C plans have already been ratlfied in the case of the Balkan park.
D the Balkan lakes are the oldest in Europe.

What similarities between the two areas are mentioned in the text?
A Authorities hope for an increase in tourism.
B Both parks are very old.
C Both areas have suffered from conflict.
D They are important breeding grounds for birds.

67
\/
Near Earth Objects
Roughly fifty thousand tonnes of rock from space reach the Earth each year. These
fragments range in size from particles of dust to pebbles, and most of them don't reach the
surface of the planet, but burn up in the atmosphere as graceful shooting stars. How likely is it
that a larger fragment might slam into the Earth one day? It has happened before.

It is believed that, about 65 million years ago, the impact of an object with a 10-kilometre
diameter wiped out 70 percent of life on Earth, ending the reign of the dinosaurs. The
destructive energy of near Earth objects (NEOs) is a result of their breathtaking speeds, as
they can reach 64 kilometres per second (over 230,000 kilometres per hour).

Unfortunately, objects big enough to affect our environment aren't that rare. In fact, they
skim past this blue planet every year or two. For instance, NEO 2002 MN was discovered on
17th June 2002, three days after it had passed within 120,000 kilometres of Earth. It was
between 50 and 120 metres across.

Obviously, something has to be done, and that is why we have launched this campaign to get
our representatives in parliament to act. The asteroid threat must be pushed up the agenda,
and clearly there has to be an international effort. Ideally, to be able to take preventative
measures, we should aim for advance warning of 10 years or more, although that may not be
feasible at present.

The writer implies that at present

A the technology necessary to help us identify NEOs is available.
B we are in a position to detect NEOs before they reach Earth.
C we have the means to deflect objects before they reach Earth.
0 scientists give governments sufficient warning of NEOs.

The writer hopes that

A the government will begin considering the threat of NEOs.
B a campaign will be launched to inform the public about NEOs.
C the government will work closely with other countries.
0 the public will take the threat more seriously.
 The Environment - Where Do We Stand?
In 1992, the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro resulted in pledges to safeguard ecosystems,
reduce global warming and promote human welfare through sustainable development.
This focused public attention on the environment, and further conferences on environmental
issues have taken place since, but has there been any progress, or have the promises
been forgotten?

There are some positive signs. The ban on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which destroy
the ozone layer, has limited releases of these compounds. Hydrogen-powered cars,
ecotourism and acid rain reduction, through the curbing of sulphur dioxide emissions, are
all steps in the right direction. On the other hand, the clearing of tropical forests doesn't
seem to have slowed at all, and at this rate we may well have annihilated half the world's
plant and animal species by the end of the 21st century. Indisputable evidence shows that
fossil fuels are warming up the planet, with unpredictable consequences. Greenhouse gases
are now at their highest level in 420,000 years. Nevertheless, our consumption of fossil
fuels is still increasing at an alarming rate, with an incredible 140 cubic metres or more of
oil flowing out of wells world-wide every second. Incredibly, this is happening despite the
public's familiarity with the greenhouse effect.

Not enough is being accomplished, and time is running out. The Internet and mobile
phone communications have facilitated grassroots environmental efforts, and even one
person or a small group can make a difference. We must let our leaders know that we
want action and we must do it now, before it's too late.

25 The text as a whole suggests that

A the 1992 summit achieved very little.
B some steps have been taken but more needs to be done.
C nothing has changed and we continue to destroy the planet.
D we are unable to do without fossil fuels.

26 In the writer's view,

,

A governments have managed to acquaint the public with environmental issues.

B governments are lagging behind public opinion on environmental issues.
C the public ~re not as aware of environmental issues as they should be.
D governments are not as aware of environmental issues as the pub! ic.

69
 for
(Optional

The Coral
l What are the two meanings of "took the plunge"? 3 With reference to the last paragraph, explain in
your own words the threat to the reefs.

2 Are scuba divers welcomed by the sea creatures,

according to the text? Explain why/why not in
your own words.

Transfrontier Parks

1 Explain how tourism might teach local popula- 3 What does the word 'this' in the last sentence
tions 'the importance of protecting natural envi- refer to?
ronments'.

2 Explain in your own words how sanctuaries

might promote 'peace and conservation'.

70
 Unit6

Near Earth Objects

I In your own words, explain the purpose of this 3 What is implied by the use of the phrase 'is
text. believed to have' when describing the extinction
of the dinosaurs?

2 Who is the intended target audience?

4 Was NEO 2002 MN considered a threat in May
2002? Why/why not?

The Environment - Where Do We Stand?

l Explain the term 'sustainable development' in 3 How have modern methods of communication
your own words. facilitated grassroots environmental efforts?

2 What do you understand by the sentence 'fossil

fuels are heating the planet, with unpredictable
consequences'?

71
 Choose an item from the box below to complete each of the following sentences.
\/

reservation measure arms

suspicion pretext mr
stretch rage end/long run
strength • transition parole

I The country's economy is currently in _____________ and will soon focus on service industries.
2 She realised she was under _____________ , but could do nothing to prove her innocence.
3 Production is down because the workforce is below _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ due to the flu epidemic.
4 It's tough sticking to my diet, but it will be worth it in the _______________ when I have lost weight.
5 I can recommend this new gardening book without ______________ .
6 The driver jumped out of his car in a _______________ and attacked the taxi driver for cutting in.
7 If you're lucky, you'll be let out on _____________ after serving three years of your sentence.
8 Our holiday plans have been up in the ______________ since we heard about the flooding.
9 Pensioners are up in ______________ against the proposal to tax their income.
IO I find it too exhausting to work ten hours at a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ , so I'm going to look for another job.
II I boiled extra macaroni for good _____________ ,since I guessed the boys would be hungry.
12 She went to visit him on the _____________ of borrowing a book.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

THE IMPORTANCE OF DECOR

The urge to decorate our surroundings is a (0) ___ _b_a~i_p_ ___ human BASE
instinct. We need only look back to (1) ___________ cave paintings HISTORY
to see that people have always felt the necessity to improve their
home environment. Students at university obviously find objets
d'art too (2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ but decorate their rooms with cheap COST
posters, which are often (3) ___________ of paintings by old PRODUCE
masters.

An unfortunate (41 _ :c_c- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in architecture, however, DEVELOP

ignores the needs ofcttilvery people who occupy the buildings.
This phenomenomiaptly na~ed "sick building syndrome",
emphasises the (5J~ "t __________ structure and design concepts ARCHITECT
(6) of the neec!st pf those who spend a great
-- -- - - - - - -_ REGARD
proportion of their lives working in them. Son,e such buildings can be
completely (7) _ _ _ _ _ of natural sunlight and, as. a result, VOID.
are totally (8) ___________ on artificial light. RELY
The Western world has recently taken an interest in Feng Shui
and other Eastern theories about creating a (9) ________ - - - HARMONY
atmosphere in one's dwelling or work place. Adherents of these
methods of arranging things inside the home or office claim they
can bring (10) ___________ and happiness. PROSPER
A Match the phrasal verbs with the meanings given, then answer the questions below using one of the phrasal verbs
v given. The first one has been done as an example.

bJyoff 1 A payfohsth(p6vVil!ingly) / ·. ·. ·• < .. · · .·.

cldbtogethet . . 2 . B. . ta.kesrnost of/f/4~>f!~St of 5th. f<pr Y9./.lfS~lfs .
sough up .· C. .... easily make i l~t of profi(from sth
cre~m off' 4 D . pay :}large sum of mbniY,rorsth '
eci't' ihto ·~
•~.; E .. gain access to a resource o{supptl'
. . .•eke out . · t5 F bribe sb to get support or agreem~nt
·. palln off . .1 . G •.. manage to survive, but only just
. ·..· •rake in. 8 .· H keep sth from.· being available for use
scrape by · 9 carefyllymake a supply last
shell out ·10 J Join others.in giving money towards sth
•. tap into · 11 K stop sb making rJem.ands by giving sth of lower quality or:va/µe
tie up· 12 l use resources, thus diminishing them

1 Your friend saw a car that he really wanted. It 7 A pensioner owed a money lender some money.
cost a fortune, but he bought it anyway. What was he told to do with the money he
What did he do? owed in order to avoid a beating?
- -·
He shelled out a fortune for it.
- - - - - -
- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 Your parents' income was very low, but they 8 This library holds a wealth of information. What
managed to live on it. What did they do on their are students advised to do with the information?
low income?
9 The angry customer wanted a full refund. What
a Forty players of varying ability have applied to did the shopkeeper manage to do with a partial
join a football team. The coach only wants the refund?
best players. What does he do?
10 My business has started making huge profits.
4 You want to buy a house, but your money is What am I now doing?
invested in long-term bonds. Why can't you use
it? 11 The country has started selling its gold reserves to
deal with the crisis. What is the crisis doing to the
5 A multinational wanted to build a nuclear reac- gold reserves?
tor in a poor country. What did it hope to do to
those in high places who opposed the re~~tor? 12 When the winter fuel strike began we had very
little heating oil. What did we have to do with
6 How did the school students manage to buy our supply of oil during the strike?
their teacher a new bicycle when she retired?

B Four of the phrasal verbs in this task have more than one meaning. Look them up in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix
and write an example sentence for three of them to illustrate some of their other meanings.

73
 One

A Choose which nouns go with the adjectives given to form collocations which express oneness.

l single man, market, woman, room, bed, parent, ticket·

2 only parent, child, children, people
3 sole survivor, father, child, proprietor, charge
4 lone bed, figure, relative, wolf, parent

B Write sentences using ten of the collocations you formed above.

C The adjectives above can be used in other ways for emphasis. Choose the correct adjective to complete the
following sentences.

l A(n) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ____ figure could be seen wandering in the valley below.

Chris is very annoyed with me; he hasn't said a(n) __________________ word to me all day.
His ____ - ___ - _______ c- _ aim was to have the mayor removed from office.
Cynthia was the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ candidate for the position.
A(n) ____ -- - - - __________ gunman shot and killed twelve tourists in the city centre today.
She completed the bulk of the assignment in a(n) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ afternoon.
After her partner died, she had _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ responsibility for running the company.
8 She was the -- - - - ______________ woman to complete the marathon.

74
 Fill each of the gaps in sentences a-11 with an appropriate set phrase from 1-12.

make inroads (into): have a direct and noticeable mend fences: try to be friendly again after a period
effect on of dislike, arguments or disagreement
The government is starting to make inroads They hardly spoke for years, but now they've
with its mass-inoculation programme. mended their fences.
for/to all intents and purposes: in almost every take the mickey: make sb feel silly by copying
way or very nearly what they do in a humorous or unkind way
There are ten minutes to go, but for/to all They spend a lot of class time taking the mickey
intents and purposes, the game is over. out of the teacher.
be over the hump: be past the most difficult part hold sway: have a very strong influence
of an activity There are parts of the world where those
Now we're over the hump, the rest of the outdated ideas still hold sway.
work will be easy.
have/get itchy feet: want to travel or move on
knows no bounds: is limitless from what you have been doing
Her commitment to animal rights causes knows She'll get itchy feet if she stays in the same
no bounds. job too long.
laughing stock: person or thing that is ridiculous to leave no stone unturned: do everything possible
others to achieve sth, especially to find sth
His efforts at portrait-painting made him the He left no stone unturned in his quest for a
laughing stock of his friends. solution to the problem.
be at a loose end: have nothing to do have a lump in your throat: feel sad or emotional
If you're at a loose end tonight, why don't you When the horse in the movie died, I had a
come round to watch a video? lump in my throat.

She is an intrepid traveller, always ready to visit somewhere new. She must __________________ .
His unfortunate mistakes made him __________________ of the office.
His enthusiasm and tnerny for the project __________________ ; he has accomplished so much more
than the others on h{f1it~~~-
Mary may not be\~e ~hild',$ biological parent, but _______________________ she is his mother.
If you're _____ ; · '· ~ ________ you could take the dog for a walk. I'm busy cooking dinner.
He's always _ _ _ _ _ ____. _______ out of people, but hates it when others do it to him.
The table is groaning under the weight of the food, but the guests are rapidly _______________ it.
When the soprano sang the aria, I was filled.with such emotion that I __________________ my

B Now write sentences of your own to illustrate the meanings of the four remaining set phrases.

75
\/ Set 1 Set 2
1mm 1
She's a very careless driver and doesn't think about what It was an inconclusive meeting: we came to no decision.
she's doing. (not paying enough attention to, not (failing to lead to a decision)
taking care)
2
2 I wish I weren't so indecisive, I can never make up my
You look distracted. Is something wrong? mind.
(unable to think clearly because worried) (being unable to decide)

3 3
I must admit I was generally an inattentive pupil; I day- I' ve have been thinking about applying to do a distance
dreamed a lot in class. (not paying attention) learning course, but I'm still undecided
(not having made a decision yet)
4
Who can remain indifferent in the face of such suffering? 4
(having or showing no interest in sth) The government seemed irresolute in the face of massive
public opposition.
5 (showing uncertainty)
Michael was so preoccupied with the crossword puzzle
that he didn't realise his boss had walked in. 5
(thinking so deeply about sth that you are not Several problems remained unresolved after the summit
aware of anything else) meeting. (with no satisfactory solution)

6
My father is so absent-minded my mother has to remind
him to eat. (tending to forget things)

Choose the most appropriate alternative in each sentence.

I I'm worried about my brother. He's been so irresolute/indecisive/distracted lately, I'm sure there's something on
his mind.
2 I don't think your friend is inattentive/indifferent/careless to your plight; she simply doesn't know how to help
you.
3 We cannot leave this issue indecisive{ii,"~oncl~sive/unresolved until the next meeting; it must be decided today.
4 I'm undecided/indecisive/unres9lv:~WBs to whether to accept their proposal.
:',",' ·.:;,;·
5 She seemed distracted/preoccupied/absent-minded
,,,,, with her household accounts, so I didn't disturb her.
6 The results are inconclusive/irresolute/unresolved. We'll have to run the tests again.

76
 Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

l These cards are numbered, and should be kept in 9 Having been exposed to the sun, his already dark
_ - - . Don't mix them up. complexion became - -- - .
a theory a tarnished
b system b sweltering
C sequence c sullen
d concordance d swarthy
2 If he doesn't - - - from speaking his mind to his 10 Our - - must have been remarkably intelligent to
boss, he'll be fired. have designed such wonderful buildings.
a refrain a generations
b pause b antiquities
C seek C ancestors
d restrain d ancients
3 His - - - laughter was extremely loud, and people 11 The detectives wanted all suspects to - - - for their
turned to stare. whereabouts on the night of the crime.
a caustic o account
b raucous b fumble
c ravishing c root
draw d yearn
4 During the festival thousands of sheep were - - - , 12 He asked us to - - - him while he searched for the
roasted and eaten. book we wanted.
a frayed a hold on
bscraped b bear with
C sloughed C cope with
d slaughtered d wait out
5 The final dress - - - of the play was performed in 13 It is hoped that the indigenous population will live in
front of an audience. peaceful - - - with the newcomers.
a rehearsal a ambience
b practice b environment
c show c acquaintance
d act d co-existence
6 The coating covering the surface is water - - - , so it 14 When confronted with the evidence, she - - - that
doesn't matter if it's left in the rain. she had been wrong.
a defiant a conceded
b resistant b seceded
C pursuant c contradicted
d resilient d advised
1 The country's .economy now seems - - - after the 15 The sma!f, family-run hotel was really - - - ; a home
wild fluctuations of last year: ..... away from home.
a calm l" a crafty
b sporadic ' b cozy
C ~~e fa c courteous
d stale d contagious
Because I'd been wearing my new shoes, my heel 16 Prisoners are - - - of their freedom, which is the
was rubbed - - - and there was no skin left on it. worst punishment they can be given.
a raw a dispatched
b sore b dreamed
c open c despised
d ripe d deprived

77
\/
Some painkillers work better if you - - . them in He ;ust - - - down his food without chewing it at all.
water. a minces
a thaw b gulps
b dissolve C squeezes
C resolve d grills
d melt Nowadays there seems to be a -- -- - of fast food
He lies - - , so you never know whether to believe outlets but, as we become more aware of nutrition,
him or not. this trend should reverse.
a earnestly a growth
b involuntarily b proliferation
c habitually C glutton
d conspicuously - d decline
The miser - - - his money and hides it under the Her - - - as chairperson was approved by the
floorboards. committee.
a hoards a donation
b stores b desire
C banks C nomination
d disposes d remuneration
She has had a(n} - - - career as an artist and is nbw The bride looked absolutely - - -- as she walked
world famous. down the aisle.
a illusionary a radiant
b elusive b hearty
C illustrious c vigorous
·d gratuitous d bright
His handwriting is - - - ; nobody can read it.
a indelible
b inedible
c intelligible
d illegible

78
 You are going to read an article about native peoples. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract.
Choose from paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do
1
' not need to use.

THE INUIT
The way of life of aboriginal peoples the world over has 30
been in decline for decades now, if not centuries. Slowly
but surely, all of it, from its spiritual underpinnings to its In the mid nineteenth century, European whalers began to
actual geographical homeland, is being whittled away by actually live in the Arctic, where they felt they could better
the developed world. And now that it is very nearly too control the whaling industry. Whales were hunted for oil
late, the demise of these cultures has reached the attention and fuel, as well as for whalebone, which, among other
of some international aid organisations, and occupies a things, was used for making women's corsets. Inuit men
miniscule position on the world stage as a problem need- and women were hired to work on the bases and also on
ing our generous attention. And as always, we in positions the ships, and slowly abandoned their way of life.
of power have cast ourselves in the role of the master with 31
plenty to teach his needy pupil when, in reality, we are the
ones who have much to learn. Nowadays, our role in the erosion of Inuit tradition has
changed, but it continues unabated, if in a more modern
I 21 way. To help solve the problems rampant in Inuit society,
such as poverty, unemployment and alcoholism, governments
Their spiritual views, for example, provide the basis for all
other activities, lending them in turn a coherence and mean- have encouraged the promotion of tourism in the far north,
ing which ensure that nothing is taken for granted. They unlikely though this may seem. Dog-sledding adventures
believe that everything possesses its own spirit - not only and whaling expeditions are now advertised on the Internet.
people and animals, but also inanimate objects and phenom- You, too, can experience life in the frozen north, learn the
ena, such as the wind or ice. These 'inua', as they are called, seventeen words for snow, live in an igloo, and risk your
have independent existences of their own, and those that are life ice-fishing.
hosted by particularly strong animals or men can take on a
physical presence whenever they wish.
32
Our influence has altered their.art, as well. Thanks to col--
12a lect9rs' relentless appetite for ivory, a ban on the hunting of
This belief, in turn, influenced other areas, such as art. animals for their tusks has been necessary to preserve
Weapons like knives and harpoons were beautifully ~nd intri- these creatures from extinction, thus depriving the Inuit of
cately crafted, as this was believed to reflect the hunter's materials for their weapons and crafts. Soapstone has
esteem for the 'inua'. Materials selected for weapons were taken its place, as its softness makes it easy to carve. As
chosen because they were familiar and comforting to the such, it is especially suitable for mass production, and
prey; sea mammals were the most important creatures to nowadays soapstone carvings are being churned out at
the Inuit, and weapons were most commonly made from breakneck speed, often not even by Inuit carvers, to meet
walrus tusks, showing a concern for the hunted which the demands of collectors. Sometimes stone for carvings is
approached sympathy. Given that a single animal could imported from Brazil or Italy.
provide food, oil, clothing, weapons, and even boats - .· 33
often made out of skins - it is easy to see how it warrant-
. ed the proffered reverence. Certainly, it is too late to turn back the clock, but is it too
,. fi 29 late to learn from the past? The industrialised nations are
frightfully slow learners, despite all their laudable techno-
f;Rather than revealing the folly or the quaintness of peoples logical achievements, for they learn neither from the exam-
'.f:: we consider more primitive than us, such practices and ple of the ageing sages of days gone by, nor from the les-
·. tales show a deep awareness of and respect for the true sons provided by their own errors. But our own irreverent
;relationship between people and their environment. As age would undoubtedly benefit from the meaning and
,.also revealed in Inuit carvings of two-faced creatures, one guidance afforded by a view of nature which believes there
face human and the other animal, the relationship ,_~ one of is a soul in every single thing on Earth.
:mutual interdependence; nature preys on us as , • f)rey on
t, and both factors in the equation need the other.
A The practice of engaging the help of Shamans for hunt- E There are those who will argue that these efforts have
ing purposes testifies to the respect and fear with which benefited the ailing Inuit culture, and perhaps they have,
the natural world was viewed. A shaman was a mere albeit in a limited way. Tourism brings in money, helps
mortal who had been revealed, usually through some raise awareness of the Inuit culture and the problems
especially difficult circumstances, to have a special spir- surrounding its survival, and selling art, however cheapened
it, one which was stronger and in closer contact with and removed from tradition, does the same. We cannot
others. He was often called upon to intervene in the change history, say supporters, and at least these are
hunt and persuade the prey to give itself to the hunters. ways to help revive and maintain those few crafts and
Inuit legends also illustrate feelings of awe for the natu- skills which survive among the Inuit.
ral world. Sedna, for example, was a drowning girl
whose severed fingers are transformed in the water into F Soon, fashions changed and fur was in demand, so the
narwhals, whales and seals. Inuit became trappers, which was fundamentally
opposed to their hunting traditions. They had previous-
B Wood was scarce, so Inuit art was generally carved out ly hunted big game, which required the combined
of ivory or caribou antlers or local stone, which had to efforts of the extended family unit, but trapping foxes
be mined during the warmer months, sometimes at was a solitary pursuit, and involvement in this field
great distances from the hunting base. The carvings had further eroded their traditional ways of life. By the time
simple shapes and smooth lines which were reminiscent the fur trade collapsed in the mid twentieth century, the
of the flowing snowy landscape. They might have been Inuit lifestyle and economy had changed so drastically 1

used as religious amulets or toys, and probably also that it was impossible to revert to the old way of life.
served as a way of spending time during the long, dark
winter months. G Nowhere is this allegory more true than in the case of
the native people of the northern polar regions of the
C Needless to say, these sptnts were respected by the world, who could instruct us mightily if we let them. The
Inuit, because they affected their very tenuous daily lives Inuit, whose name means 'living people', are believed to
in so many ways. Warmth could be a blessing for the have migrated westward from Greenland about a thou-
hunt, but it could eventually drive game north. The sea sand years ago, merging with or possibly assimilating
could be bountiful, or it could withhold its gifts. Animals other, older peoples. Many aspects their culture
could be hunted or they could evade the hunters. All reveal a noble and cohesive world view which 'shows a
these simple phenomena were governed by their deep respect for all living creatures as well as the natu-
respective spirits - a whale's spirit, if offended, could ral environment, and acknowledges their interconnect-
direct its host well away from the whalers, or, having edness.
been shown the proper respect, it could allow itself to
be caught. H Fortunately, the prohibitive cost and the near-impossible
trek to the far north, which involves several flights in
D Instead of learning such a valuable lesson from the Inuit, single-engine aircraft and several hours a snowmobile,
a lesson which could inform our own world view and have deterred all but the most detennined travellers
form the basis of a more rational approach to our planet, from such northern fantasy trips. But there is no doubt
we have, amazingly, inverted the relationship and have that it is only a matter of time before insatiable adventure-
elected, in our wisdom, to teach them a few lessons. seekers look to these regions as the last frontier to visit
This particular approach is rather new, a product of our and impress their friends with.
confidence in what we see as progress,)i6t feelings of
superiority towards native peoples ,is ,nothing new;
indeed, we have been contributingtojf~eir de~line for
quite some time. .· :l'.i,t'
I What does the author think we have to learn 4 What is the effect of the word 'too' in the sen-
from the Inuit? tence, 'you, too, can experience life in the frozen
north, learn the seventeen words for snow, live
in an igloo, and risk your life ice-fishing'?
2 Why are the Inuit's daily lives 'tenuous'?

5 How has legislation protecting the environment

3 Summarise the factors which illustrate the Inuit affected the Inuit?
respect and awe for nature.
\! Select an item from the green boxes and an item from the brown boxes to fill each gap.

1 I'm calling _____________ that you'll be free to go out this evening.

2 Their house is nothing like ours; it's always immaculate, with nothing _ - - - - - - - - -- - - -.
3 Alcoholics who do not admit to themselves that they have a problem are - - - - - - - - - - -- ::
4 When my husband went to university as a mature student he felt _ __ _ ___ - ___ - at first.
5 It was such a relief when the blood test results showed that I was _ _ _ __ - - - _ -- - - - .
6 It's a long story but, _____________ , I got annoyed and handed in my notice.
7 The man was muttering _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ as he walked down the road.
8 She pushed the reforms through __________ :- _ of fierce opposition from hardliners.
9 The new CEO seemed all smiles and politeness at the reception, but we saw her _- - - - -- _ -- - -- _ at the
first management meeting.
10 _____________ , our practice sessions last a couple of hours.
11 l_'d love to be _____________ when his boss finds out what he's been up to, and fires him.
12 He is very accident prone and always leaves a trail of destruction ______ - _ - ___ - .

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
AN UNHEALTHY OBSESSION WITH DIETING
In contemporary society we are _ P~S§tJrf~esf_ _ to conform to PRESSURE
current ideas of what is considered the ideal figure, and this is true for
both sexes. According to notions prevalent in our society, women
should be svelte and men should be the 11) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ he-man MUSCLE
type. Obviously, not all people can conform to this ideal, perhaps
because they are _ _ _ _ __ _ __ incapable of doing so as they GENE
are big-boned or {3) ___________ to gaining weight. DISPOSE
Because of the power of advertising and the {4) _______ _ SIGNIFY
magazines attach to the 'body beautiful', many women, and some
men, have fallen prey to the image-makers. Such people fail to
see that the (5) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of models have been air-brushed PERFECT
out in the (6) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ process, and seek to achieve an CREATE
ideal which is (7) ___________ . ATTAIN
Even the rich and famous succumb to pressure and become
anorexic or bulimic despite their apparent success. Instead of
being victims of our (8) ___________ with weight, we should OCCUPY
try to be less (9) _ _ _ ______ critical of our own appearance. RELENT
This would increase our self-confidence and self-esteem, whilst at
the same time decreasing the (10) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ harmful effect
that advertising has had on our lifestyles.
 Unit1

Using your feel for the English language, match the verbs on the left wilh the prepositions lo make phrasal verbs
with the meanings given. Then rewrite each of the sentences below with a phrasal verb, using the word given.

off (with): end demands/ questions with excuses/ cheap bribes

over: surprise ( pleasantly)
with: treat without care or respect
up: (make sth) become more accessible
on: suddenly start to attack or criticise sb
out: listen carefully to everything sb has to say
up: try to please sb in order to get their support
up: avoid expressing or revealing feelings
over: treat sb badly
on: encourage sb to do sth foolish
in (on): rudely interrupt
in: willingly share tasks/accommodation

l I had expected the boss's husband to be a bit of 1 Sorry to interrupt your meeting, but this can't
a bore, so I was really surprised by his witty con- wait.
versation. over

8 If you let them do what they want to you, you

2 Don't expect a relaxing holiday on the farm; deserve no respect. over
everybody is expected to lend a hand.

9 She wouldn't have wasted her money at the casino

3 The manager is not a woman to be treated disre- if you hadn't persuaded her to. on
spectfully; she never forgets any perceived insult.

10 You shouldn't suppress your anger: it's bad for

you.
4 Even though I knew what he was going to say, I
resolved to pay attention without interrupting so
as not to hurt his feelings. out 11 This law will make university education accessible
to the poor. up

S Those who had sought her help began to attack

her when her idea failed. on 12 You promised to take the children to the circus,
so you're not going to persuade them to settle for
a walk in the park. off
It will be impossible to use charm to persuade Mr
Grumpy to give you a good personal reference.
Victory
Choose the correct verb to form phrases and collocations connected with victory. In some cases, there are two
possibilities.

IUII 1-t@ii
l ------------- the traffic 8 the right (to do sth)
------

2 ------------- a team 9 -- - - - a victory

- - - - -

3 ----------- a title 10 - - - - - - - - - - an argument

4 - - - - - - - - - - - a deal 11 - - - - - - - - - - - a battle
5 - - - - - - - - - - - - a bargain 12 - --------- acclaim -
6 - - - - - - - - - - an opponent 13 - - - - - - - - - - the record

1 - - - - - - - - - approval 14 ----------- a seat (in parliament, etc)

Choose a collocation from above to complete the following sentences.

l We left work well before the rush hour since we wanted to ____________ - - ___ - .
2 After hours of negotiation, he finally __________________ with the manufacturers.
3 Her novel _ _ __ _ _ ___________ critical _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, then became a best-seller.
4 Women only __________________ to vote early in the last century.
5 I was surprised to see such a young candidate _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ in the election.

C Write sentences of your own with the remaining collocations.

D Below are six more collocations orphrases which include the verbs win or beat. Match them with their meanings
(a-I) on the right. Does "?eat" havf the same meaning in all four collocations?

l beat th _ a persuade sb
2 talk without coming to the point
3 win hands down escape without punishment
4 win sb over d succeed eas~y
5 beat about the bush e be first to achieve sth or reach a place
6 beat an egg f mix it with fast movements of a fork

84
\I 1 a mine of information: sb who knows a lot and 7 (be) an open-and-shut case: (be) sth that is easy
shares their knowledge to prove or answer
Why don't you ask George about it? He's a The lawyer said it would be an open-and-shut
mine of information. case, but it ended up dragging on for months.
2 (be) a mixed blessing: sth which has both 8 come into (your) own: show your true qualities
advantages and disadvantages and value
Winning the lottery was a mixed blessing, since She really came into her own when she was
everyone I know expects me to give them money. given responsibility for that project.
3 be neck and neck: have an equal chance of win- 9 (be) par for the course: (be) what you w9uld
ning expect
Half the ballots have been counted and the Money problems are par for the course when
two parties are still neck and neck. you start your own business.
4 have occasion to: have a need or reason to 10 (be) part and parcel of: (be) a necessary feature
If you have occasion to stay in town overnight, of sth
I'll put you up. Long hours and stress are part and parcel of
being a doctor.
5 old-boy network: the system in which men who
went to the same private school help each other 11 perish the thought: may it never happen (used to
throughout their lives show that you hope sth won't happen, or is a
The old-boy network makes it hard for certain ridiculous idea)
peopl~ to get ahead professionally. What? Me become a politician? Perish the
thought!
6 an old flame: sb you were in love with in the
past 12 put sb in the picture: inform sb about what has
I ran into an old flame of yours at the cinema happened
last night - he hasn't changed a bit. Before we talk about our next step, we need
to put everyone else in the pictur~.

Complete the sentences with phrases from above.

a If you ______________ be in that ~rea, you should try the new Indian restaurant.
b The judge realised it wasn't ____ ~ __ -'"'·- ____________ , as the police had little concrete evidence.
c No one's told me what's going on. Could you _____ - _ _ _ _ - ___ - - -?
d It's raining again! That's __________ ..,1- ____ atfhe weekend!
e Everyone soon realised he had got the job because of who he knew rather than what he knew; another
example of the _________ - - - __ - - - _.
f If you should lose your job, _________________ - , you can come and work for us.
g Coping with dilemmas is _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ of having the ultimate responsibility.
h The new regulations are __________________ . They will promote health and safety but seem very
strict.

B For the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.

85
 u1111irt 1
\/

His hands were dirty because he had been working in the Her room is untidy, but she always knows where things
garden. are. (not tidy, not neat, not in order)
(not clean)
1
There were lots of rotten apples under the tree.
His clothes hadn't been washed for months, and were (having gone bad; decayed)
filthy.
(dirty in a disgusting way)
This cheese has gone mouldy. Throw it out.
(covered with fungus -and therefore inedible)
He lived in shockingly squalid surroundings.
(dirty and neglected)
The balcony railings will go rusty if they aren't painted
(metal goes rusty - becomes a reddish-brown
The furnishings were shabby and had obviously seen colour and corrodes)
better days.
(old and worn; badly dressed)
The bread is really stale,· it was baked a fortnight ago.
(not fresh)
When they go on holiday and leave the children at home,
they always find the house very messy on their return.
(dirty and untidy)

Choose the best word in each sentence.

l She needed a shower as she felt dirty/squalid/messy after repairing the car.
2 The squalid/messy/shabby building was infested with rats.
3 I'm sick of stale/messy/untidy ideas; can't anyone come up with something fresh?
4 The fridge wasn't working properly, and the kitchen stank of stale/mouldy/rotten meat.
5 Be careful not to cut yourself on that rotten/rusty/shabby knife or you'll need an anti-tetanus injection.
6 That bread is stale/rotten/mouldy: it's brigbt green!
 Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.
~

l When his first book of poems was - - , he 9 There were a few - - - of snow throughout the day,
celebrated with his friends. but none of it settled.
a published a trickles
b rejected b spatterings
c staged C scurries
d considered d flurries
2 She became increasingly - - - as the time came for 10 Her - - - were completely unknown to us, so we were
her to make her decision. unable to help thepolice in their search For her.
a avid o whereabouts
b prismatic b positions
c pensive c locations
d prevalent d traces
3 The conversation soon - - .. to the key Figures in the ll She was chronically ill as a child, and had to be
latest scandal. taught by a private - - - .
o overturned ? professor
b reverted D -lecturer
c ceded C governor
d reversed d tutor
4 The mayor's - - - was a lavish affair, with lots of 12 They understood each other very well, so any
food and fine wine. comment would have been - - .
a banner a extraordinary
b banquet b tangible
c barnacle c transient
d occasion d superfluous
5 There was a(n} - - of talent on stage that night as 13 You can insult him as much as you like. He's so _c:_ _ -

the president was in the audience. it doesn't bother him!

a corporation a tight-fisted
b accumulation b well-heeled
c abundance c thick-skinned
d aggregate d heavy-handed
6 We had thought that it w}?J{:18 be difficult to get 14 / was terrified standing at the edge of the cliff, as it
everyone to agree, so wt·~ surprised;when there was a(n} - - - drop to the sea below.
was a general - - . . ~,. · a sheer
a contradiction · · b absolute
b depletion c complete
c: consensus d utter
d congeniality
15 The law was no longer appropriate to modern life,
'1 He is extremely - - and hates losing any game. so they decided to - - - it.
a competitive a repeal
b dignified b ban
C: flushed c veto
d engaged d resurrect
8 She's unconventional, and keeps up to date with what's 16 Use the -: - .to mop pp the water; .it's more effective
going on, so her views are - - . than that cloth.
a enforced a rag
b eloquent byam
c enlightened c. sponge
d exaggerated d sump

87
17 She was - - - to tell her parents the truth as she 22 After - - over the pros and cons for weeks, she
knew they would be angry. finally quit her ;ob last Friday.
resonant a moralizing
b deviant agonizing
c dominant sterilizing
d reluctant d rationalizing
18 When the shelves had finally been - - - from the ki( 23 There is a new - - of early Dutch paintings at the
there were two screws still left over. national museum.
finished exposure
assembled exhibition
completed depiction
d arrayed illustration
19 His greatest - - - was his integrity. 24 She was temporarily blinded by the - - - of the
assertion headlights and crashed into a tree.
asset stare
coercion glow
discretion glare
20 / decided not to buy the car, as its gas - - - was so d .glitter
high. 25 It was such a magnificent - - - that the experts
a consumption couldn't decide if it was genuine or fake. ·
b thirst · a authenticity
C use b tangent
· d extension c scheme
21 He was already angry, and her rude comments - - - d forgery
him.
a engulfed
b enticed
t enraged
d exaggerated
 it8

You are going to read an article about obesity. For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you
think fits best according to the text.

A MODERN HEALTH PROBLEM

There is growing concern about the way we view food, such products as fizzy drinks, king-size chocolate bars and
which goes beyond the 'do we live to eat or eat to live' ever larger packets of crisps. Such foods are attractive
debate. More and more children are leading inactive, to families on low incomes because you now get more for
sedentary lifestyles and are suffering from obesity. In the the same price as the original, smaller portions. However,
1990s, tobacco-related diseases were the problem, but children who have large bags of crisps or bars of chocolate
aggressive anti-smoking campaigns caused the focus of in their school lunch-boxes don't save half for the next day;
concern to shift. In the new millennium, obesity appears to they eat the whole thing. It would appear that fast food mar-
be the major health concern, and not only among children, keting people have seized upon ch-ildren as being brand-loyal line 5
with far-reaching repercussions. Obese children suffer from the cradle to the grave. They target small children
taunts, jibes and bullying from their peers and this, instead with give-away toys, a worrying trend which, some believe,
of causing them to rethink their eating habits, may perpetu- warrants government action.
1,ne 12 ate the vicious circle; in other words, these children turn to
'comfort eating' which adds to their weight problem. Experts want governments to begin to treat the fast food
industry as they do the tobacco industry, insisting that such
Researchers have noted that some children are doing less food should carry a government health warning, especially
than one or two minutes of 'moderate activity' in an hour, on food with a high fat content. They would also like a ban
which is an alarmingly lower amount than that recorded in on vending machines in schools, as it is estimated that one-
previous studies. The problem seems to be worse in fifth of children get more than 20 per cent of their energy
teenage girls than in teenage boys, with older children from sugar, with 5 per cent of that coming from the con-
getting much less exercise than younger ones. sumption of fizzy drinks.

Parents realise that their children are overweight, but do not Of course, children are not the only ones to suffer from
know enough about nutrition to give their offspring the sup- obesity. In one survey, only 40 per cent of adults claim to
port they need in order to help them change their lifestyles. sit down for a meal, which means that the majority are eating
Given time pressures from work and family, more and more on the hoof. Only around 30 per cent say that they cook all
people rely on pre-cooked convenience foods or quick fry- their own meals. It becomes reasonably obyio~s that this is
ups, thus exacerbating the problem. so when you look around you in the street or in an under-
ground station. Walking and talking are interspersed with
There is some recognition of the problem, but it is not eating and drinking; people carry a can to swig from, and
widely advertised. For example, there are 'Weight Loss clutch food to scoff.
ing 28 Camps' aimed at obese children where/:11ong with their
slightly less overweight peers, they learn to read food We live in a culture which actively promotes fast food while
labels and understand' the nutritional content of food, or simultaneously showing images of svelte models who are
lack of it, eat healthily and do exercises. This experience supposedly the ultimate in 'beauty'. The majority of us will
can also restore their self-confidence, as they are sur- never achieve this perfect look, given our sedentary lifestyle
rounded by youngsters with the same problem. and increasingly unhealthy diet This, in turn, will give rise
to both over-eating and its extreme opposite, anorexia.
But by and large, it is not an issue which is taken very seri-
ously. Schools are partly to blame for the worsening of the It is obviously time for us to take a close look at our rela-
problem, as they have marginalised physical education due tionship to food. The ideal daily diet, or so the experts say,
to the pressures of the national curriculum. Also, they have would consist of 5 portions of fruit and vegetables, some
bowed to financial pressure and sold off playing fields, often in protein (but not too much) and only a few carbohydrates.
order to buy more up-to-date computers, which in turn No one would deny, however, that the occasional lapse
encourage sedentary lifestyles. would be acceptable. Remember the old adage: a little of
what you fancy does you good!
The food industry must also shoulder some of the respon-
sibility, as theirtadvertising campaigns promote foodstuffs
which are high in fat and sugar content. Such advertise-
ments are often aimed at children, and frequently feature

89
 In the text as a whole, the writer's purpose is to
II
discuss the eating habits of those with eating disorders.
\/
B, draw attention to the causes of obesity.
C extol the benefits of healthy eating.
[) criticise those who encourage children to eat junk food.

The writer uses the example of Weight Loss Camps to show that
A a number of people are aware of the problem of corpulence.
8 solutions to the problems of obesity are available.
a large percentage of children are obese.
0 programmes involving people who share a problem are effective.

Which phrase, in its context in the text, suggests exploitation?

turn to (line 12)
aimed at (line 28)
sold off (line 38)
0 seized upon (line 52)

The writer states that a significant number of schools

A have taken inappropriate decisions under duress.
B are obliged to purchase state-of-the-art computers.
C have exacerbated the problem of obesity by axing Physical Education.
are under pressure to report overweight children to a government agency.

What does the writer say about adults in the eighth paragraph?
A Most of them sit down to eat.
B Eating is an important element of the daily routine.
C Seventy percent eat in restaurants.
0 Most of them eat on the run.

39 What is the writer's attitude to contemporary culture, as expressed in the penultimate

paragraph? ___ _
:l~i~,·,. _,
A Svelte models are extr~rnely beautiful.
0
B Citizens are encour3:g~~ tb -fqllow a healthy diet.
C It promotes ideals i6i~:h are:virtually unattainable.
'if'~,lt-';,a/-
0 We are fortunate"'' ~"1 ave a sedentary lifestyle.

40 In the final paragraph, the writer suggests that

A we should eat what we like.
8 we should change qy6eating habits.
C g8
most of us need td 1oh a diet.
D we should become vegetarian.

90
 it8
J,_,ollow-up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional 'Task)

l What does the question 'do we live to eat or eat 4 How does the writer explain parents' lack of
to live?' suggest? effectiveness in helping their children to develop
healthier eating habits (para 3)?

2 In the first paragraph, what does the writer say 5 Why do experts want governments to treat the
about the anti-smoking campaigns of the food industry as they do the tobacco industry
1990s? (para 7)?

3 What is the writer's attitude towards the trend 6 According to the passage, why are young chil-
of young people taking less exercise than they dren especially attracted to fast food restau-
used to? How do you know this (para 2)? rants?
 Choose the right word in each sentence.

1 Many people feel that their traditional values are under danger/threat/risk from globalisation.
2 The actor was ill, so his performance wasn't on/in/up to par.
3 He thinks I'm bossy and, for my part/side/view, I find him indecisive.
4 Opinion polls show that, for the most/major/greatest part, people are in favour of decentralisation.
5 For this operation I want all police officers in ordinary/casual/plain clothes.
6 The files are kept with/under/behind lock and key, so no unauthorised person can see them.
1 My son was in tears/smiles/rage because other boys had been bullying him.
8 She's won the lottery three weeks running - she's obviously with/in/on a roll.
9 No funding was available, so the plans were left on-the table/house/shelf.
10 The job of editor of the college newsletter is up for takes/grabs/grasps. Is anybody interested?
11 I soon realised that widespread pilfering was going on right under the manager's nose/eyes/face.
12 Martha and I are in the same house/boat/shoes; both of us have lost our jobs.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Biography of Joan Littlewood

Joan Maud Littlewood was a prodigy of the (0) _ _th~fltfi<;g/_ ... _ THEATRE
world. She was considered by some to be eccentric and
(1) ___________ , and is perhaps best known for her play .. QUIRK
"Oh What a Lovely War", which had its first (2) - _ _ _____ c:::. PERFORM
in 1963 and, years later, still remains a (31 - - - - - - - - - - -· POWER
snub to the propaganda of war. It was later made into a film
which reached an audience of millions, and which was an
(4) ___________ for a generation of anti-war activists. She hated INSPIRE
its (5) ___________ success, but went on to produce several box COMMERCE
office ~its '-"-'.~jch made her (6) - - - - - - - - - - - in the acting world. MORTAL
She ii11te{to bring the world of the theatre to the masses
and, to this end, during the Second World War, began radio
(7) - - - - - - - - - to American listeners about everyday people. TRANSMIT
These programmes were the (8) - - - - - - - - - - - of modern soap TYPE
operas.
In the early/S0s she reny~9 a theatre in a run-down area of east
London, and staged ,;;a'ilt,· only Jacobean classics, but also
{91 - - - - - - - - - - - productions which could be enjoyed by all. MUSIC
After the death of her husband in 1974, she spent the rest of her
life in France battling' against the (10) - - - - - - - - - - - from which he DOMESTIC
had always shielded her.

92
 it

A Using your feel for English, match the verbs on the left with the correct particle and meaning. Then replace the
,;
items in bold in the sentences below with one of the phrasal verbs, using each verb once only. Make any necessary
changes. One has been done for you as an example.

about: approach/tackle a task/difficulty

around: search everywhere for sth
away (at): work hard at sth
away: make continuous efforts to achieve sth
_ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ down: become or make sth/sb stuck and not able to make progress
______ pitch _ _ _ _ _ in: take part willingly in a group activity
out: cease to take part
out: cause a task, etc to take longer
up: employ sb
to: be the duty of a particular person
together: co-operate with others to achieve sth
up: stop working properly (machinery, etc)
l Our car broke down on the flooded road, but some other motorists joined
forces _with us to help push it out of the deep water. - - - - - - - _pjt__cfl(!cj_ Ln_ - - - - - - -- -
2 Jean has been working hard to ensure the success of the festival.
3 Some workers have been making the job last as long as possible in order
to be paid overtime.
4 After such a defeat, the coach wasn't sure how to handle the job of
rebuilding the team's confidence.
She'll be quite happy to leave the job because she is going on to better
things.
6 If we all work on this in a spirit of co-operation we'll easily achieve
our goals.
7 The older boys did their best to discourage Harry, but he kept making a
determined effort until he succeeded.
8 If you want the project to get held up, appoint a committee to supervise it. - - __ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ _
9 Rebecca bad high hopes of being given a job by the company, since it was
owned by her aunt. ""
10 Don't imagine that you'll find our secret formula by searching everywhere
in these offices.
ll I had to walk up to my office on the twenty-fifth floor ,because the lift had
stopped working
12 In our family, the job of feeding the chickens is the responsibility of the
youngest member.

B Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries
in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to mustrate how they are used.

93
Life and Living

Complete the collocations below using either life or lfring.

l way of 6 (be) larger than _________ _

2 cost of 7 do sth for a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
3 earn a 8 (a) walk of __ _________ _
4 (a) fact of 9 (be) ----------------proof
5 standard of ________ _ (a) _ _______ .. ______ wage

B Now w1ite the collocations from Task A beside their meanings, below.

1 show sth by being alive or existing:. _____________________________________ _

2 sb's occupation or position in society: _________________________________________________ .
3 usual pattern of social or working life of a person or group: ________________________________ .
4 unpleasant truth that can't be avoided: . ___ ~ __________________ - ___ - - ______ - - - - - - - - .. - - .
5 level of comfort and wealth available to people in a given country or area:. ___ .. __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _.
6 amount of money paid which is just enough for you to live on: _______________________ . ____ .
7 do a particular job professionally in order to earn money:. _____ .. ______________ .. _- .. .. - - - - - - ...
8 average amount of money needed to pay for necessities:. ______________ - ________ - - . - - - 7 - - - -·

9 exaggerated and likely to attract attention: _______________________ - - - - - - _- ___ - - - - - - - - - - - .

get money by working: ________________________ .. ____ - _ _ _ - - - - - - .. - -· - - .. - . - - - .. - - - - - - - .

Choose one of the collocations to complete each of the following sentences.

1 With their swimming pool, three cars and domestic staff of six, they enjoy a high
2 Characters in movies are often improbable and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ ____ .
3 Maureen has friends from all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ : politicians, greengrocers, stockbrokers, pensioners,
to name but a few.
4 The - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __ in modern industrialised countries nowadays is very different from what it
was a hundred years ago.
5 You'll just have to accept that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. It's a __ _ _ - - _ _ ____ _
6 The - - - .. - - - - - - _______ has increased dramatically in the past five years and many families are
having trouble making ends meet. " ·

D Now write your own sentences with the remaining four collocations.
 8

11 l make a pig's ear of: do sth very badly, wrongly raise your hand to: hit or threaten to hit
Jim really made a pig's ear of the party He never once raised a hand to his children.
preparations.
8 the rank and file: all the ordinary members of an
2 poetic justice: an appropriate or deserved organisation; ordinary soldiers, not officers
punishment/reward The party rank and file disapproved of the
After telling me off for driving too fast, Dad proposed economic measures.
got booked for speeding. That's what I'd call
poetic justice. rant and rave: show your anger by shouting and
complaining
3 go to the polls: vote Yot,1 can rant and rave all you want; you' II still
Citizens go to the polls this Sunday. have to wait your turn!
4 make a practice of: do regularly rear its ugly head: appear (used for sth unpleasant)
I don't make a practice of drinking champagne, Their relationship was fine until jealousy
but this news calls for a celebration. reared its ugly head.
5 at a premium: not common, and therefore valuable be on/at the receiving end of: be the one to
Spacious homes near the underground are at a suffer sth unpleasant
premium in this city. Her secretary is often at the receiving end of
her foul moods.
6 presence of mind: ability to make good decisions
in a crisis keep a tight rein on: control firmly; allow very
She had the presence of mind to grab the fire I ittle freedom
extinguisher and use it immediately. The new CEO keeps a very tight rein on company
spending.

Choose a phrase from above to complete the sentences.

After all his complaints about our work, we could not help feeling that his being hauled over the coals
by the boss was _ . ________________ :- _____ _
b That cake looks like a disaster area. You've really _____ .. ______ - __ - __ - - _ - - - it.
c Thanks to her mother's ___ - __________________ -, the infant was saved from drowning.
d The union __ -- ___ -- __ . __ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ °", _ ignored their leaders' advice.
e The government is _______________________ .. the economy so as to prevent inflation.
f There's nothing I can do, so please stop ___ ---------------- --- about it.
g Unfortunately, the boy's father is very bad-tempered and frequently - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - _ _ - - - - _ him.
h In countries which suffer from drought, water is _ - _ _ _ _ - _____ - - - - - - - - - --•

B With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.
 l
His authoritarian manner may be off-putting, but it's just He is a compulsive eater,· that's why he 's grossly over-
a front. He's not very confident. (imposing authority weight. (unable to control your desire to do sth)
on others; demanding obedience)
1
2 You must confess that this new argument about global
His authoritative manner made people believe what he warming is compelling. (holding your interest or
said, but he was not, in fact, reliable. attention)
(commanding respect, showing authority; reliable)
8
3 His arbitrary decision caused bad feeling in the office;
The officious curator spoke sharply to anyone going too many of his colleagues felf they should have been consulted
close to the artefacts on display at the museum. (without reference to other people's opinions or
(behaving in an unnecessarily bossy way; being feelings)
too eager to give orders or claim authority)
9
4 He is very autocratic in his attitude to employees, and
The minister was trying to foster trade on her most insists on having absolute control.
recent official visit abroad. (having or showing unlimited, absolute power)
(approved or organised by people in authority,
eg - the government)
I've just bought the authorised biography of Martin
5 Luther King.
School is compulsory for children up to the age of 16. (given approval or permission)
(obligatory; sth that must be done)

Use one of the following words to fill each gap.

l At his school, the wearing of school uniforms is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

2 This has been a(n) - - - - - - ________ text book for some years, endorsed by the previous head of department.
3 The school is run on - - _________ , __ lines, with the head teacher exercising total control.
4 She is such a(n) - - - - - .. - - - _ _ _ she can't distinguish the truth from lies.
5 This article makes - - - - - - _ _ -= _ reading; it raises important issues and provides plenty of food for thought.
6 The senior analyst made _____ - - - - - - decision about policy, and was roundly criticised for it by her
boss.

96
 nit 8 -

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

I He was such a{n) - - - person that no one noticed 9 Unfortunately, the elderly witness gave police a
his presence. rather - - - account of what had happened.
a vehement a confused
b unobtrusive b discernible
c jovial C assimilated
d susceptible d elusive
2 After their win over the world champions, the team
was - - - . 10 While he was in the desert he was - - - by a
Bedouin, who assisted him in his research.
a justifiable
b triumphant a acknowledged
C tantamount
b cautioned
d juvenile c befriended
d affiliated
3 A mass of snakes - - - in the nest.
11 The snow storm increased in intensity until it became
a writhed a ---.
b curled
c deviated a gale
d swirled b blizzard
c precipitation
4 Life in this region has changed very little, due to the d cascade
locals' strict - - - to traditional values.
12 The sound was - _ - because of the acoustics, so no
a caution one had a problem hearing.
b angle
c accommodation a distorted
d adherence b cohesive
C announced
5 She had allowed the interest to - - - on her initial d amplified
investment, and now had a small fortune.
13 Having ___ the truth of the matter, the police began
a assert an extensive search for the missing girl. . ·
b assume
C accrue
a ascertained
d add b asserted
C authorized
6 We were informed that the burglar had been - - d aggregated
by the police while in possession of the stolen goods.
14 Go down the - - - , then turn left, and you'll see the
a apprehended f•'
accounts office directly in front of you.
b accounted
c blocked a aisle
b corridor
d compounded ·.•
C alley
1 He made a point of trying to get al$ng w,ith his - - - d path
in-laws. · ·
15 The sergeant ___ the soldiers when the exercise
a prohibitive was over.
b productive
t proactive
a expelled
b compounded
d prospective
c dismissed
8 Despite her - - - , which meant she was confined to , d dispersed
a wheelchair, she led a very full life~,
16;The mural_ - _ a scene from everyday life in the
a inaction 16th century.
b deficiency
c disability a depicted
b designated
d depletion
c composed
d inscribed

97
 nit8

The poet said that her - - - came from nature. Having got to know him better, I - -- - my opinion of
a aspiration him.
b respiration a retarded
c inspiration b scanned
d concentration C revised
Although he was on a diet, the cream cake proved d revoked
- - - and he gobbled it down. If you live in a - - - area, there will be no ,,,,,rtnr,n,
a intoxicating a remote
b addictive b downmarket
c indulgent c distant
d irresistible d downtown
19 When she saw the amazing success of the pro;ect, After a brief break to clear fans from the field, the
she felt that all her hard work had been - - - . game - - - .
a grudging a registered
b justified b resumed
c measured c stalled
d plausible d revised
20 It's very stuffy in here. I think there's something The bonfire sent - - - into the nearby wood and
wrong with the - - - system. caused a huge fire.
a ventilation a coals
b versatility b flickers
C vibration c sparks
·d vocation d spores
He has a - - masculine face which could appear
either ugly or handsome.
a rude
b shallow
c sheer
d rugged
For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Bob
Almost two years ago, I adopted a (1) _ . _ _ puppy. Something about the cold rainy
day, the plaintive whimper and pathetic appearance of the black bag of bones
(2) - .. - - . at my heartstrings.

Though it was made on the (3) _______ of the moment, it was not a decision I took
lightly. Having grown up with a dog, I knew that dog ownership is a demanding
long-term commitment. But how could I have known that little Bob would one day
(4) - - - .. - - out to be as big as a small· bear? Or have all the daintiness of a buffalo?
Or that he'd shed enough hair to stuff a pillow in a single week? (5) . - - - - , he has
the disposition of an angel and nothing amuses me more than the terror he (6) - - - - - .
into the hearts of passers-by, who cross the street to avoid him. How can they be
frightened of a dog carrying a pink rubber ducky in his mouth?

l A lone B stray C homeless D vagrant

2 A pushed B wrenched C tugged D hauled
3 A spur B urge C prodding D impulse
4 A come 8 grow C turn D take
5 A Joyfully B Happily C Hopefully D Gratefully
6 A beats B smacks C causes D strikes

Natural Habitats
Last Wednesday morning, a moose was (7) - - - - __ in one of the busier suburbs
of the city. It had probably wandered in from the nearby reserve, whith is
something of a rural oasis in an otherwise densely populated area. Despite their
silly appearance, moose are extremely bad-tempered, especially when (8) - - - - _ - ,
so the authorities had to ha"¼,e _it removed from the streets quickly. The local
animal welfare organisation was (9) _ _ _ __ _ __ in and, with the po) _- _ _ __ of a
highly-trained team of freeq~'.m-fighters, moved in for the kill. And a kill it
was. The animal was so panic-stricken that they shot five tranquilliser darts
at it to subdue it, and it died of a heart attack en route to the temporary
care facility. ·-
The incident renewed concerns about our continuing encroachment on our
(111 _ _ _ _ _ _ creatures' natural habitat. As we (12) _ _ _ _ _ _ more and more land
for our own purposes, what will become of its original owners?

7 A inspected 8 spotted C viewed D watched

8 A cornered 8 captivated C secured D imprisoned
9 A phoned 8 summoned C asked D called
10 A defensiveness B defiance C deftness D deflection
11 A associate 8 companion C attendant D fellow
12 A gobble up B eat out C clear up D fend off

99
 it

t
The privileged few in the ('13) _ _ _ _ _ _ echelons of power at the big companies
responsible for hi-fi equipment have a secret: the technology which will one day
replace the CD already exists. The new disc will look and feel like a credit card,
and will {14) _ _ _ _ _ _ significantly more data than the CD, which could mean
hundreds of songs on the same card, for example.
So where is it? It's in a vault, heavily guarded, ('15) _ _ _ _ _ _ in the wings for the
pundits to decide the time is right - that is, when the market is completely
(161 ______ with the current CD technology. Only then will the new technology be
allowed to apgear in the shops, where it will soon (17} _ _ _ _ _ _ the CD as
obsolete as the vinyl record and the eight-track cassette. Watchdog organisations
will certainly be up in !18) _ _ _ _ _ _ about it but, once again, consumers will have
little choice but to replace all their expensive equipment.

A taller B better C upper D finer

A retain B store C house D hoard
A waiting B staying C hiding D lurking
A saturated B satiated C satisfied D sated
A trigger B create C cause D render
18 A shouts B arms C feelings D revolts

100
 mt,
}1""ollow-up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)

Bob
1 What does the phrase 'all the daintiness of a 2 How do people react to Bob, and why does the
buffalo' suggest to you? writer think this is strange?

Natural Habitats
:l What do you deduce about the reserve from 4 What adjectives might be used to describe the
line three? Which word tells you this? incident with the moose?

Beyond the CD
5 When will the new disc be allowed to come onto 6 Why does the secrecy over the new technology
the market, according to the writer? Explain this smack of conspiracy?
in your own words.

101
Unit

The following words and phrases all follow ON. Use one expression to complete each sentence. You may have to
add more words.

l I refuse to buy chickens from battery farms ___ _ ________ .

2 If you are caught going through a red light, you will be fined _____________ .
3 People in Wingate have been warned that a lion has escaped from Wingate Zoo and is _____ _
4 Journalists are always looking for stories of politicians _ __ _ _ _ _______ .
5 Life _____ - - _______ can be pretty hard, but people sometimes prefer that to working.
6 The dessert is _____________ ; they don't charge you for that.
7 It's - - - __ - - - - _ - _ that the team will be sold next season.
8 She's really - - - - - - - - _____ . She has all the latest information.
9 The contestants were _____________ , waiting for the winner to be announced.
10 Our cooker's _____________ , I'm afraid. We'll have to buy a new one.
11 He really infuriates me when he's _____________ and acting superior.
12 He's planning to call his new recipe book "Cordon bleu cookery _ _ _ _________ 11

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

First day in a new job

The first day in a new job can be reminiscent of one's (0) '-- _Qhjlg!Jgqcf_ __ and CHll.D
the (l) - - - - - - _____ experience of one's first day at school, separated from TRAUMA
home life for the first time, feeling alone and far away from one's safe
environment. Again, one is faced with a (2) '_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ new experience CHALLENGE
which must be successfully dealt with.

By the time most peo,ple enter the work place they are better prepared, as
they have probably1'~ompleted a university education and have become
(3 l - - - - - - - - - - - t~changes in their social contexts. However, the first day HABIT
in a new job is a time of (4) _ - - - - -i,;;; ____ , and no amount of preparation
&~{". . .'
ANXIOUS
(5) - --' - - - - -- -- will eliminate the stfes.~l BEFORE
Everyone fears the (6) ___________ and meeting new people with whom KNOW
one will spend a considerable part of one's working life. Whether they are
friendly or not, they will be part of one's life, and this is (7) - _ - - - - - - - - - . AVOID
Just as the (8) ___________ cope with the first day at school, so do they MAJOR
cope with the first day at work, building up (9) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with RELATION
colleagues gradually. Social (10) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ grows and, as it does so, co- ACTION
workers might even become good friends.

102
 _A, Read the sentences (1-12) and try to work out the meanings of the phrasal verbs given in bold. Then match the
\/
phrasal verbs to the definitions a--1.

a) ______________ (begin to) fall asleep

b) _ __ - - - __ .. _- - - discuss all aspects of sth in order to reach agreement
c) __ - - - - - - - __ - - - expect or allow for the possibility of sth
d) _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ consider sth, but not seriously
e) ___ -- __ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ give lengthy consideration to sth
f) ___________ - - _ spend time in a certain place/with certain people
g) _ -- _________ - _ _ identify and concentrate on sth
____ .. _ .. ___ - - _ treat sth as unimportant
i) __ - -- - - __ -- __ - - - try to discover sb's views/plans, sometimes in a cautious way
j) - - - - - - - - ___ - - - choose sb/sth for special attention
_____ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ remind sb of sth embarrassing, etc
I) ___________ - _ _ consider sb/sth carefully before making an assessment

l The public prosecutor, who wanted John to plead guilty to the charge, left him alone in his cell to mull it over.
2 The team leader put the proposal to her two assistants to sound out their opinions.
3 There was a lot of irrelevant material, but George was able to home in on the important points almost
immediately.
4 The business executives told their lawyers what they wanted from the deal, then left it to them to thrash out
the details of the contract.
5 When Martin had told his friends to meet him at the funfair, he hadn't figured on his baby sister going with
him.
6 I know it was foolish of me to mistake the boss for the office assistant on my first day, but I wish you wouldn't
dredge it up every time she has a meeting with us.
1 The class didn't take long to size up the new teacher and decide she'd be easy to upset.
8 Rodney and his friends have taken to hanging out at the bowling club.
9 Mary's criticism was really scathing, but Frank simply shrugged it off and got on with the job.
I hate the way Ms Black always singles out Miranda for praise.
He sometimes toys with the idea of a career change, but he'll probably never go ahead with it.
Julia was allowed to stay up late to watch the film, but she was already nodding off before it started.

Four of the phrasal verbs in this task have more than one meaning. Look them up in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix
and write an example sentence for three of them to illustrate some of their other meanings.

103
 Fall
Choose the correct option from the pairs in the box to fonn noun + verb collocations with fall.

l
2 !\f~pdces
3 :qisto
4 thit
5 iightn ~::.,·adrlin~ss ·
6 ·••·•/Jjirlhs •· • )be.birth/.r;dtEl .

B Use one of the collocations above to complete the following sentences.

l When __ - _______________ 1
we lit the candles.
2 __________ ·- _______ sharply in the weeks after the government introduced the new budget.
3 Thousands of __________________ in that infamous battle.
4 Despite the many financial incentives offered to prospective parents, _ _ ____ - _- - - - - - .. - continues

5 After the assembly passed a vote of no confidence, _______ - - - - - - - - - - - .

I 6 Last night __________________ dramatically, and there were heavy falls of snow.

Choose the correct option from the pairs in the box to form verb + adjective or noun collocations with fall. In
these examples, fall means become.

l asleep sleepy
2 sick ill
3 quiet silent
4 prey predator
5 hurt victim

D Now make sentences of your own using the collocatiQr/S from Task C.
,>·'

104
 J!i,, Pill the gaps in sentences a-h with set phrases from the presentation.
\i

1 remains to be seen: is not certain yet 7 rooted to the spot/ground: unable to move
The negotiations continue, but whether the As the grizzly bear came towards him, he
government will agree to the union's demands stood rooted to the spot in terror.
remains to be seen.
8 coming up roses: happening successfully
2 ring true: seem to be genuine Since we sold the business, everything has
Something about her explanation didn't ring been coming up roses.
true to me.
show/teach sb the ropes: show/teach sb how to
3 rise to the bait: react to sth tempting or provoca- do something
tive Mary's never sailed before, so we'll have to
His remarks were clearly intended to make teach her the ropes.
her angry, but she didn't rise to the bait.
rule with an iron fist: govern strictly and harshly
put in a good word: speak favourably about sb For a decade, the dictator ruled with an iron
to a person who has influence and who may able fist.
to help them
11 give sb a run for their money: compete well,
Please put in a good word for me when you
challenge
next speak to the boss; I think she's rather
They may have beaten us, but we gave them a
angry with me at the moment.
run for their money.
daylight robbery: much too expensive
go overboard: be excessively enthusiastic about
Did you see the price of that sofa? It's day-
sth
light robbery!
It's a good book, but I think the critics have
rolling in the aisles: laughing uncontrollably gone overboard about it.
The comedian was hilarious and had everyone
rolling in the aisles.

l I suffer from vertigo and, when confronted by steep stairs, I am - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . This causes
me great embarrassment when people ask me to move.
b I don't know _why I don't believe him, but there is something that just doesn't - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- .
c I know my colleagues were pleased that I was promoted, but I think they - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - when
they threw that huge party.
d Her boss promised her a pay rise, but whether she gets one or not - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
e His patience was stretched to the limit, but he kept calm and did not - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
f They offered to - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , as he was new to the office and unfamiliar with the system.
g The boss was terribly authoritarian and - - - - - - ""' - - - - his staff - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
11 Even if we hadn't - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - for him a'hhe meeting, he would have got the promotion.

B Now write sentences of your own for the four remaining set phrases.

105
 l 7
The antique vase I accidentally broke was priceless. I I think we should go ahead with the project, since no one
don't think my aunt will ever forgive me. (worth too has raised any valid objections. (showing logic or
much to be given a price; extremely valuable) good judgement: used for reasons, arguments, etc)

2 8
The professor who gave the talk has done a lot of work in She showed genuine dismay when she heard that her
this field and her achievements are worthy of the highest friend had failed his examinations. (real, true, sincere)
praise. (deserving of sth, eg - respect or admira-
tion) 9
He couldn't believe that what he was seeing was real, he
3 thought he must be hallucinating.
That's a bit pricey. Have you got something cheaper? (sth that exists and is not imaginary)
(expensive)

4 The archaeologist verified that the urn was authentic,

Some of my possessions are valuable and have to be kept and not a modern fake.
in a safe. (worth a lot in terms of money, useful- (known to have been made, painted, etc, by the
ness or importance) person/people thought to have done it)

5 11
Diamonds are classed as precious stones. His natural instinct was to stroke the cat, but he knew it
(valuable because rare, expensive, or important .would provoke an allergic reaction.
for personal reasons) (normal; of nature)

6
It is true to say that we could work harder. (correct)

Choose one of these words to complete each gap.

~jt
~,:;i:l
l He donated part of his lottefy:;;0fhnings to a - _ _ _ _ ________ cause.
2 ~~~~u-~ ~~f~c~_ct~ -~e.re greatly relieved when the ez:,perts confirmed that their Rembrandt was indeed

3 This brooch valuable, but it's extremely __ ,,;,2_, ________ to me because it belonged to my mother.
4 It is only - - - - - - - - - - - - - - to feel homesick. f~.f(:tf,'e first few weeks away from home.
5 I wasn't convinced that her concern about mJi;~rfedicament was ______________ .
6 If you miss a lesson, you must give _ i: _________ reason.

106
 m1t 9

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

The tomato sandwiches her father had packed for 9 The defense attorney felt the judge had been - - -
lunch were all - - - by lunch time. against her client, and lodged an appeal.
a soaked a predetermined
b soggy b predisposed
C damp C premeditated
d moist d prejudiced
2 It began to rain, the tent sprang a leak, and I began
to wish I was - - - in my bed at home. His story was so - - that we all believed him.
smug a fallible
smooth b perceptible
C plausible
C snug
snide d tangible
The sailor spun a{n) - - .. about his travels and, 11 The - - - judge is now passing sentence.
surprisingly, many of his listeners believed him. a sitting
a yarn b ruling
b saga C presiding
C epic
d sentencing
drama He was really - - - ; no-one could change his mind
4 After such a(n) .. - - meal, I don't think I'll be able to once it was made up.
eat for some time. a obstinate
a effusive b ominous
b substantial c precise
c prolific d prosaic
d abundant She was so - - - by emotion that she fainted.
We must all - - - to overcome the firm's current a outweighed
difficulties and work as a team. b unburdened
C underdone
a register
b thrive d overcome
C accumulate The little boy tried to count the - - - pf dust floating
d strive in the sunlight.
6 Her friends led her - - , and she ended up in jail. a partisans
a amiss b particles
b astray c participles
C askew d partitions
d adrift 15 The - - attitude was one of support, so the meeting
1 The scholarship - - - her the opportunity to study art· ended positively.
in Barcelona. a deepening
a afforded b spreading
b proffered c dominating
d prevailing
c approached
d braved · 16 I tried to speak to her, but she didn't answer,
8 He is hardly a friend of mine, merely a{n) - - - . seemingly too - - - with her own thoughts.
a adversary · a preoccupied
b acquaintance b possessed
c counterpart c employed
d protector d governed

107
His - - - body was evidence that he had been All day long he's been - - - her to mow the lawn.
working out at the gym. a contending
a skeletal b abusing
b muscular C nagging
C corpulent d agonizing
d figurative
The artist was - - - to paint a portrait of the prince.
The undercover police officer always wore - - -- a hired
clothes, to avoid being noticed. b contracted
a nonchalant recruited
b nondescript d commissioned
c nonsensical His bravery was - - - and won him a medal.
d nonconformist
a compassionate
The little girl let out a{n) - - - shriek when a wasp b compelling
stung her. C commendable
a howling d comprehensive
b unassuming The police ordered the crowd to - - - , For fear that
C grieving
someone might get hurt.
d piercing
dispel
The sky is really - - - now; I think it's going to rain. b disperse
a overwhelmed C disburse
b overgrown d disclose
c overcast
d overdrawn
He was slow at certain tasks, but very - - - ; he did
everything thoroughly.
a methodical
b obsessive
C modest
d prosaic
 You are going to read four extracts wfach are all concerned h1 some way with history. For questions 19-26,
\I
choose the answer (A, B, C or DJ which you think fits best according to the text.

Robin Fiction?
Everyone has heard of Robin Hood, who roamed Sherwood Forest stealing from the
rich to give to the poor <much to the chagrin of the Sheriff of Nottingham) while King
Richard the Lionheart was off fighting in the Crusades. When I recently suggested to
my son that the outlaw might simply be a myth, he, having seen countless Robin Hood
films, looked quite shocked and told me in no uncertain terms that he was sure Robin
had really lived. I still had my doubts. I suspected he just symbolised the hopes of the
poor in their struggle against the oppression of the rich. However, I might have been
wrong.

According to mediaeval documents, the outlaw made a last stand at st Mary's church
when the sheriff's soldiers surrounded it. What no one could explain is how, when the
sheriff's men finally managed to break down the doors, Robin and his Merry Men had
disappeared. Recently, archaeologists excavating some 14th-century man-made caves
below a museum in Nottingham accidentally discovered a secret passageway, about
2.5 metres below street level. The narrow passageway, thought to date back to the
12th century, points back towards St Mary's church. In the opposite direction, it
stretches up to three miles, running north-west below the city to what. in Robin's
time. would have been open countryside. This physical evidence that the escape tunnel
exists suggests that there may be a great deal of truth in the story of Robin Hood after
all.

What was the writer's initial attitude to stories of Robin Hood?

A indifference
B sc~pticism
C credulity
D disbelief

The writer suggests that

A as Robin Hood couldn't have escaped, the whole story is a myth.
B Robin Hood and his men hid from the sh~riff in some caves.
C the outlaw went through the museum to reach the tunnel.
D the tunnel extended to beyond the outskirts of the town in Robin's day.

109
 Mu s Galo
\/ One hot, dusty afternoon, we stood on a rise overlooking the excavations which
have disrupted the lives of the poor Peruvians living in the shanty town of Tupac
Amaru on the outskirts of Lima. For these people, trying to survive without access
to public utilities, this upheaval was probably the last thing they needed, but they
were unlucky enough to be living above the sacred Inca burial site of Puruchuco,
where over 2,000 mummies were recently discovered buried below the feet of
the 12,000 unsuspecting residents.

Earlier, in Lima, we had talked to archaeologists about this significant discovery

that has rekindled interest in the Inca empire. This empire dominated a vast swathe
of South America until the 1530s, when the Spanish conquistadors invaded the
region. It is hoped that by studying the mummies, a great deal will be learnt
about the Inca people who lived in the area from 1480 to 1540. With their black
hair decorated with colourful feathers and their leathery skin tattooed or adorned
with red paint, the mummies had been buried with interesting artefacts that were to
accompany them into the next world.

Although the excavations have created. many difficulties for the residents of Tupac
Amaru, they believe that the mummies will bring hope for a brighter future. They
are proud that their shanty town has caught the world's attention with its cultural
treasures, and are pressing for the construction of a museum, which would attract
tourism and, with any luck, improve their lives.

According to the writer

A residents of the shanty town discovered the mummies.
B archaeologists have dug up much of Tupac Amaru.
C the Inca empire covered a relatively small part of South America.
D Spanish conquistadors had massacred the people buried at Puruchuco.

How do the residents of Tupac Amaru feel?

A optimisfit about their future
B pessifflTstic
, __
_';,
about their future
C contented with their situation
D threatened by current developments

110
it 10 10
Tomb Raiders
The global black market in stolen art and antiquities generates about 9.5 billion dollars a
year, making it the world's biggest illicit trade after arms and drugs.

Italy is a major source for the world black market in ancient artefacts and fine art. As soon
as the sun sets, 'gravediggers' break into churches or undiscovered tombs to extract priceless
treasures. If the robberies are of previously und1scovered sites, the loot is hardly ever found,
as the thefts often go unnoticed. Not even Italy's most celebrated sites are sacred, artefacts
having disappeared even from Pompeii, the ancient Roman city preserved by volcanic ash from
an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.

France, Britain and Japan are all big markets for stolen art, but the United States is by far
the biggest dealer. A large number of antiquities stolen from the museum in ancient Corinth
in Greece eventually resurfaced in the United States, but were fortunately returned. They
are now proudly on display in Corinth again, on distinctive orange stands. Unfortunately, how-
ever, this example is an exception, as only two percent of antiquities are ever recovered world-
wide, compared to 51 percent of stolen paintings.

Nevertheless, the situation may improve in future as France, Spain, England and Germany
already have specialised art police, and more and more countries are demonstrating a com-
mitment to dealing with the problem.

According to the passage, many stolen antiquities are never found because
.
A their existence has n'ot been documented.
B they end up in private collections.
C stolen paintings are considered to be more important.
D the police don't know enough about art.

What does the writer say about the United States?

A It returns artefacts to their country of origin.
B It ,is a major source for the world's black market in ancient artefacts.
C The Corinth artefacts turned up there.
D Orily 2% of antiquities are recovered from there.

111
 Greenwich
Today we are going to take a boat ride down the River Thames to historic Greenwich.
On disembarking at Greenwich Pier, you will notice a large sailing ship now set fast in
concrete. This is the Cutty Sark, launched in 1869 and, in its day, one of the fastest sailing
ships in the world. Nearby is the 53-foot ketch in which Sir Francis Chichester sailed
alone around the world in 1966-67, at the age of 65.

Behind the two elegant, domed buildings of the Royal Naval College, the ground slopes
up to a tree-covered hill surrounded by parkland. This is where the old Royal
Observatory, now a museum, is situated. You should just be able to see it. It was built
in the 17th century and designed, like the Naval College, by Sir Christopher Wren.
Famous astronomers such as John Flamsteed, Edmund Halley and Sir Isaac Newton
worked there, and it was largely due to Flamsteed's work that Greenwich was accepted
as 'the prime meridian', which means that longitude zero runs through this spot. Tourists
enjoy being photographed with one foot in the Eastern and the other in the Western
hemisphere.

I know that you will enjoy today's tour. Greenwich happens to be one of the most beau-
tiful areas around London, and one that very definitely leaves its mark. And let me say
that, if some of you find the pace too fast, or are overwhelmed by the number of things to
see, please feel free to stay on at the end of the tour and do your own thing - as long as
you can make your own way back to your hotel.

According to the passage, the Royal Observatory

A looks like the Naval College.
B is clearly visible.
C is no longer used by astronomers.
D is near the river at Greenwich.

It is suggested that
A Greenwich is a memorable place for tourists.
B it is easy to get lo~t\n Greenwich.
C everyone goes to Greenwich to be photographed at the meridian.
D the t()~r}noves too quickly.

112
 Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)

Robin Hood - Fact or Fiction?

l Which word in the first paragraph means 3 Where does the tunnel lead nowadays? How do
'annoyance' or 'disappointment'? you know?

2 Explain the phrase 'in no uncertain terms' (para 1)

in your own words.

Mummies Galore

I Explain in your own words what type of town 3 According to the passage, was there international
Tupac Amaru is. interest in the Inca Empire before the discovery
of the mummies?

2 Why were the Peruvians living in Tupac Amaru

unlucky, according to the text?

Tomb Raiders

l What is the write(:~fejbtio~ to the theft of 2 Where might this passage have been taken
antiquities from PdmJS'eii, and why? from?

l What is the significance of 'longitude zero'? 2 From where would you get a .better view of the
surrounding area: the observatory or the Naval
College? Why?

113
Ii Prepositional phrases with 'time'
Sentences (1-12) contain phrases with the word 'time'. For each phrase, choose the appropriate meaning from the box.

early eventually
B sometimes soon
much later than appropriate I prior to the period you can remember
at present J in your free time
E concurrently, at the same time in the past
F old-fashioned L even in good circumstances

l You won't remember when the Berlin Wall came 7 She may be working on projects for three clients
down - it was before your time. D at any one time. D
2 For the time being I'm content to live with my 8 At times I feel down, but then I cheer myself up
parents, but who knows how I'll feel in two years? D by phoning my friends. D
3 It's slow progress, this physiotherapy, but in time 9 If we hurry we'll finish in no time.
he'll be able to walk again. D . 10 I find him pompous at the best of times, but now
4 At one time I used to go to the gym evei;y_?ay. that he's been awarded a prize he's insufferable.
That was before the children were born. LJ
ll The council has finally got round to re~ing the
5 At this rate we'll arrive in good time. We may flood damage - and not before time! 0
even have time for a coffee. 0 12 Firms which retain a hierarchical management
6 If you want to surf the Net, you'll have to do it in system are behind the times. 0
your own time, not during working hours.O

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Why are DIY kits so popular?

There are several reasons why the (0) __ popular..ity _ _ of DIV kits is POPULAR
on the increase. If we consider the (1) _ _ _ _ _ _____ nature of COMPETE
men, then one of the reasons is (2) ___________ obvious: rather CLARE
than allow another man who may have more _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ EXPERT
int0:hheir domain, they would rather "do it themselves" in an
attempt to impress their wives with their (4) ___________ . This CAPABLE
, .df:~burse'may go seriously awry, as their (51 ___________ when COMPETENT
,, c<;rnfronted by manual tasks becomes all too apparent.
n the other hand, kits are also being bought by women who are
)',;willing to (6) ___________ projects which were once considered TAKE
to be "men's work". They are striving for (7) ____________ in EQUAL
realms which have traditionally been viewed as male preserves
and have now become somewhat more (8) ______ - - __ - to ACCESS
women. Of course, the refreshing trend toward avoiding
(9) - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ has given women the opportunity to carry out MARRY
their own home improvement projects. Finally, as the cost of hiring
professionals has become (10} _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , doing it yourself is the PROHIBIT
only affordable alternative.

114
 U it 1

A Use the phrasal verbs from the list to fill in the gaps. Put the verbs in the correct tense and form. Use each phi-asal
,.1 verb once only.

l I offered all my children a job in the company, but each of them ______________ on their own and now
has an independent career.
2 My exam results certainly ______________ me _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ____ and made me realise I had to study
more effectively.
3 If you keep up the pressure, you'll eventually ______________ them _____________ -, and they'll
agree to do what you want.
4 I wish you'd stop trying to --------------- things ----------·---- what I'm doing; there's no
hidden agenda behind it.
5 If they think we're doing this for the good of the village, we should be happy to ________ - ____ -· them

6 They hoped that if they brought en9µgh pressure . to bear on the , head teacher she would
______________ and do as they asked.
1 I thought· that sparks would fly when those two started working together, but they seem to be
- - ____________ quite well together.
8 If the problem doesn't go away you'll have to ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ the lawyers again.
9 When they tried to put us out of business we ______________ by undercutting all their prices.
10 It was some naughty children that ______________ the new pupil ______________ making fun of the
teacher.
11 Did your mother know she was ______________ you ______________ so much when she volunteered
you for babysitting duties?
12 No wonder your pupils ______________ so much if you don't allow them any freedom.

Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries
in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they are used. .

115
\/
Practise and perform
A Group the following words and phrases into two categories. Then write the correct collocation in the spaces
provided.

Practise Perform

B Complete the sentences below using either practise or perform.

l Audrey's teacher made her __________________ the piano several hours a day.
2 The registrar who __________________ our wedding service was the same one who had married my
parents.
3 You need to have a valid licence to ________________ .. _ law in this country.
4 Mungo the Magician has agreed to __________________ tricks at the children's party.
5 The doctor who __________________ the tonsillectomy will be making her rounds this morning.
6 Suzanne was looking forward to her trip to Naples as an opportunity to ____________ .. _____ her
Italian.

C Write your own sentences wi.th the remaining collocations.

116
 1

\i I heap/pour scorn on: say sb/sth is worthless, do/serve time: be in prison

useless He's serving time for armed robbery.
We talked about how the problem could be
be in seventh heaven: be very happy
I solved, but he poured scorn on my suggestions. 8 .
Since she bought her own house, she's been in
settle a/the score: get revenge seventh heaven.
Intent on settling the score, he tracked down
the man who'd turned him in to the police. take a shine to: like immediately
I took a shine to my new colleague on her very
3 have a screw loose: behave in a strange way first day. ·
Our new next-door neighbour seems to have a
screw loose; he's decorated his garden with a short cut: a quicker and more direct route or .
method than the usual one ·
skulls!
I' II drive ~ I know a good short cut to the
by the seat of your pants: trusting your instincts community centre.
rather than careful planning or skill
She knew nothing about the stock market; she the other side of the coin: a differe11t way of con-
sidering a situation, making it seem either better or
just played by the seat of her pants.
worse than it did originally
let the side down: disappoint people who are It's great that he was promoted to manager.
depending on you The other side of the coin is that he' II have
Of course I'll help out; I wouldn'.t want to let to work much longer hours now.
the side down.
see red: become very angry
6 sell sb down the river: betray sb I'm quite even-tempered, but some t~ings,
My accomplice sold me down the river and left particularly racism, make me see red.
town with the money.

A Complete the sentences with phrases from above.

a My next-door neighbour was convicted of perjury and is now __________ . _ in an open prison.
b That kitten seems to have ______________ me; it follows me everywhere I go.
c The situation had almost turned into a vendetta, with both parties wanting to _____________ -·
d My lecturer ______________ my thesis and, being a sensitive type, I was reduced to floods of tears.
e He had been trying my patience for so long that I began to ____________ - -, but I managed to control
my exasperation.
f He's _ _ _ _ _ ________ now that he's got into university.
g I take - _____________ through the park to get to work. It saves me about twenty minutes.
h We had been partners for a long time, but he ______________ me ____ . ______ - _ and joined
another company, leaving me facing bankruptcy.

B With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.

117
Unit 10

1 6
The actual cost of the equipment is quite high, after the The question of whether to clone or not to clone is a topical
various taxes.have been added. {real) one. {of interest at the moment)

2 7
The argument outlined in this book is a reflection of local history is important if you want to learn about your
current thinking which may quickly become outdated. roots. {related to a particular place)
{of the present time)
8
3 A concern for the environment is prevalent among stu-
Our gallery is currently staging an exhibition of dents of all ages. (existing/happening generally)
contemporary art. (modern/happening now)
Contemporary opinions about the works of Shakespeare 9
differed from later views in many ways. The prevailing mood is one of gloom as war looms on the
{of the period of time being referred to) horizon. (most usual or widespreod in a particular
place or time)

Your present circumstances are a-consequence of your

past behaviour. {at the moment, now) The eventual outcome of the discussions will, we hope, be
positive. {in the end, after a process or period of
5 lime)
. Recent studies hdve shown that th;se politicians who;
warned against'fhe importing of GM food were right. 11
{in the not so distant past) I can't describe her well, as I had only a momentary
glimpse of her. (brief, lasting only for a second)

Use one of these words to fill each gap. There are two extra words you don't need.

l Although fewer young adults are taking up smoking, it is becoming more __ - - _ - - - - - - - - - among schoolgirls.
2 At the - _ - - - _-_ - - _ - - -- _ tim,~;/itis impossible to predict the outcome of the talks.
3 In - - - - - - - - - - - - - - years(Wfhave witnessed the rise of consumerism.
",):;:,':-,}:~'
4 In a _ - ___ - ________ lapse pf common sense, I agreed to go parachuting with him.
5 One - _ - - - _ - - - _ - - - debate is whether or not we should try to colonise Mars.
6 The - - ___ - __ - - __ - - elections resulted in the inauguration of a new mayor.
7 During the war, several ______________ writers disapproved of the government's actions.

118
 ~

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

tj

l ... of pottery which dated back to prehistoric times The lack of rain during the summer led to fears of a
were discovered during the excavation.
a Remains a dread
b Fragments b draft
C Tatters C drought
d Shreds d draught
Her father did not approve of the places she - - - . He spoke very - - - and soon persuaded others to
a haunted ioin the cause.
b frequented a eloquently
c indulged b cohesively
d inundated C dispassionately
The immigrant workers were .. - - by bosses who d colloquially
used them as cheap labour. Before she - - on the new venture, she completed
a exploited the previous proiect.
b extolled a engaged
c drafted b embarked
d exerted C infringed
His comments showed a - - - disregard for her d invested
feelings. It is - - - to follow instructions to the letter in order to
a cautious avert a disaster.
b casual Cl descriptive
C callous b relative
d candid C cooperative
They have been at - - - over this matter for years d imperative
now. By great strength of will he was able to - - - his
a odds emotions, keeping his face impassive.
b evens a submerge
C brawls b suppress
d lengths C suspend
d subside
The king was - by the military and a democracy
was established. The car broke down in the middle of nowhere, and I
a detached was - - - there without a cell phone.
b deposed a startled
C derailed b stashed
d deregulated C stationed
d stranded
His - - - opinions have always sparked debate.
a controversial Her - - - headache made her feel terribly ill, so she
.b concise went to bed .
C detached a throbbing
d crucial b piercing
C shrieking
8 He was afraid to be different, so never - - - from the
d howling
norm.
a moved I know it's hard at first when you start a new iob,
b detoured but you'll soon - - - .
C: deviated a show your teeth
d defected b find your feet
C follow your nose
9 The instructions on the bottle say that you must - - -
d try your hand
the medicine in water.
a refine
b saturate
C filter
d dilute

119
 it 1

Last night I managed to get eight hours of - - The detectives had lost the trail and were - .. - up
sleep, whereas normally I toss and turn all night. the wrong tree.
a unadulterated a looking
b unrehearsed b barking
c uninterrupted C shinning
d unabated d climbing
Building the bridge was an enormous .. - .. The .. .. stood in court, awaiting sentencing.
a undertaking a witness
b overload b accused
C assertion C prosecutor
d attachment d culprit
We tried to reserve a table at the restaurant but it He drove a hard - - , but we eventually agreed
was fully - - - . on a price.
a hired a deal
b confirmed b nut
C taken c bargain
d booked d shot
The passengers were told to - .. - themselves for an He was - - - by the police but not arrested for
emergency landing. his misdemeanor.
a brace a blocked
b crease b appeased
c save C cautioned
d crave d curtailed

120
 You ,:1re going to read an extract from an article about young consumers. Seven paragraphs have been removed
from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra para-
graph which you do not need to use.

Have you ever considered your ten-year-old child a consumer?

As parents, you may not have done, but a growing number
of business entrepreneurs are targeting 9- to 12-year-olds, On the whole, advertisers have been slow to recognise the
and are doing very nicely, thank you! We have acknowl- pote-ntial market for the elderly, as longevity and the
edged that teenagers have been the targets of advertise- increased wealth of today's retirees had not been foreseen
ments for fast food outlets, clothes, food and drink for by many industries. Insurance companies were amongst the
many years, but preteens? Isn't that going too far? Doesn't first to tap this market, with ever-increasing success.
it smack of immorality?

It must have taken a lot of courage for businesses to target

Today's children aren't just connected via modem - they the 9- to 12-year-old market. They now understand the
possess mobile phones and pagers to boot. Other genera- critical powers of the group and do not underestimate their
tions absorbed product information through TV and maga- intelligence by being patronising. They don't try to sell
zines, but these children live in a technological world which make-up to young girls, for example, on the grounds that
is, in many ways, more complex than ever before; they have they're not in the business of making their customers grow
access to information from sources that were unimaginable up too quickly, but may well display nail varnish.
fifty years ago. They have grown up in a world of information
and knowledge that is unmatched by previous eras.

Of course, such ideas have their origins in children's radio

programmes, which began in the 1950s and proved very
Another consequence of the trend towards two-parent popular. In the 1960s, children's comics had Birthday
incomes is the increasing tendency for parents to take their Corners and would print a child's photograph during the
kids wherever they want to go, thus giving preteens more week of their birthday, even on occasion offering a small
indirect purchasing power. And where do the kids want to prize for each one published. Children always get a thrill
go? Fast food outlets. Take a walk along the high street and out of receiving presents or public recognition.
see the number of families eating in such establishments,
which give away 'free' toys with meals. The toys may be of
dubious value, but they appeal to the chains' target group.
There is usually outrage when TV stations run a glut of
advertisements for toys at children's viewing times during
the run-up to Christmas, but it seems that this type of
Children of this generation are referred to as the direct marketing to 9- to 12-year-olds is becoming accept-
'Millennials' (born between 1982-2002) or 'Generation Y', ed. Is this because the marketing is more direct and
and are more likely to have friends from different ethnic or unashamed, or are the marketing people right in their
racial groups. They are also growing up in an era of commu- belief that our children are more sophisticated than previ-
nity. They have more activities to occupy their time, doing ous generations, and that this makes them fair game?
group project work in school, are involved in extra-curric-
ular activities together after school (so that their school day
fits into their parents' work schedule) and in the evening,
they text friends and use the Internet. In contrast, their par-
ents grew up in an era more concerned with individuality.
 A Of course, parents still control the purse-strings of pre- F Another factor which influences these children is that
teenagers, but these parents, known as the generation of they increasingly come from two-income families, so
'Baby Boomers', are those who deferred child-bearing parents feel the need to be in close communication with
until later than was the norm. They spend less time on their children. Because of the increase in the number of
housework and food preparation, so have more time to working mothers, more children have been given
spend with their cherished children. greater responsibility. This does not mean that they are
neglected, but they are, of necessity, bigger consumers
B Once such marketing proved effective, other manufac- of high-tech equipment than their parents were.
turers began to experiment with mail-order catalogues
for this group. As an inducement to their young con- G However, children of today, despite their busy schedule,
sumers, some came up with the winning idea of a are still driven by fun, as were previous generations.
Birthday Club, which sends birthday cards and small What is different now is that they can be more speedily
value gift vouchers to customers. Given that this age gratified. Grandparents have long been indulgent
group doesn't usually receive mail, they have hit upon a towards their grandchildren, and now, as well as buying
winning idea. products which target children, also prepare them for
the future by taking out insurance policies or setting up
C Not so, say the marketing people. These preteens are a trust funds, so that they will be ensured a comfortable
lot more sophisticated than those of previous genera~ life whilst at university or college.
tions. No one is implying that they have lost that inno-
cence associated with childhood, but they are influ- H One reason for the lack of foresight is that advertisers
enced by the world around them and have become follow the theory that whichever age group contains the
streetwise at an earlier age in several respects. largest numbers drives the culture and, historically, this
has never been the elderly. The only other group com-
D Such marketing seems quite tame compared with parable in numbers to preteenagers is their parents, the
today's, but it was still rooted in consumerism. The Baby Boomers, but they have lost their appeal as a tar-
radio programmes wanted to compete with other sta- get group for advertisers.
tions and the comics aimed to increase their circulation.

E Because there is more ethnic diversity in the modern

world, youngsters are becoming accustomed to different
foods, and are more adventurous in their tastes than
before. Not only do they see their friends eating different
food and share it with them, but there is also an
unprecedented variety of convenience foods on the
market.

1
 .FoHowAup Questions for Further Co1nprchension
(Optional Task)

l How does the writer achieve an informal, per- 4 Why is the word 'free' in inverted commas in
sonal style in the first paragraph? the paragraph beginning "Another consequence
of the trend ... "?

2 Why might the targeting of 9- to 12-year-olds by

advertisers 'smack of immorality'?
5 Which phrase in the last paragraph implies that
children are not really victims?

3 Which two words does the writer use in para-

graph C to show that preteens today are more
aware of and knowledgeable about the world
around them than previous generations?

123
Prepositional phrases with 'way'
Fill the gaps in the sentences with one of the following phrases. The explanations in parentheses will help you.

Since they are due to arrive here at six, I reckon I like him, _ __ _ _ ________ , but I don't trust
they must be _____________ now. him.
(coming) (a little, but by no means completely)
There can be little progress when so much He received very little _ - _ - - - - - - -- - - - financial
bureaucracy stands _____________ . assistance from his parents, but they gave him a
(as an obstacle or impediment preventing sth lot of moral support.
from happening or being done properly) (specifically for/concerning)
Could you give me a lift home, if it's not Her mother's __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ - - and has been
- _, - - - - - - - - - - - - - ? taken to hospital.
(in another direction, far from where sb is (very ill, in very bad health)
going)
The business started ____ - -- - - - -- - - but soon
She is the best applicant for the post expanded.
(modestly, on a small scale)
(easily, by a great amount)
1 introduction, let me tell you a
- - - - - - - ______ , did you know that the registra- story.
tion date has been brought forward? (as sth, for sthj
(incidentally: used to introduce a new subject
His apology _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ makes me feel
in a conversation)
more amenable towards him. I'm still very angry.
An investigation into allegations of fraud on the (not at all)
part of the former Pri1111;¥inister is _ - - - - __ _
(now taking place)
 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to fonn a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Psychology and Big Business
Powerful multinational companies are turning to
(0) gLobalfs11tioa _ in an ever-increasing drive to GLOBE
(l) __ .. _ _ ____ profits. As a company is the sum of MAXIMUM
its parts, the chief executives have come to the
(2 I ______ . _. _.. that a healthy, well-motivated work- REALISE
force will increase the firm's (3) ______ .. ____ .In their PRODUCT
pursuit of profit, management have (4) __________ _ KNOWLEDGE
this, and new psychological theories are helping-them
achieve this goal. The new buzz word is team-building,
and there has been massive {5) _______ .. ___ of late EXPEND
by companies hoping to foster team spirit so that they
run like a well-oiled machine.
Psychological counselling is costly, and is, unfortunately,
generally unavailable within state funded health care
systems. Normally, it is only for the rich or those whom
the state deems (6) ___________ insane. As an industry, CRIME
the field of psychology needs cash (7) __________ _ PUT
and so relies on the continuing custom of big business.
Psychometric tests are used in the 18) __________ _ RECRUIT
process and (9) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ applicants can blame SUCCESS
such tests for their rejection in many cases. However,
ordinary mortals who suffer from stress-related
(10) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cannot afford the fees charged by AIL
psychoanalysts.

Jl For each of the following sent~1ces, choose the correct words or phrases from the options in bold. More than one
option may be correct. if

I I was hoping you'd be able to knock together a bus ticket/a set of blueprints/
a temporary agreement before the end of the day.
2 The complaints/dog/orders tailed off towards the end of the season.
3 Could you please nail Jpyce down to,~,fixed time/down the loose roof tiles/
down an agreement with the suppliers?
4 If you're not careful you'll clog up your arteries/the drain/your glasses.
5 It wasn't long before Henry jacked in his car/job/wife.
6 Here's some water; you'll need it to wash down your hands/your pills/the walls.
7 My back/hunting dog/mother-in-law was laid up after the accident.
8 It won't take her long to rustle up some assistance/assistants/supper.
9 The new block of flats is going to blot out our garden/the _sun/our view.
10 They got Terry to wrap up the case/noise/outside.
11 I had to think quickly because the bus/information/search party was closing in on me:
12 My boss/disabilities/temperament ruled out my taking such action.
B Now list tbe phrasal verbs us~cf in Task A, then find the meanings in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix.

125
Intensifier + .Adjective
Complete the sentences below using one of the following intensifiers:

scrupulously deathly blissfully supremely acutely

distantly highly deadly woefully distinctly
progressively immensely hopelessly vitally eternally

l Every day, her symptoms grew __ _ _ _____________ worse.

2 The scientist was __________________ aware of the implications of her research.
3 The expression on his face-when he came into the room showed he had something
_- - __ - __ - __ -- ______ serious to discuss.
4 Jane's work at the hospital is __________________ important to her.
5 The couple strolling hand in hand looked _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ happy.
6 Just before she fainted she turned a __________________ shade of grey.
'1 If you do me this favour, I will be---------------- _ grateful to you.
8 Myra was _ - ________________ devoted to her playboy husband.
9 You can trust Anne; she's ------------------ honest.
10 Richard is __________________ confident, and this has helped him climb the corporate ladder.
11 The resources at state schools are __________________ inadequate.
12 That new independent film is proving to be __________________ popular.
13 Mark is a - - __ - __ ._ - _ _ _ ____ successful lawyer, but he has no personal life.
Sean and Karen are __ _ _______________ related.
This problem and the one Kevin pointed out at the meeting are two __________________ different things.

Now choose five of the collocations from above and write sentences of your own with them.

1
 l be/stand on the sidelines: observing, but not at a snail's pace: very slowly
directly involved in sth Work on the motorway is progressing at a
I'm active in the planning stages, but I'd rather snail's pace this winter, due to bad weather.
be on the sidelines during implementation.
8 the/a snowball effect: a situation in which sth
2 a sign of the times: sth that is typical of the (bad) becomes bigger or more important very quickly
way things are now Demands for educational reform had a snowball
The fact that even many ten-year-olds have effect and soon there were calls for sweeping
mobile phones is a real sign of the times. changes in many areas.
3 a skeleton in the cupboard/closet: a secret make a spectacle of yourself: behave in a way
which would cause embarrassment if it was known that attracts other people's attention and makes you
Every family has a couple of skeletons in the look ridiculous
cupboard, and ours is no different. He made a spectacle of himself last night when
he danced on the table.
4 pick/take up the slack: improve a situation by
working or by using people/resources more efficiently split your sides: laugh wildly
A key player is missing today, so the rest of We split our sides watching that comedy last
the team will have to pick up the slack. night.
5 lean/slim pickings: lack of choice or availability put sb on the spot: cause sb embarrassment by
The waiters were allowed to have what was on forcing them to answer a difficult question or make
the table after the banquet, but they only an important decision at that moment
found slim pickings. The reporters' questions about the budget put
6 stick to your guns: refuse to change your the government spokesperson on the spot.
opinion/actions, etc, in spite of criticism a spot check: an unexpected examination of sth
They'll try to make you change your mind, but chosen by chance
you should stick to your guns. The teacher did a spot check of the home-
work, but luckily didn't look at mine.

Choose a phrase from above to complete the sentences.

a The grassroots environmental movement grew until everyone had joined in; it was an astounding
example of _ _ ____________________ .
b The interviewer was having a field day and really ______________ the so-called experts - ____ - - - - - - - - - .
c You are such an embarrassment to take out; you always _ _ __ _ _ _ _ .. ______ - - - - - - _.
d Unfortunately, one of our colleagues is not working efficiently so everyone else is having to

e It's so hot in summer that everyone moves _____________ -·

f Rather than be in the thick of the action, I prefer to .. __________ - - - - - - - - - - - - .
g If we don't hurry and get down to the sales soon there'll be ____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
h The streets are empty at night which, unfortunately, is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - _____ - - - - - - .

B With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.

1
 1 8
The nurse said that she had always felt that this was her The old craft of thatching is slowly dying out, as most
vocation. (a strong feeling people have that they houses now have conventional tiles on their roof. (skill
should do a particular job; a calling) which involves doing sth with your hands)

2 9
His job involves a lot of foreign travel.
(what you do The number of people in full employment has fallen. (the
for a living; a particular task you have to do) state of having a job)

3
She goes to work by car -every day. His function in the organisation is to check that the
(the act of doing a job; the place of work) telephones and computers are in good working order.
(sb' s/ sth' s special purpose or job)
4
She always considered tidying her room something of a n
chore. (a task you don't like/ don't want. to do) She left the university to take up a post in New York.
(job or position)
5
The task I was given to perfarm was really interesting.
(an assignment; a difficult job done for a particu- In the course of her career she has had many different
lar reason; a part of work that is routine) types of jobs. (a job or profession for which you
are trained, and with opportunities for promotion
6 which you plan to pursue for a long time)
Her chosen profession is teaching, and she really enjoys it.
(a job which requires advanced education or 13
training) When r d completed my written-assignment, I handed it
in to my tutor. (a specific task given to you)
1
On the application form he listed his occupation as
"dentisf', but we all know he's a spy. (the job you do;
what keeps you busy)

Use one of these words to fill each gap.

l She had always wanted to b~Ja writer, and described it as a _____________ -.

Yi<-'-

2 He was a master of his ___ '"} _________ and trained apprentices in woodcarving.
3 Cleaning out the bird cage is a real _____________ -. I hate doing it.
4 She's planning a ______________ in journalism.

5 Their - - - - - - - - - - - ___ in the organisation is not immediately obvious, but I believe they hold senior
management posts.
6 She was eagerly awaiting her next _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ for the distance learning course.

1
Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

l The evidence was far from - - - so there will always

1 9 He is so handsome and rich he must be one of the
be some doubt about this case. most - - bachelors in town.
a conducive a illegible
b compounded b eligible
C conclusive c negligible
d incongruous d intelligible
2 He - - - all his money in his bank account. IO I was disappointed with my first - - - of the book so
a deposited I tore it up and started again.
b credited a impression
C installed b content
d inserted C manuscript
3 Having a bus stop so close to my apartment is really
d draft
11 /fall factory chimneys were equipped with - - -
a efficient there would be fess atmospheric pollution.
b detached a gauges
C congenial b filters
d convenient C sifters
4 There was - ·- - evidence linking him to the scene of d strainers
the crime. He made a fast - - - attempt to cross the river1 and
a concrete succeeded.
b abstract a ditch
c commendable b patch
d collaborative c path
5 The tap - - - all night and kept me awake. /111 have d dyke
to change the washer. Any - - - of the proiect would need government
a seeped approval.
b dropped a implication
c dripped b expansion
d drizzled C increase
d collaboration
6 Supplies were - - - fast and the sergeant hoped
1

more food was being dispatched. 14 The book describes her - - - as a war
a ·diminishing correspondent.
b dwindling o antics
C dissolving b stunts
d diluting c exploits
7 As soon as he finished university, he was - - - into d tragedies
the army. 15 His - - - from school damaged his career prospects 1

a consecrated as he was labelled a trouble-maker.

b conserved a extradition
C conscripted b expulsion
d converted c extraction
8 The last - - - of the serial is on N tonight. d exclusion
a item 16. The newspaper bought the rights and published a{n)
b act - - - story.
c showing O unique
d episode b unilateral
c significant
d exclusive

1
\/

17 The firm - - - of their friendship meant that it could 22 He felt his space had been - .. - when his father
endure minor setbacks. came to stay.
a establishment a usurped
b basics b conquered
C foundation c intruded
d keystone d invaded
18 The film was a - - - at the box office but developed He had to admit to a(n) - - - respect for her,
a cult following. although he heartily disliked her.
a flop a forceful
b cinch b inadequate
C miss c grudging
d slump d inevitable
Some athletes have - - - their performance by taking He was - - against fire, theft and flood, but was
drugs. left penniless when his home was destroyed by an
a alleviated earthquake.
b enhanced a assured
C elevated b insured
d surpassed C fuelled
20 The office was a bustling - - - of activity. d incorporated
a nest Reports of the volcanic eruption - all other news.
b home a overshadowed
c seat b overrode
d hive c overcame
21 / had a(n) - - - she wasn't telling the truth, so I
d overpowered
checked out her story.
a trust
b estimate
c hunch
d guess

1
 You are going lo read an article about surveillance. For questions 34-40, choose the answer (A, B, C or DJ which
you think fits best according to the text.

FREEDOM VS SECURITY
In much-vaunted rhetoric, the eleventh of September 2001 especially since the September 11th attacks. They accuse
has gone down in history books as "the day the world the government of having placed substantial limitations on
changed for ever". This was seen as a positive change, with numerous rights, including freedom of assembly, privacy,
the majority of nations supporting a clamp-down on freedom of movement, the right to silence and freedom of
terrorism on an international basis, and calling for more speech. The implementation of tough new measures severely
co-operation between intelligence agencies and police limiting the number of immigrants accepted by Western
forces. countries has also raised concerns among civil rights
groups, who point out that laws aimed at reducing global
Unfortunately, a more sinister force was unleashed, and
terrorism have penalised many legitimate refugees fleeing
democratic countries that formerly valued the freedom of
war-torn countries or repressive regimes. Furthermore,
the individual suddenly became the targets of criticism for
these measures have had far-reaching effects. Repressive
non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Amnesty
regimes around the world have seized upon the precedent
International and civil liberties campaigners like Statewatch,
being set by the West to legitimise their own previously
an independent group which monitors threats to privacy
questionable human rights practices, with only NGOs like
and civil liberties in the European Union.
Amnesty International left to cry foul.
In some countries, civil liberties had already been compro-
Individuals have unwittingly contributed to the erosion of
mised. Many Europeans had been living with closed circuit
their own personal freedom by adopting new technologies
television cameras in public places for many years, for
that offer more convenience and security (eg - extensive
example, and accepted their existence as a necessary evil
use of credit cards, smart cards, customer loyalty cards,
which would reduce the risk of street crimes, thus assuring
etc), while compromising their freedom. It is easier to trace
the safety of the majority. However, after the September
a person's movements when such cards are used.
11th attacks, governments hastily dusted off and revived
Willingness to give up privacy in exchange for security will
ancient statutes or drafted sweeping new acts which were
remain a strong force, and some companies have jumped
aimed at giving themselves and the police considerably
on the bandwagon, offering "personal location" devices
more powers with a view to cracking down on terrorists,
aimed at parents who fear for their children's safety. Whilst
wherever they were to be found.
this may seem reasonable, consider the following: at what
In the decade prior to 20QT~'government policies were put in age does a rebellious teenager have the right to remove
place which aimed to proyide citizens with access to infor- such a tracking chip? ·
mation. People were empowered to check their personal
data to ensure its accuracy wherever the data was held (ie It seems a strange concept that, in the twenty-first century,
- in banks, local government offices, etc). Now, though, the very peoples who have fought for their freedom of
?raconian measures were suddenly proposed, which expressio~ and ~ovement and freedom of the press are
included the storing of personal cor;nmunications, including , ~ow allo"".ing t~eir _govern~ents to have access to personal
all e-mails and phone calls, for at least one year, with, WPd .conf1dent1al information which would have been
all telecommunications firms having to keep records of unthinkable a decade ago. For countries like Britain to be
the names and addresses of their clients as well as the found to have acted unlawfully by discriminating against
numbers and addresses of calls and e-mails sent by them. f~reign ~a:ionals would also have been unthinkable once,
Governments argued, quite convincingly, that such measures given Bnta~n's strong legislati~n against racial discrimination
were necessary to combat terrorism, and other benefits an~, the ~x1stence of a commission whose sole purpose is
were also played up, such as improved ability to track child t~ 1~ve:t1gate charges of such acts. There used to be a
abductors. While balking at the idea of telephone-tapping d1stinct1~n between countries wh_ich had poor records of
and uncontrolled information-swapping among government h~r_n~n n?hts abuses and more liberal countries, but the
agencies, the public, by and large, have been receptive to d1v1ding line has become a trifle blurred.
other such measures, but they may yet live to regret their George Orwell predicted that the age of surveillance would
compliance. be 1984; he was 17 years out in his calculations, but
An independent study of so countries published in 2002 Orwell would have been horrified to discover that convenience
criticised Britain, in particular, over a series of measures and security have become more important to the majority
Which, its authors say, have undermined civil liberties, than basic human rights.

131
34 In the second paragraph, the writer implies that
certain NGOs are having to resort to undemocratic action.
state repression is much more commonplace in countries that used to guard against it.
civil liberties activists are endangering privacy.
certain European Union countries lack respect for individual freedoms.

35 The writer indicates that before September 2001

terrorism wasn't considered a threat in countries that now act against it.
the police in some countries didn't have enough resources to fight terrorism.
the police in some countries had been demanding more powers.
some countries had dispensed with laws that had given the police more powers.

36 What does the writer feel about government attitudes to the•individual in the 1990s?
There was a move towards building public confidence with regard to the subject of
personal information.
No careful thought had been given to using personal communications to combat crime.
Information about phonecalls and e-mails wasn't kept long enough.
Government policies unwittingly encouraged child abductions.

31 \Vhat is the general attitude of citizens to the question of the 1ight to privacy?
People see this as their inalienable right.
They are prepared to surrender their liberty to some extent.
People have been placated with jargon about reducing crime.
People are not convinced that their rights are under threat.

38 What point is made about tracing people's movements or activities through financial
transactions?
It makes people feel more secure.
People have willingly exchanged privacy for convenience.
It could help parents who fear for their children's safety.
D People who rely on "plastic" money facilitate such surveillance.

39 \Vhat does the writer suggest about some of the new legislation in the second-last
paragraph,]>
i\;1Q~fp~opl·e in the countries concerned find it unacceptable.
,:~--::!!!:}~;,_\~'
'. 'F¥9Je had to struggle to achieve this.
i1s' contrary to the spirit of other existing legislation.
It is mainly relevant to foreigners.

40 What point does the writer make about George Orwell and his predictions?
A Orwell would have been dismayed at the reasons underlying the current situation.
B If he were alive, he would say that he had been right.
The prediction was fairly inaccurate.
D Orwell would have been horrified by the importance of security.
1 In what way was the eleventh of September 2001 3 What is meant by "some companies have
'the day the world changed forever'? jumped on the bandwagon" (para 6)?

2 In your own words, explain how governments 4 Why, according to the text, might it seem
provided citizens with additional civil rights in strange that the British government has been
the 1990s. found to have discriminated unlawfully against
foreign nationals? (para 7)
;1 Prepositional phrases using 'right' and 'sight'
Complete these sentences by putting the comxt preposition(s) in each gap.

l My uncle always thinks he is _ _ _ _ _ the right and never listens to anyone else.
2 It's no longer possible to claim citizenship ______ right of marriage.
3 ______ rights, you're the one who should get the reward, since you're the one who found the wallet.
4 You would be _ _ _ _ _ your rights to claim disability benefit, since your eyesight is now too bad for you
to work.
5 She wanted to be recognised as a musician ______ her own right, and not because her father is a well-
known conductor.
6 f knew I had to buy this puppy - it was love ______ first sight!
7 Keep _______ sight, children! Don't go too far away.
8 She put the photo ______ sight when her mother came, to avoid any awkward questions.
9 I knew her ______ sight, but not to talk to.
10 He'd be no good as a nurse; he feels faint ______ the sight of blood.
11 The police sharpshooters were ordered to shoot ______ sight.
12 After the third round of peace talks, the end of the war seemed to be - - - - - - sight.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Why we all need a holiday

Somehow, despite predictions that the (0) _t~cb110Jqgi<;;t~l- age TECHNOLOGY
would bring (1) ___________ benefits to our lives, quite the IMAGINE
opposite has happened. Like good consumers, we (2) - - - - - - - - - - - DUTY
purchased the mobile phones and computers, but instead of
(3) - - - - - - - - - - - our workload, they have simply resulted in LESS
an increase in the amount of time spent in the company of our
high-tech devices. In fact, not counting those forced into
(4) ________ -, __ by technological advances, people nowadays EMPLOY
have (5) ___________ less free time than ever before. CONSIDER
Hence the need for holidays; people can (6) · _ _ _ _ - - - - - - their CHARGE
batteries after a long period of following the same old routine.
Even {7) __________ who don't have a paid job need some WIFE
respite from the (Bl ___________ of cooking, cleaning, taking the DRUDGE
dog for a walk and caring f9r !he"c'.hildren virtually (9) - - - - - - - - - - - AID
because the father is always atwork.
Children enjoy holidays and eagerly look forward to any period
when homework is unnecessary. Everyone benefits from a break
in routine and holidays have become (10) __ - ___ - - - - - in our DISPENSE
modern world, as we try to come to terms with our chaotic and
stressful modern lives.

134
 Find the right phrasal verbs to complete the sentences below. Use the verbs in the first box and the particles in the
second box once each.

1 The company has been doing the same old things for far too long. With any luck, the new administrator will
really ______________ things ______________ .
2 We've decided to offer huge discounts in a bid to ______________ business.
3 Fortunately, our company is in a strong enough position to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ the recession.
4 I've heard a rumour that our rivals are aiming to ______________ our firm some time this year.
5 At first, the shop sold only furniture, but now the owner has decided to _____________ - into kitchen
appliances.
6 The moneylenders were hoping to force me to ______________ my shares in the company to them.
7 During the holidays we had enough employees on duty to keep the business _. ________ _
8 The youth enterprise scheme ______________ due to a lack of government support.
9 The sales of the novel really ______________ when the film version proved such a hit.
10 By the time the police car eventually __,:. · ____ ::. ·- ____ , the robbers had long since left the scene of the crime.
11 It's rumoured that the government is going to _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ____ part of the public transport/network to
private ownership.
12 After work, I like to _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ by listening to music.

Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries
in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they are used.
\/ Verb + noun collocations
Match the verbs given in bold to the groups of nouns with which they collocate. The verb must collocate with all
nouns in the group.

assert
a meeting
arouse an orchestra
conduct
negotiations
(your) affairs
yourself
(your} rights
a survey
(your) position
(your} interest
yourself
(your) suspicion(s) (your) independence
(your} sympathy (your) innocence
(your) authority

Complete the following sentences using the correct form of a collocation from Task A.

l Upon assuming the presidency of the company, Tom made several significant changes in a bid to
--------------------·his ___ --------------·
2 A tall man seen lurking around the neighbourhood for several days in a row .. _. - .. - _ - - - - - - - - - - - .
3 Talks with the hostile nation were bound to be difficult, so they sent their best diplomat to

4 Adolescents sometimes indulge in challenging behaviour as they try to ___________ . _ . ___ - their

5 If you want to gain the respect of your new colleagues, you must ______________ . _ _ with decorum.
6 The stray dog was so thin that it __________________ the __________________ of all the passers-by.
7 The government health authority recently __________________ and found that a high percentage of
young people do not have a healthy diet.

C With the remaining eight collocations, write your own sentences.

 Study the presentation, then fill each gap in sentences a-h with an appropriate set phrase.

l with (your) tail between (your) legs: showing their tempers began to fray.
you are defeated or embarrassed 7 the tail end of: the final part of
He came back with his tail between his legs I only heard the tail end of their conversa-
when he realised he'd been wrong. tion, but the news doesn't sound good.

2 the cards/odds are stacked against sb: be 8 school of thought: a group of people with simi-
unlikely to succeed, because of unfair/ unfavourable lar views
conditions I belong to the school of thought which
He didn't accomplish much during his tenure favours affirmative action.
as president, because the cards were stacked 9 a square meal: a large, satisfying meal
against him. I 've been so busy lately, I haven't had a
3 a stone's throw away: very close square meal for days.
Why don't you pop round and ask him yourself? 10 fly off at a tangent: suddenly change from one
He lives a stone's throw away. subject/action to another
4 in confidence: as a secret I enjoy his lectures, even though he often
I'm telling you this in confidence because I flies off at a tangent.
know I can trust you. 11 tarred with the same brush: thought to have
5 from the sublime to the ridiculous: starting similar faults to
with sth wonderful/important, but followed by sth Our supervisor was caught embezzling funds,
silly/unimportant and soon we were all tarred with the same
The first episode of the new series was very brush.
impressive, but it soon went from the sublime 12 the tail wagging the dog: when a small part of
to the ridiculous. something determines or controls.the whole
6 tempers beginJto,{ray: people begin to get angry George does everything his secretary tells
.r;l;· .-ts j
with each other / · him. It, s definitely a case of the tail wagging
After they'd·been queuing for almost an hour, the dog.

a Sorry. That information was given to me _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ , so I can't say anything about it.
b He looks really thin, as though he hasn't had _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ for a long time.
c It's ridiculous for the whole organisation to revolve around a cleaning rota: it's a case of

d The new director tried to change the way the company operated, but was doomed to failure as
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____________ him.
e We were lucky to suffer only _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ the thunderstorm, otherwise the flooding would have
been much worse.
f It's not necessary to get a taxi, we can walk. It's only _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
g The first act of the opera was awe-inspiring, but it then turned into a farce, going

h It's difficult having a brother like him. He is such a villain, and I get
\/

l 8
The wooden fence divided the neighbours' gardens, so Don't go too near the edge of the cliff - you might fall.
they had some privacy. (barrier to protect land, usually (physical limit or end of sth)
made of wood or wire)
9
2 Passports will be checked at the border.
(dividing line
The wall which separated the garden from the street was between two countries; decorative strip around
quite high. (barrier made of brick or stone to pro- the edge of something)
tect property; buildings, of necessity, also have
walls) 10
Scientists are continually pushing back the frontiers of
3 knowledge. (limits, boundaries; border between two
I stood on the other side of the railings and watched the countries)
children playing in the school yard. (barrier made of
metal bars) 11
Its heavy, ornate frame made the picture difficult to
4 hang. (structure, usually made of wood, which sur-
The garden has a hedge all round it, so we have to employ rounds and often supports an object)
a gardener to prune it. (row of bushes forming a
barrier round a garden or field) 12
We must help people living on the margins of society to
5 become more integrated. (the extreme edge; a nor-
There was a metal barrier separating the road from the row empty space; the amount of extra space/
pavement to protect children. (fence, wall, etc, which time included to ensure success or safety)
separates one thing from another, often for pro-
tection or to prevent entry) 13
I arrived late but found a place on the fringe of the
6 crowd. (outside edge; less important part)
The country is on the brink of war. (the state of being
very close to sth dangerous, exciting or unknown) 14
After a long hike, we reached the rim of the crater and
7 looked inside. (edge of a container or other circular
Many species are on the verge of extinction. object)
(likely to happen very soon; edge of a road)

Choose the best word in t);ch sentence.

l They erected an electri~if~gce/wall/railing and put up warning notices.

2 The police plan to putfa-t borders/barriers/fences to control the crowds.
3 This spacecraft will en~~le us to explore the b8rders/frontiers/rims of space.
4 Who wrote these notes in the rim/frame/mqrb'ir of my book?
5 He is on the rim/fringe/verge of a nervous breakdown.
6 The woolly spider monkey is on the fringe/brink/edge of extinction.
 Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.
1 She felt that she was . - - herself by doing such a 10 The newcomers were easily - . into the community.
menial task. a incarcerated
-C1lashing b assimilated
b invading c embedded
c: indulging d incinerated
d lowering 11 He became - - - from his parents after a huge row.
2 He was - - in the shadows, waiting for a victim to mug. o aggregated
t1 glowering b insulated
b lurking C calibrated
C lingering d alienated
cl hesitating
12 She .. - - her life to improving living conditions in the
3 His coded messages were only - - - to a few developing world.
agents. O decorated
ti legitimate b dedicated
b valid C declared
c intelligible d declaimed
d cohesive 13 The police were called in to break up a - - - in the
4 It seemed as though she was guided by a{n) - - - bar last night.
hand as she clambered through the debris. <.1 brazier
a invisible b bout
b unseeing C brawl
C shadowy d battle
d co-operative 14 He was suffering from a - - illness and grew
5 He was unable to write his signature, so left his - - . weaker daily.
on the document. a declining
a cross b weakening
b mark C debilitating
C writ d deteriorating
d hand 15 He was - - - of feeling and treated everyone with
6 He - - - the crowd to violence, but escaped arrest himself. contempt. /
a enticed · a devoid
b lured b empty
C incited C unaware
d corrupted d vacant
1 In her - - - after her husband's death, she hardly 16 The astronauts were - - after they returned to
knew what she was doing. Earth.
a grief a deprived
b grease b deciphered
C grouse C decanted
d guise d debriefed
8 The ancient monastery is now -:- - - to tourists 17 There are a lot of - - - in this stretch of water,
because of numerous landslides. although it looks calm.
a inadvertent a outings
b inaccessible b disturbances
c impractical C currents
d impervious d movements
9 He didn't actually say that he disapproved, but he 18 The committee decided to - - - their decision until
- - - it. their next meeting.
a implicated a underwrite
b accepted b defer
c implied C procrastinate
d understated d overtake

139
19 The dentist said she'll have to - - - one of my back 23 She - - - her father's anger when she failed to live
teeth. up to his expectations.
extinguish disturbed
extract encouraged
extradite incurred
extort revoked
20 The doctor told him not to - - - himself unless he 24 He bought an expensive suit on - - - and regretted
wanted to spend time in hospital. it the next day.
exert whim
extend impulse
expand inflection
exploit urge
21 He was - - - with success and ordered a bottle of 25 - - labor may soon be a thing of the past, given
the best champagne. the amazing advances in technology.
reddened Hard
suffused Diligent
inclined Slave
flushed Manual
22 He was able to get the - - - of the speech, although
he couldn't understand every word.
core
gist
soul
hub
For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or DJ best flts each gap.

Hanging out the washing

On a recent visit to my home town, I found the (1) .. ____ . embroiled in a gripping
dispute which I followed with avid interest in the local newspaper: should they hang
out their washing or not? The instigator of this clash in the previously peaceful
community was a middle-aged man who (2) _ _ _ _ had too much time on his hands.
He contended that hanging the washing out to dry on clothes lines made our
neighbourhood look like a ghetto. He even attended a council meeting and
(3) .. - _ - _ - bis concerns in an official forum.

I would be hard (4) _ - _ - _ - to decide which single element of this whole affair is the
most ridiculous, but certainly the fact that this activist collected data on the subject
(average number of families in his street using their clothes lines, the number of times
per week, etc) would (5) _____ .. pretty high on the list. The city councillor reportedly
(6) - _ - _ - his eyes in response, which scores points in my book for aptness.

1 A civilians B residents C dwellers D occupants

A evidently B unmistakably 0 distinctly
4-1;,;

2 actually
"·
3 A mentioned B cited C acknowledged D voiced
4 A driven B forced C pressed D pushed
5 A rate Brank C class
.,,
\., place
6 A turned B moved C spun D rolled

r-;•"'l"t
T'orrt 1 non1son
The long-awaited ~xhibition of Tom Thomson's works opened last week at the
National Gallery. Thomson, a member of the famous Group of Seven, was also
an avid outdoorsman and fisherman. Indeed, he painted many of his most
(7) _ _ _ _ _ _ work~ while on solitary canoe trips in Algonquin National Park,
where he moonlighted as a guide and was ultimately to (8) - _ - - - - his death
in mysterious circumstances while still a young man.
Broad, bold brushstrokes and striking colours are combined. to great (9) - - - - -
on thirty-odd canvas·~t:~hich are eerily evocative of the North. And they are
true to their (10) ___c'?h' matter, portraying nature in all its wintry barrenness
on the one hand, and in its summer whimsy on the other. Thomson (11) .. - - - - -
the essence of our northern wilderness, and his paintings exude sympathy with
his surroundings. ,,A\;(12) _ _ _ _ _ of hand-drawn maps and photographs of the
park complete the picture of the North as it used to be.

7 A notorious 8 eminent C reported D celebrated

8 A contact B meet C encounter D catch
9 A effect 8 result C product D success
10 A topic B theme C subject D question
11 ti captured 8 trapped C grabbed D ensnared
12 A sequence 8 chain C series D string

141
 White Nights
As you know, there are times and places on this fair planet where it doesn't
really get dark at night, and this (13) ______ is known as white nights. During
the June that I lived in St Petersburg, I experienced this strange occurrence at
first (14) _____ .
When night falls, the sky darkens somewhat, but then it (15) _ _ _ _ _ _ a bluish
colour all night. In fact, it feels llke dusk from about ten in the evening until dawn.
And everyone behaves (16) _______ . Instead of retiring at a (17) ___ - _ _ hour,
residents stay up late, go out in droves, and wander the streets until the wee
hours of the morning. I confirmed this myself one night, when I went out to
participate in a time-honoured tourist ritual: (18) _ _ _ _ _ _ around town in the. middle
of the night to watch the many drawbridges, all covered in pretty twinkling lights,
being raised to allow boats to proceed along the canals.

13 A incident 6 trend C phenomenon 0 event

14 A place Shand C person 0 glance
15 A burns B glows C shines D lights
16 A similarly B suitably C appropriately D accordingly
17 A logical B rational C reasonable 0 practical
18 A strolling B loitering C swaggering D storming

142
ri

Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension

(Optional Task)

l In your own words, how did the city councillor 2 What does the writer think about the councillor's
react to the man's complaint? reaction?

3 What do we learn about Thomson's paintings? 4 Which word tells us that working as a guide
was Thomson's second job?

fVhite lViuhts
C

5 How does the writer know about what St 6 Which word in the second paragraph means
Petersburg residents do during the night? 'going to bed'?

143
u Prepositional phrases with 'hand'
Fill each gap with one of the following items.

1 Now that all our children are ______ our hands, we can have a holiday whenever we want.
2 I learnt of the atrocity ______ first hand, from a survivor.
3 My son has too much free time _ . . ____ his hands during the school holidays, so I send him on summer
courses.
4 She rejected the offer ______ hand, saying it was an insult.
5 It's always a good idea to have a dictionary ______ hand when you are learning a foreign language.
6 There isn't time to send the parcel through the post, so it will have to be delivered _ - - - hand.
7 We've plenty of time _______ hand, so why don't we browse around the duty free shops?
8 Immigrant groups complain about their rough treatment ___ - - - the hands of the police.
9 She grabbed the nearest object ______ hand to ward off her assailant. ·
10 There will be a representative of our firm ______ hand to help you with any difficulties.
11 He concentrated on the job _ .. ____ hand and tried not to worry about the future.
12 Fortunately the decision is now ______ our hands, so we will not bear the responsibility.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

The computer invasion

Computers have, (0) _ _u_nsJ?fJi?-Qly_ -, been a blessing in some areas such DENY
as calculating (1) ___________ problems quickly and efficiently, storing MATHEMATICS
information in a compact way and helping companies increase their
cost (2) __________ -. But they have also allowed companies to EFFECT
(3) - - - ________ employees' activities more efficiently, rajsing questions SCRUTINY
about privacy in the workplace. And in the realm of (4) ___ - - ______ rela- PERSON
tionships, they have also been something of a bane. Social contact nowa-
days is of a more remote nature than ever before, with text messages
and e-mail rep!}1cing old modes of communication, and these
•1 ,,.
(5) _____ ·- _____)allow people to lie about who they are and take on BASE
\?-:0:

entirely new personas.

If people meet after such on-line comrnunication, they may be
(6) ___________ by the other person, seeing their previous preconcep- U.LUSION
tions as being totally (7} _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ .This in turn will make them more ERROR
wary in their future (8) ___________ with people, leading to further isola- DEAL
tion, which is commonplace in large conurbations. In this increasingly
(9) - - - ________ consumerist society, more people are falling prey to SECURE
cyberdating, and.alar,mists are worried that we may well forget our social
graces, become isolated and fail to function as (10) __ - - - - - __ - - healthy EMOTION
human beings should.

144
 1\ Match the phrasal verbs on the left with their meanings on the right. Then complete each of the sentences below
t.i
with the right fonn of the coJTect phrasal verb.

bottom out· A achievre a c::ertai.n re.corq or score

flare op B boost sl/s/sth's appeal, etc
get up C. sur~odnd sth/sb
he111.i11 I) pr9v1pe support to strengthen sth .
level off E start,ur become more violent .
111oye over . · f reduce the forcefulness, brightness, elco(sth
notch up· ~: (mak~ sb/sth) become-.more cheerful, etc
patch up. H .give up a job to let sb else have it
·pep up· I firfd and increase a quality you need
perk up. J stabilise at a certain level after decreasing or getting worse
shore µp K mend
ton.e dovyn [ ~top/slow dowp an uRward or downward C0llrse

l We needed some stout props to _______________ the old stone wall after the earthquake.
2 Our little cottage has been _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ by all the big housing developments going up in our
neighbourhood.
3 The children _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ when their teacher said they were going to plan a class excursion.
4 The flow of customers away to rival businesses _______________ when we started giving our remain-
ing customers more personal treatment.
5 It's about time they did something to _______________ their failing marriage.
6 I eventually _______________ the courage to tell her what I really thought of her.
7 A nasty riot ________________ when the police started beating the protesters.
8 Ruth hadn't been an executive in her grandfather's business empire for long before asking him to
___ - _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ and let her be chief executive.
9 Most of the people concerned _______________ their complaints when they were asked to put them
in writing.
10 The sales of the new gadget _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ . .: ·when its novelty value wore off.
11 This year they've _______________ the local music festival by getting a couple of world famous rock
bands to take part.
12 A runner from our local athletics club has __________ ~ ___ three gold medals at this year's Olympic
Games.

B Five of the phrasal verbs in this. task have more than one meaning. Look them up in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix
and write an example sentence for three of them to-illustrate some of their other meanings.
11 Noun+ of+ noun
A Match nouns from the first box to nouns from the second box to form collocations with 'of, and write them in the
space provided. Then complete the sentences below.

difference help
dereliction way
lapse opinion
offer confidence
right endearment
matter
+ of+ the tongue
slip memory
term time
waste duty
vote importance

l George seemed sincerely grateful for my __________________ , but refused it anyway.

2 Northbound vehicles have _________________ at this junction.
3 Jim's------------------ for his wife was 'honey'.
4 Edward, the boss wants to see you in his office now on a ______ - __ - __ - __ - - - .
5 John called Ms Jones by our former teacher's name. It was a _________________ - .
6 Lillian had an embarrassing __ -- _______________ and forgot the hostess's name.
7 The government survived the ________ ~--~ ________ , and so early elections were avoided.
8 The ship's lookout fell asleep on watch and was subsequently charged with - - _- - - - - - .,
9 There was a(n) ___________________ about who actually came in first in the race.
10 It's a _ _________________ asking him for a contribution; he's well known for his meanness.

146
 l tip the scales: be the deciding factor 8 worst case scenario: the most unpleasant or
Both package holidays sounded lovely, but the serious thing which could happen in a situation
swimming pool tipped the scales in favour of the We may as well let him come with us. The worst
pricier one. case scenario is that he' II be really annoying,
2 take a toll on: cause suffering, death or damage but he might actually be helpful.
Years of working down the mine eventually took 9 conflict of interest(s): situation 111 which sb
a toll on his health. knows or represents two opposing factions

3 tricks of the trade: ways of doing things that only She worked as a consultant for both companies
professionals know
_ and so, when they became competitors, there
He's only been working here for a few weeks, so was a clear conflict of interest.
he's still learning the tricks of the tra.de. IO back to square one: return to the beginning of sth
due to a setback
4 cut-throat competition: ruthless competition
In the cut-throat competition for market The computer crashed before we managed to
share, big companies will stop at nothing. save our work, so now we're back to square one.

5 (sth) won't wash: (sth) won't be believed, accepted U put (your) heads together: enlist sb else's help
with a problem
Telling the teacher that your dog ate your
homework just won't wash. I'm sure that, if we put our heads together, we
can come up with a solution.
6 wide.of the mark: inaccurate or incorrect
I think his assessment of the problem is a 12 put two and two together: form a judgement
from what you consider obvious
little wide of the mark.
I saw them alone together a few times so I put
7 the worse for wear: tired because of work, etc or
two and two together and concluded they were
in poor condition because of being used a lot
a couple.
He returned home a bit the worse for wear
after shopping in the sales.

Complete the sentences with phrases from above.

a There is a clear . __ _ _ _ · ________ between her being a politician and owning several large companies.
b He's a chartered accountant and may be willing to let you in on some ________________ .
c I - - _ - _. - _________ . _____ and realised he was lying.
- d The _ - _ - - _ - ____ . ____ is that we'll have to stay in a hotel if we can't get a taxi home.
e Unfortunately, her estimate• of the cost of the work proved __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ -·
f You've been late every day this week, and your lame excuses simply _______ ~ ________ any more.
g They had been in two minds as to whether to stay at. home or go to the beach but, in the event, the
weather _ _ _ _ _ _________ -· It rained.
h After she'd worn her anorak for two months on a climbing expedition, it looked somewhat ____________ -.

With the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.

1
\/
Set l Set 2
l l
We are very proud of our stadium, but whenever there is The council is split over the issue of building a shopping
a match between two first division teams, thousands of centre. (divide, crack or tear)
football supporters invade the town. (enter a country,
area or building in large numbers, often using 2
force, causing problems and often being unwel- Is it possible to divorce culture from language?
come) (formally end a marriage; cause a permanent
separation between two things; cause two things
2 to be considered separate)
They don't want people walking across their land, so they
have put up big signs saying 'No Trespassing'. (go onto 3
sb's property without their permission) Access to information technology may be the factor
which divides people in the future.
3 (separate into distinct parts)
Excuse me. I don't want to intrude on your conversation,
but the police are outside, asking for you. (disturb a 4
conversation, meeting; be unwelcome in a private We must isolate all those infected so the disease does
place) not spread and become an epidemic. (set apart physically
or socially; identify sth and deal with it separately)
4
We' are interrupting the programme to make an emer- 5
gency announcement. (stop a process from continuing We are trying to find a foster family which will take all
for a while) three children; we don't want to separate them.
(set apart from each other; consider individually;
show sth is different)
The match was disrupted when fans invaded the pitch.
(throw into disorder) 6
We don't agree with segregating schoolchildren according
6 to their ethnic background. (physically keep people
The government doesn't want to intervene in the dispute who belong to a different nationality, race, religion,
between the local authority and the municipal workers. sex, etc apart)
(take action in a situation that does not directly
involve you, usually in order to end conflict)

1
!6n
I try not to interfere in my 's life, but it's very diffi-
cult when I see what a me}s:h~'.s making of it! (try to
influence a situation, fs~,e1ially when there is a
problem: negative m<i' ti~'i?Q)"
,f,,,::,-:~

1
 Use one of the following words in the correct form to fill each gap. There are three extra words you do not need
to use.

1 Protesters _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ __ the meeting by shouting slogans and throwing eggs at the speaker.
2 If he continues to behave in this manner, he will find himself . __ . _____ from the other team members.

3 The referendum results showed that the country was ___ .. ___ .. _ .. ___ on the question.
4 She appealed to her MP to _ - - _ _ .. _____ .. on her behalf in order to avoid being deported.
5 Every summer our village is _ - - - _______ .. _ by tourists, which is a nuisance but brings prosperity.
6 If it's a private meeting, I won't--------------. I'll call back later.

Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

l The climate was so - - - that the old books on the 1 Don't be so - .. - ! Let the other children have some of
shelf were all mildewed. the cake.
arid majestic
humid obese
balmy impulsiye
sweltering greedy
2 As an - - - he was offered a huge ~onus if he 8 But for the - - - of the President's special envoy, the
managed to finish the ;ob on time. prisoners would have been executed.
indication interference
infringement infringement
inspiration intervention
incentive interaction
3 Our insurance policy had - - - , so we didn't get any 9 The telephone lines were - - - with callers trying to
compensation. get through to the electricity supplier.
lapsed jammed
caved throttled
depleted enraged
inclined congested
4 He lost his - - - on reality and descended into madness. 10 We decided to - - - our vacation because it had
handling been raining continuously for days.
grip curtail
grasp b clip
footing rent
d sever
5 She was - - - into the rites of the cult before
becoming a member. 11 We - - - ourselves with the thought that it could have
Ci intruded been much worse.
b intoned consoled
initiated cowed
d intoxicated
c defeated
6 He was - - - about his wife's determination to start revived
her own business.
ambiguous
ambivalent
c amateurish
amenable
12 Mr Jones is - - - unfortunately, so you'll have to call
1
19 He was undecided about what to do, and didn't
again tomorrow. mind either way, so he - - - a coin.
a indifferent <Jtossed
b inimitable b turned
c indisposed c pitched
d incongruous d flicked
13 He tried to be as - - - as possible, but his garish 20 Those remarks were - - -- of him. He's so insensitive.
attire made it difficult. <1 · typical
a accessible b remarkable
b amenable c noticeable
G incessant d consistent
d inconspicuous 21 The pretender to the throne wished to - - the ruling
14 The judge decided that the jury could not be - - - 1 monarch.
given the sensationalist press coverage. a support
a prejudiced b supply
b biased c suppress
c impartial d supplant
d impassive 22 The course was well - ~ - and everyone could learn
1

15 His life was not without - - - and could be said to

1
something from it.
have been full of adventure. a subscribed
a incident b subsidised
b dignity c structured
c. hesitation d supplemented
d implication 23 He was - __ from work until the disciplinary inquiry
16 He was a very - - - person, always laughing and had been carried out.
telling jokes. a fired
a jolly b banned
b introverted c suspended
c caustic d dismissed
d gratifying 24 The company set its - - - sales figu~es and strove
11·The goods were stored in a -- -- - before being to achieve them.
transported to retail outlets. a main
a warehouse b principal
b freight c core
c cargo d target
d repository
25 There are always as many - - - of a story as there
18 We are renovating our apartment with a - - to are people involved.
selling it. a arguments
a point b versions
b view c discussions
c sight cl summaries
d option

150
You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with photography. For questions
19-26, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Extract From a camera Operating Manual

FOCUS-LOCK SHOOTING
This camera's autofocus system is very precise, but it may not focus as desired in
certain cases. When taking a picture of two people. for example, the autofocus frame
(in the centre of your viewfinder display) may fall between them, focusing on the
background, and so, in your photograph, the people will be out of focus. To avoid this,
position the autofocus frame on one of the two people. As you press the shutter-
release button halfway, the green light on the left side of the viewfinder will glow to
show that the focus is temporarily locked. While continuing to press the shutter release
button halfway, re-aim the camera or re-compose the picture, and then release the
shutter.

The camera may not focus automatically on certain objects. In such cases. use the
focus-lock technique described above, on an object which is near the desired subject
and is also the same distance from the lens. Subjects which are hard to autofocus
include: black objects such as hair or clothes which don't reflect much light; glossy or
reflective surfaces; smoke or fireworks, etc, which are formless.

CAUTION
- Shield the camera from salty air and water at the beach, splashing liquid of any kind,
and rain. If immersed in water, the camera will be rendered inoperable.
- Never use solvents such as paint thinner, alcohol or benzene to clean the camera.
- The electric circuitry inside the camera contains high voltage working parts. Never
attempt to disassemble the camera.
- Keep the batteries out of the reach of children.

19 The manual info1ms owners that to take a good photograph they should
A press the shutter release button halfway as soon as they see the green light.
B position the autofocus frame in the centre of the picture.
C focus on one of the main subjects to be photographed, and then compose the
picture.
D avoid using the automatic focus option when photographing two people.

20 Owners are warned

A not to take the camera apart as they may get an electric shock.
B not to open the camera when it's raining, or near the sea.
C that children may render the batteries inoperable.
D not to try to clean the camera.

151
 Photography and Society
The invention of the camera has had a profound impact on human attitudes and perspec-
tives. We might scoff at primitive peoples who were reluctant to allow themselves to be
photographed for fear of losing their spirit but, for better or worse, society lost much of
its innocence with the advent of photography.

Previously, images of people were in the form of drawn or painted portraits, where
artists' albeit flattering interpretations probably showed more of a subject's personality
than photographs ever could. Society had to forgo the romantically pleasing image and
replace it with the bare realism of a fracion of a second, while art itself, no longer a source~ of
information, but simply aesthetics, experienced a transformation.

In days ofold, war was glorified by artists who might never have actually seen battle
themselves, and exercised more than a little artistic licence when depicting their subjects'
heroics. Then the lens unleashed the horrors of war on an unsuspecting public. Front
pages cried out with real images, and pretence and illusion came crashing down under the
weight of a harsh truth: war is neither romantic nor glorious.

We gleefully immortalise our fleeting personal moments with holiday snapshots or family
photographs but, in so doing, don't allow our memories to mellow with forgetfulness. They
are frozen in time with a hard reality that will shock us in years to come. "How we've
changed. I'd forgotten ... "

21 The writer says that

A artists used to portray people as realistically as possible.
B artists usually tried to emphasise a subject's positive attributes.
C photographs of people are more revealing than painted portraits.
D art has become unimportant since people started taking photographs.

22 According to the text

A most people reaii'sed how terrible war was from paintings of battles.
B photographers us~d to romanticise war in their photographs.
C many people,:u~edto be under the illusion that war was majestic and noble.
D nobody kne'«i:11~yY. terrible war was before the camera was invented.

152
Most normal people get pleasure from taking holiday snapshots of members of their family;
I, on the other hand, am always in search of the perfect photograph. I envy those
professional photographers who travel to exotic places and take glorious pictures. Instead of
photographing my friends, therefore, it's usually flowers, animals, landscapes or even clouds
that are my subjects. My quest is that inspired combination of shape, light and colour which
will take the breath away.

Unfortunately, the development of the eagerly awaited film usually brings disappointment.
Some prints are so bad they are destined for the waste paper basket. And why did I squander
three exposures on the same scene? I was in pursuit of the perfect picture, of course. Most pro-
fessionals take countless photos before the best are chosen for publication, I tell myself, but
they get paid for it and, more importantly, they have the satisfaction of knowing that thou-
sands of people admire their work.

My pictures end up in various drawers and cupboards, accumulating dust. A few lucky ones
find their way into photo albums, not because they are exceptional, unfortunately, but simply
because I just happened to have time on my hands at that particular moment and, of course,
a photo album available to put them in. I'm always P-romising myself that one day I'll make
a collection of the very best ones, but somehow I never seem to get round to it.

What does the writer imply about her hobby?

She doesn't spend enough time on it.
It's extremely rewarding.
She is somewhat frustrated by it.
She expects to take it up professionally.

According to the text, the professional photographs we see in magazines are very good
because
they are taken by very talent.~d people.
there is a lot of material to"i{1ect from.
they are inspired by thousands of admiring people.
professional photographers are well paid for their work.

1
 The Changing Face Of Photography
The second half of the twentieth century saw many advances in the development of
photography. In the beginning, photographs had been black and white, and it was rel,
atively easy to develop them at home, which is what many amateur photographers did
in the hard times following the Second World War. With the advent of colour, how-
ever, developing film at home became impracticable, and one was obliged to have films
developed by professionals.

It seemed that the invention of Polaroid film would change all that. Polaroids meant
instantaneous pictures, so there was no need to squander time or money having films
developed. However, there were drawbacks. Polaroids did not work very well in cold
climates, and there were no negatives, only one print from each exposure, which tended
to fade with time, so conventional photography survived.

For years, however, many people avoided using good quality, 35mm cameras simply
because the ability to choose the correct shutter speed and focus were fundamental
prerequisites. Then, incredibly, 35mm cameras came onto the market which could do
these things automatically - invaluable for people with poor eyesight, for whom focus,
ing had always been a problem.

Towards the end of the twentieth century, the development of digital cameras meant
a completely new direction, and once again there was no need to have films developed.
As photography evolves in the 21st century, it remains to be seen if digital technology
will overtake and perhaps eclipse conventional photography completely.

25 It is implied that just after the Second World War, some people
found it impossible to practise developing colour film at home.
couldn't find facilities that would develop their films.
I

couldn't afford to buy coloured film from professionals.

experienced financial difficulties.

26 According to the writer,jhany people steered clear of good cameras because

focusing was fundf~;~tal.
they didn't know how to use the,m properly.
it was difficult to choose the b;~i> quality cameras.
the shutter speed was not always accurate.

154
 F'ollow--up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)

Extract From a can1era Operating Manual

1 Using your own words, describe the problem 2 In which cases is the camera unable to focus?
with the camera's autofocus system.

Photography and Society

1 What is the prevailing modern view of primitive 3 In your own words, how did photography
peoples and what is the author's opinion about it? change the public's view of war?

2 What are the differences between portraiture 4 What is the problem with snapshots, as
prior to the invention of the camera and after it? described in the last paragraph?

155
 ~rt l
~ In Search Of Perfection
1
l What does the use of the word 'normal' in the :J What happens to the writer's bad photographs?
first paragraph suggest about the view the writer
has of herself?

2 Which word in the second paragraph means to

'waste'?

The (:hanging Face Of Photography

i

l Which word in paragraph 3 suggests that the 2 What do Polaroids and digital cameras have in
writer is impressed by 35mm cameras that can common?
focus automatically?

156
,, Prepositional phrases with 'line'
Complete each sentence with one of the following phrases.

l She's only been working there for six months, but they say she's already ___ . - -- promotion.
2 I apologise. I was ________ .
3 __________ they have been warning that costs would spiral out of control, and now it's happened.
4 His progressive teaching methods are ___ .. _______ the conservative ethos of the school.
5 He seemed set for a brilliant career but ___________________ he lost his nerve.
6 The children waiting ____ .. ___ to board the bus chatterep excitedly.
7 We discovered we had been working _________________ , so we decided to join forces.
8 My tutor told me I was working ________________ , so I should go ahead with my project as planned.
9 Producing the school play is more _ _ ___ than mine. After all, you've studied drama.
10 I supported him straight ___________ until he got elected, and then he dumped me!
11 The art critic really put her reputation _________ when she said that Picasso didn't know how to draw.
12 If your proposal is not ________ general policy, it will not be accepted.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the Jines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Why magazines are so popular

The never-ending (Oi __ P9Pl!.ff}ri_ty __ of magazines boggles the mind. Despite POPULAR
the fact that th~jr prices have skyrocketed to well beyond their real value,
they continue t&;be snapped up with relentless m ____ -____ -- as soon as REGULAR
they reach the newsagents. Given that (2) __________ .. levels are higher SUBSCRIBE
than ever, this trend show~ no sign of abating any time soon.
\sJ ~ '

What's truly i3) _____ - _Li_.:., though, is why. Women's mag;y:ines, in par- MYSTERY
ticular, which are (4) ___________ nothing more than a consistent effort to ARGUE
whittle away at our self-esteem, present the rational mind with the greatest dif-
ficulty. These rags present us with a steady stream of (51 - - - _ - - - - _ - - , wil- flAW
lowy creatures, ((,) ___________ of all the sinister fantasies of our time, per- BODY
fectly groomed and dressed in the most Ci'J _______ - __ and expensive FASMION
outfits available, all of which can only provoke sad (8) ___ - - ____ - _ in DISAPPOINT
those of us who study them. However, this doesn't deter us from further
voyeurism the next month. '
In case comparisons with these beauties aren't (9) _____ - - - __ discouraging,
you can also read about their exciting, well-paid jobs, have a look inside their
professionally-designed homes, and glean useful tips from their
(iO) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ happy relationships with fantastically successful and BUSS
handsome men. And there's always the next issue.

157
w A Using your experience and knowledge of English, match the phrasal verbs with the meanings given, then answer
the questions below using one of the phrasal verbs given. The fmt one has been done as an example.
clock up ·.. cfelaysth's/sb~sprogress by a certa{il amount 'ofti!Jle
tome off f~fxeedJrJdpingsth difficult .
getln . c ·•· cfo.stq h:cidlypr fai!to achieve sth
4) go Without d reach/achieve a CE!rtain n.umber/total
s)setba~k faiho take ad~antage of (ar opportunity, etc)
mltck\tp depriveyovrself!be deprived of
7) ,passu~· . take p!a~e afplanned .
·p~lfoff··· . decide that sth/sb i;no lol)ger useful or a threat
9) pyli through obtain/win vvitho4t any great effort
10) rob off (on)
j succeed inHeingerected . .. . . . . . •...·. .
11) walk aw~y/6ffWith k . recover from ~ ;E;J,ripps illness; succeed .in doing ,sth difficult
1.2) write off be transfeited tqsp. as a result ofspending tirn~ With sb
. who has(hose.qua.Jities . . . .
l She was very worried that her plan might not succeed. Why is she delighted now?
-~ft~JTJqn~g~gJQPY~~gff~------------------------------------------------------
2 I have been exposed to Clara's optimism for a long time. How has this exposure affected me?

3 The athlete reached a speed of 45 km/h, which is a world record. What did she do to set a world reco.rd?

4 The strike meant that the project would take a month longer. What did the strike do to the project?

5 The wizard seemed to have lost his powers. What did his jealous rivals think they could do to him?

6 When our pet dog got a serious illness, what did we all hope it would do?

1 The surprise party was a success, as we'd planned. What did it do?

8 Meg won the race easily, so what did she do with the first prize?

9 Reg ruined our plan bii9terfering. What did his actions do to our plan?
~· ---------- ------·e:~~ -- --------------------------------------------------------
•:,r"

10 Colin has run out of foo,g and it will take him a day to row his boat to land. What will he have to do for a day?

11 If Linda Smith gets 99% of the votes, what will she do?

12 They've made Peter a once-in-a lifetime offer. What should he make sure he doesn't do?

B Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries
in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they are used.

158
Adjective + noun collocations
Match the adjectives given in the square to lhe groups of nouns with which they collocate. The adjective must col-
locate with all the nouns in the group.

uncanny result
ability
intimate feeling achievement
startling resemblance revelation
standing
false

alarm
hope army details
pretences room setting
move ovation
joke

Complete the following sentences using the correct form of a collocation from Task A.

l This restaurant is well known for its __________________ .

2 Tom bears a(n) ---------- ------- to his father.
3 Countries with small _____ - _____________ usually have a larger reserve force to call up in times of crisis.
4 Rather than give them _ _ _______________ , Sheila prefers to tell candidates outright when they have
not been successful in their job application.
5 Everyone was dumbstruck when he made that __________________ at the press conference.
6 Last night, while working at my computer, I had the __________________ that I was being watched.
7 In this type of operation, one _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ can cause disastrous results.
8 When the actors came out to take a bow, the audience gave them a ________ - - - - _ - ____ .
9 As a historian, she had a(n) __________________ of the subject at hand.

C For the ten remaining collocations, write your own sentences.

159
\J
l live beyond your means: spend more money 1 lose track of sth/sb/time: not be informed or
than you earn aware of sth/sb/time
~

Graham has always lived beyond his means, and I'm sorry I'm late - I lost track of time.
now he is heavily in debt. 8 be in a jam: be in a difficult situation
2 make no bones about sth: speak frankly I'm in a jam because the babysitter cancelled
I'll make no bones about it - I don't like at the last minute. Could you come round?
those people. 9 below the belt: unkind or unfair
3 no love lost between (them): (they) don't like Those remarks were below the belt. No
each other wonder they provoked such an angry reaction.
Jane won't be upset if you don't invite her sb's/sth's days are numbered: sb/sth will not
sister to dinner - there's no love lost continue to exist much longer
between .them. It's clear that the party's days in power are
4 all bets are off: previously made agreements are numbered.
no longer valid
11 a shot in the dark: a random guess
I' II help you negotiate this deal if you agree to We don't know what's causing the problem;
do what I tell you; otherwise, all bets are off. we' II have to take a shot in the dark.
5 give the game away: reveal a secret, often by a knee-jerk reaction: an unthinking automatic
accident response
It was supposed to be a surprise, but Leah The Ministry's decision to ban all protes.t
gave the game away. marches was a knee-jerk reaction to yester-
6 be in the market for:
t
be in-terested in buying sth day's riots.
I'm in the market for a new stereo. Do you
have any suggestions?

Match the beginnings of the sentences with their endings.

She's in the market for a new car so a his days are numbered.
If they refuse to meetJhe ~tipulations, b he insists on living beyond his means.
I'm not lending him ap{toney as -long as c a little below the belt.
The comments she m~de ~ere d I lost track of him.
My friends have le!:fu;down; e I'll be in a jam if you don't help me.
He's very ill and it~J6pks as if f there's no love lost between them.
!. ..•.
She tries to be nice fo him but g all bets are off.
After high school, h I let her try ours out.

Wiite sentences of your own to illustrate the meanings of· give the game away, make !JO lwnes about sth, a s,hpt in
the dark, a knee-jerk reaction.

1
 l '1
She will come into her inheritance when she turns eighteen. They won three matches in succession, so their fans were
(what you receive from sb who has died, or ecstatic. (a number of the same kind of thing fol-
from previous generations) lowing each other without a break; the right to
be next in line for an important position)
2
This painting is part of our national heritage, and shouldn't 8
be sold to a foreign collector. (traditions and objects This collection of writings must be preserved for posterity.
that have been important to a country's history (future generations: a formal word)
and passed from one generation to another)
9
He claims to be a descendant of one of the first settlers.
He expected to get all the property since he thought he (sb from a later generation of a group or person
was the only heir, but then a cousin turned up. that lived a long time ago)
(person who has the right to inherit sb's property
when they die)
The legal system of that country is a le,gacy fram its colonial
4 past. (attitudes or a situation that has been influ-
Now that the managing director has resigned, we 're all enced by the past; money or property that you
waiting to hear who has been appointed as her successor. receive after sb dies)
(sb that takes the place of sb else: especially
used for important positions) 11
The family gathered in the solicitor's office for the
5 reading of the will. (legal document stating how you
He has high expectations of getting the job, but I fear want your possessions to be distributed after your
he will be disappointed (strong hope of receiving sth, death)
or that sth will happen)

6 We were not surprised that Great .Uncle Charles had left

There is growing evidence that violent behaviour can bequests to all his relatives; he had a strong sense of family,
often be put down to heredity. (the process by which (money or property left to sb in a will)
characteristics or rights are passed from parents
to children through birth)

Use one of the following words to fill each gap. There are-three extra words you do not need.

l Are we going to leave a ______________ of environmental destruction for future generations?

2 She used her ____ - _________ to finance her studies at university.
3 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ of the original tribes now live in cities.
4 Studies of twins who were separated at birth show the influence of _____________ -·
5 The outgoing chief executive's bad decisions will give his - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - quite a few headaches.
6 After a _______________ of wet days, the sun finally came out.

161
\/ Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.
l The - - - material was highly dangerous and needed 9 This sweater is much too small for me now. I
careful handling during transportation. washed it in hot water and it - - - .
combustible shrank
confidential tore
contagious spun
commendable contracted
2 His evidence was - - to the defense case; it It will be difficult to get that red wine - - - out of the
enabled them to prove their client's innocence. table-cloth.
compulsive spillage
conclusive leak
crucial stain
compelling slop
3 She decided to - - - with the services of the maid l l The wild horses - - - freely over the plains.
and do the housework himself. explored
dispose roamed
dispense strolled
depose wobbled
desert
He - - - angrily that it was all my fault.
4 She was - - - away From the company with promises resumed
of better terms and conditions from a rival firm. retorted
enhanced reprimanded
enticed restrained
manipulated
raided She turned up the CD player to - - - out the traffic
noise.
5 The new revelations regarding corruption within the
drown
company - - - him to offer evidence to the police.
chuck
instilled choke
pinched kick
rebuked
prompted She aimed the gun, released the s,pfety catch and
pulled the - - - .
6 Her - - - treatment by her employers finally forced
her to look for a better job. bullet
barrel
shabby
muzzle
messy
trigger
grungy
tardy He - - - denied the accusations, saying they were totally
7 The information came from a - - - source, so we false.
acted on it immediately. excessively
copious superficially
traditional strenuously
reliable thrustingly
covert 16 We - - - the turkey with a mixture of breadcrumbs,
8 The prisoners of war :Were - - - ; they had obv,Jously fruit and sausage meat before roasting it.
been starved. • · · packed
literal stowed
communal stuffed
marginal crammed
skeletal Happiness is - - - ; it only lasts a short time.
moveable
permanent
memorable
transient
He was in the - - when the murder took place, but I was surprised when the sheep went - - - into the
he didn't hear or see anything. pen.
proximity ardently
vicinity willingly
distance actively
vacancy forcefully
She -- - - information from the police and was My hearing has been - - - since my ears were
charged with obstructing iustice. damaged by the explosion.
withdrew devoid
withheld minimised
withstood injurious
withered defective
When the effects of the pain-killer had - - - , he was I had a disastrous day, but lately that's been
in agony. par for the - - - .
worn off course
taken up track
come round game
set in road
This prediction is just - - - thinking. There's The building has been renovated and now - ~ - to
absolutely no evidence to support it. safety regulations.
optimistic confirms
credible confers
wishful reforms
deceptive conforms
v You are going to read an extract from an article about mental health. Seven paragraphs have been removed from
the extract. Choose from paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph
which you do not need to use.

PILL

The world of psychiatry is questioning conventional wisdom

regarding mental health and society's reaction to people
who suffer from mental health problems. It is not, as you Today, we continue to try to find a way to make everyone
might expect, about the stigma attached to those with 'normal'. Governments, foundations, professional guilds
impaired mental health, but about definitions, and the and global pharmaceutical companies are convincing us
treatment of those who seek psychiatric help. that normal human emotions can be 'cured' and so should
be treated as diseases. Isn't this simply a variation on the
zombie-making approach? We continue to try to make
everyone equally but artificially happy.
Diseases and illnesses are treated by g1vmg the patient
medication, but how can the same treatment be meted out to
those suffering from anxiety, depression and conflict? The ·
mind is not the brain, and mental functions are not reducible If we believe that normal emotional responses which are
to brain functions. Likewise, mental diseases are not brain not pleasant should be eradicated, we are denying
diseases; indeed, mental diseases are not diseases at all. In ourselves opportunities for growth, learning and improving
the strictest terms, we cannot speak of the mind as becom- both the human and personal conditions. These are the
ing diseased. long-term benefits of pain and hardship, and we need not
seek to eliminate them.

Regardless of these difficulties, if pundits are to be

believed, one in five American children have a 'diagnosable Of course, some serious mental disturbances have a
mental illness', whilst more cautious government officials biological cause and can be controlled by using medication.
estimate that 9-13% of American children suffer 'serious What is dangerous in today's society is our somewhat
emotional disturbance with substantial function impair- surprising eagerness to label a natural urge or function and,
ment' The number of people in the USA being treated for having labelled it, add it to the growing list of syndromes
clinical depression rose from 1.7 million in 1987 to 6.3 mil- which are 'recognised' by the medical establishment as
lion a decade later. This number continues to rise. mental illnesses. The number of abnormal mental conditions,
as defined by a professional body, has mushroomed from
112 in 1952 to 375 at the beginning of this millennium.
These include 'oppositional defiant disorder' (rebellion
Unsurprisingly, in the infamous school shootings, those against a{.ithority), 'caffeine use disorder' {drinking too
who fired on their fellow"pupils'were found to have been much coffe-e) and 'feeding disorder of infancy or early child-
undergoing treatment, taking mood-altering drugs at the hood' (fussy eating). Because those with a mental 'illness'
time of their murder ~flf~es. It is hard to say whether the can claim diminished responsibility, we hear of people
drugs contributed to ' ' ~olence or whether the violence who claim ;the voices in my head made me do it' and profes-
was committed in spi the treatment. . sional women who state that mental illness (albeit a tem-
porary aberration) caused them to shoplift designer label
products. Surely it is time to stand back and reassess our
thinking and beliefs about what defines a mental disorder.
Granted, other treatment options are available. Psychosurgery
is a possibility in extreme cases, talk therapies have often
proved effective, and electric shock treatment has made a
somewhat worrying return. But there's no doubt that many
of the powerful new psychiatric drugs do appear to alleviate
depression, mood swings and a variety of other conditions.

164
A Equally, there are problems in defining the word diagnosis, f However, we can gain valuable insight into the implica-
which the dictionary defines as: 'the identification of a tions of drug use if we look back to previous types of
disease by means of its symptoms; a formal determining 'treatment'. Once, surgeons removed 'the stone of mad-
description.' In the case of bodily illness, the clinical ness' from the heads of lunatics. In more recent times
diagnosis is a hypothesis which can be confirmed or frontal lobotomies and electroconvulsive therapy (elec~
disproved through an autopsy. However, it is not possible tric shock treatments) became the answers. Even after it
to die of a mental 'illness' or to find evidence of it in was obvious that lobotomy 'cured' people by turning
organs, tissues, cells or body fluids during an autopsy, them into zombies, it remained a worldwide tool for con-
so how can we ever hope to be sure about a diagnosis? trolling unmanageable children and political opponents.

Such incidents raise the question of cause and effect: G The question of identifying and labelling is a serious one
which came first, the chicken or the egg? Can a chemi- as, ultimately, it affects treatment. Is someon~ suffering
cal in the brain cause a mental condition? Might the from a mental health problem suffering from a mental dis-
mood-altering drugs used to 'cure' the 'disease' cause order or a mental illness (where 'disease' and 'illness' are
the release of chemicals in the brain triggering a real interchangeable)? The dictionary definition of 'disease' is:
mental disorder which could last a lifetime and have 'a condition of the body, or some part or organ of the
damaging physical effects? body, in which its functions are disturbed or deranged;
a morbid physical condition'. Given this definition,
This, according to the health establishment and the shouldn't the term 'mental illness' be replaced by 'mental
media, proves that psychiatry has become a bona fide disorder'?
science, which has shaken off its early roots in guess-
work, shamanism and Inquisitorial cruelty. H Such figures mean that psychiatric drugs which have been
widely promoted have brought many more sufferers into
0 Some magazine accounts of 'clinical depression' begin, the medical fold. However, these drugs, touted as 'miracle
'My husband died, my son had an accident which left cures', do little more than dull the senses and inhibit
him paralysed ... and then my doctor prescribed a new normal brain function. At worst, they can cause crippling
wonder drug.' Or, 'Jim's wife left him, he lost his job and conditions like Parkinson's disease, 'helping' victims by
he was diagnosed with depression.' These situations are giving them real diseases which put them in wheelchairs.
genuinely misery-inducing and crushing, but they can Less powerful drugs can cause emotional disorders as bad
only be defined as illnesses if we believe that anyone in as those they treat: jangled nerves, hallucinati9ns, lethargy,
the midst of such tragedies can be happy. depression, memory loss and paranoia. ,. ,

E Pharmaceutical companies have a vested interest in fos-

tering our belief that drugs can help us to feel better, but
it's time we realised that if we are numb, complacent,
compliant zombies then we are not independent, think-
ing and critical. They lik'~\h
,,,,, t'
better when we are depend-
ent on them and content with our lot. They want us to
be happy in the same way that t,uxley's Soma-fed, tran-
quillised, corporate citizens of 'Brave New World' were
happy; mere clones, without critical faculties.

165
 Follow-up Questions for Further Comprehension
(Optional Task)

l What is the writer's main objection to mental 4 What is meant by 'pharmaceutical companies
problems being labelled 'diseases' as expressed have a vested interest in fostering our belief that
in paragraph A? drugs can help us to feel better'? (paragraph E)

5 What is the writer's attitude, as expressed in the

2 What does paragraph H tell us about certain psy- last paragraph, to some of the syndromes which
chiatric drugs touted as 'miracle cures'? have been added to the growing list of mental
illnesses?

3 In your own words, what is the writer's objection

to regarding any unhappiness as a 'disorder' 6 In the final paragraph, what are the implications
that needs to be treated? of formally labelling some syndromes 'mental
illnesses'?

166
 Prepositional phrases with 'heart' and 'mind'.
Fill in the missing prepositions in the sentences below, and choose between 'hem-t' or 'mind'.

1 They thought my grandfather was _________ his heart/mind to go white water canoeing in his eighties.
2 - . _ _ _ _ .. my mind's/heart's eye, I can still see the swings I played on as a child.
3 She was kind __ _ _ _ .. _ heart/mind, despite her intimidating appearance.
4 The referee couldn't have been ______ .. his right heart/mind when he gave that penalty.
5 I think that _ _ _ _ _______ her heart/mind of hearts/minds she agrees with you; she's just too stub-
born to admit it.
6 We don't always agree, but on this issue we are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ one heart/mind.
1 Whenever he says he's speaking' _______ the heart/mind', I suspect he's being insincere.
8 The plight of the homeless is something that has always been close ____ .. ______ .. my heart/mind.
9 I can't decide. I'm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ two hearts/minds about whether to go on a diet or go to the gym.
10 The new financial cutbacks have struck .. _.. ______ the heart/mind of the reforms.
11 - ________ my heart/mind, the standard of journalism in this paper is getting worse.
12 I hope ____ - ___ . all my heart/mind that they make a go of their new business venture.

Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Noise Pollution
Noise pollution is on the increase in modern society and seems
to be the one type of pollution which is the most (O) unmanageable. MANAGE
It is (1) _____ . _____ difficult to eradicate in cities where traffic EXCEPT
levels are excessive and souped-up motorbikes without
(2) ___ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ make life hideous. Previous generations con- SILENT
tributed to this problem by carrying over-sized "ghetto-blasters"
everywhere they went, with music blaring from the speakers at
(3) _ .. _________ high decibel levels. At least such items hav<: DEAF
fallen into (41 ___________ with the invention of small portable OBSOLETE
(5) . - ___ . - ____ players which come complete with headphones. PERSON
In (6) _____ . ____ -, the growing popularity of mass air travel ADD
is also a prime cause of noise pollution. People who live under
flight-paths suffer from sleep (7) ___________ and related nerv- DEPRIVE
ous (8) ___ - ___ .. ___ due to their inability to lead a normal life, ORDER
as ordinary (9) .. __________ such as watching television or PURSUE
making a phone call are made impossible by planes constantly
zooming overhead. It seems that governments' attempts to regulate
this type of pollution have been (10) ___________ unsuccessful. LARGE

167
\!
A Match the verbs on the left with the prepositions to make phrasal verbs with the meanings given. Then rewrite each
of the sentences below with one of the phrasal verbs, using the word given.

a up: become stuck for words while speaking

b by: happen without affecting sb/ sth
c in: be properly understood
d down: gradually become noticeable/loud/agitated, etc
e off: become/make slower, less active, etc
f into: become used to and confident in a new situation
g away: lose weight/strength due to illness/stress
h back: recover well after illness, trouble, etc
away: decrease (in amount, degree, etc)
j on: develop/make progress
k on: gradually begin to be liked by sb
off: do sth to end sth in a suitable way

1 I eventually started to appreciate her sense of humour. on

2 The uproar in the stadium continued until the world champion left the field. down

3 Business at the ice cream parlour became less hectic when the heatwave ended. off

4 Our teacher can talk about Shakespeare for hours without ever getting lost for words. up .

5 If you keep missing so many meals you'll lose all your strength. away

6 A vote of thanks for the guest speakers would be a nice way to close the proceedings. off

7 Share prices plummeted at the start of trading, but by midday they had recovered. back

8 The flowers are doing fine now that you've given them some fertiliser. nicely

9 It took fbf ever for the news to be absorbed. ages

-- ---•~ ----------------- ---------------- - ----------- ----------------------
10 It took a while to get used to her new role as a foster mother. grow

11 There was a drop in interest in the product when a newer one came out. away

12 It was only when he retired that he realised he hadn't stopped to enjoy any of his life. him

f'.<
B Choose the three phrasal verbs from this task that seem to present you with the most difficulty. Read their entries
in the Phrasal Verbs Appendix, then make up your own examples to illustrate how they arc used.

168
lJ
Miscellaneous
A Choose the correct option to fonn a collocation.
I a _ _ _ _ _ _ __ risk 9 a major
Cil calculated considered aspect factor
2 common ________ _ 10 ------- fire
a information b knowledge take catch
3 a _________ coincidence 11 a __ grasp
a happy b cheerful stable sound
4 a _________ burden 12 power ________ _
a heavy b weighty a dressing wearing
5 a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ standard 13 subject - -- _- - - - - -
a tall b high theme matter
6 a close 14 _ _ _ _ ____ quarters
cut b shave a near close
7 a _________ job 15 a(n) _________ cut
a pear plum power electricity
8 a ______ _ miss
a near close

,.
B Choose collocations to replace the phrases in bold in the following sentences

l Wearing clothes which convey authority is a good strategy for anyone wishing to get ahead in business.

2 It is a well-known fact that Bob and Sue have broken up.

3 There were several positions open at the firm, but the best position went to Sarah.
----------~· -------------------------
4 Free universatlhealth care is a costly or difficult responsibility for the state .
.u-

5 Being a freelance writer, I have a free choice of what I write about.

C Write your own sentences with the ten remaining collocations.

169
\/ l under your belt: achieved, obtained 7 the scheme of things: the way things are
Once you have some experience under your That department is not very important in the
belt, you' II be able to command a higher salary. scheme of things.
2 rise above: show you can deal with problems and 8 jockey for position: compete to gain an advan-
continue to progress tage
She rose above the petty infighting in her When the boss left, the candidates for her
department and greatly surpassed her sales job jockeyed for position.
quota.
9 know the score: be aware of the true situation
3 jump the gun: act too soon John will tell you what's been happening; _he
Isn't it jumping the gun to reprimand Tom for knows the score.
something he hasn't done yet?
10 run the risk: expose yourself to potential danger
4 at the en.d of your tether: have no patience left If you cycle to work, you run the risk of get-
I've been trying to do my maths homework for ting hit by a car.
hours and I am at the end of my tether.
11 bring out the best/worst in sb: cause sb to
5 get the run-around: be treated badly by being perform at their best/worst
avoided or deceived Such stressful situations always bring out the
Whenever I try to ask my lawyer for informa- worst in me.
tion, I get the run-around.
12 get off on the wrong foot: make a mistake at
6 sink or swim: either fail completely or survive by the start of a relationship
your own efforts. He got off on the wrong foot at work by
When the government stops funding museums, mistaking his boss for his secretary.
they will be left to sink or swim.

Fill each gap in the sentences below with an appropriate set phrase in the right form.

a I knew I was ______________ of losing a lot of money, but I bought the stocks anyway.
b Now that you've bought the stocks, don't ______________ and sell them at the first sign of trouble.
c Chantal ________ - ___ .. -; if she misses work again, she's fired.
d Family problems _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ George.
e The drivers were all ______________ -__ as they approached the red light.
f She was abandoned by her family, and left to ______________ by herself.
g I've explained this tq:'Vou ten times. I'm just about ______ - - - - - - - - - - .
h We _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ when we first met, but I hope to win you over sooner or later.

Write sentences of your own to illustrate the mi;,,lqt'ngs of· under your belt, get the run-around, rise above, the
scheme of things.

170
 U ilt '15

l 6
His whole argument is based on a fallacious premise. He spoke at great length, but much of what he said was
(wrong, based on wrong information: a formal irrelevant to the subject being discussed. {unconnected
word) to the subject; unimportant or inappropriate in the
circumstances)
2
It seems illogical to stop music lessons if you want to 7
become a singer. (not following a sensible way of At weekends, you should do things that are totally unrelated
thinking) to your job. (not connected)

3 8
It's unreasonable to insist that a twenty-two-year-old be His theory was shown to be untenable when experiments
home by eleven o'clock at night. (not sensible, unfair, failed to produce the expected results.
difficult to iustify) (unable to be held or defended against attack
and criticism)
4
This method of teaching is based on the erroneous belief 9
that all children learn in the same way and at the same His actions are inconsistent with what.he claims to believe
speed {incorrect, mistaken, or only partly true) in. (not fitting in with or mgtdH~~; unpredictable;
changeable) ,;,,(,,, ·
5
The election was declared invalid because the correct
procedures had not been followed. {not legal, not
acceptable because not carried out in the right
way)

Use one of the following words to complete each gap.

l I think my mother is being totally _ _ _ _ ___ -- ____ not letting me go hitchhiking round Europe.
2 I'm afraid your passport is _____________ -; it has expired.
3 The fact that I'm a woman is _ _ _ _ _________ and should have no bearing on my promotion prospects.
4 What he said today at the meeting is - __ _ _________ with what he said to me privately yesterday.
5 His stand has become ______________ since he lost the support of the management.
6 Eating disorders can be caused by the ____ - -- _______ belief that being super-thin is the norm.

171
 Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.

l I felt - - - to go to Sophia's party, as I knew that not 9 The police and other law - - - agencies are
many of her friends would be there. demanding greater powers.
a declined a obedience
b restrained b evasion
C compelled C enforcement
d construed d implementation
2 Our - - - guest is a household name and needs no 10 There is always an - - - to every rule.
further introduction. experiment
a extinguished b exception
b distinguished C expletive
C anguished d exemption
d vanquished
11 In her - - _ on hearing she'd won the lottery, she
3 The new coins are in several - - - , the smallest being dropped the telephone.
the one cent coin. a excitement
denominations b elevation
b categories C hilarity
classes d exasperation
d varieties
12 The - - from iustice led a life haunted by fear of
4 Our guests are from a - - - of society and so should capture.
reflect most points of view. a arbiter
a cross-section attorney
b cross-fire C criminal
C cross-purpose d fugitive
d cross-reference 13 Some facts have been - - - , but the police need more
5 She successfully completed her - - - and was evidence before a case can be presented in court.
awarded her Master's degree. a founded
a hypothesis b decided
bassignment concluded
C dissertation d established
d project 14 The two opposing armies which - - - in battle were
6 They waited for the scandal to - - - before evenly matched.
announcing their engagement. a moved
a wear off b engaged
b die down C opposed
C go out d hurt
d fall through
15 He was told to - - the mail before it was received
1 The - - - on the top shelf contain dangerous by the President.
chemicals. a intercept
a flares b intervene
b flasks C interrupt
c flanks di interfere
d flaps
. 16 The little boy looked extremely - -- - after playing in
8 It ~ecame - - - as t1fl{riol rcogressedthat one of the the garden.
witnesses must have:;p~en lying. a strenuous
a overt b impaired
b conducive C grubby
c legible d marginal
d evident

172
17 She was - - of telling a lie, as she always blushed 22 Land in the downtown area is at a - - - as everyone
and gave herself away. would like to buy it.
a liable a value
b incapable b supplement
C culpable C scarcity
d questionable d premium
18 It was obvious from the way he was - - - at the 23 He - - - his anger on the chair, kicking it viciously.
newspaper that he should have been wearing a vented
glasses. poured
a glaring c swamped
b glowering d twisted
C squinting
24 There's no - - - proof of his guilt.
d peeping
a adjustable
19 I only caught a - - - of her so I'm afraid I can't b sizeable
describe her to you. C touchable
a glance d tangible
b sight
25 - - - presidents have failed to reduce unemployment.
c glimpse
d flash a Prospective
b Consecutive
20 Mr Biggs is the - - - head of the companrr but it's C Retroactive
his wife who makes all the decisions. d Successive
a nominal
b seminal
C trivial
d minimal
21 Watch-making is a skill that demands great - - - .
a exactness
b precision
C performance
d perspective

173
 You arc going to read an article about international environmental conferences. For questions 34-40, choose the
answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

TME Ei\!VIR()NMENTAI_ SUMMITS

The first of the environmental summit meetings was held in Perhaps the greatest achievement of the World Summit
Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and was called the Earth Summit. was that non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the
This focused on certain treaties, such as the Framework world of big business explored how they could work,
Convention on Climate Change, as well as bringing about either together with governments or alone, to improve the
agreements on the need to stop species loss and desertifi- lot of the poor. An upshot of this was that seven of the
cation. The second meeting of this kind, called the World world's largest energy companies announced that they
Summit on Sustainable Development, held a decade later in would share technical plans on how to get more solar-
Johannesburg, was faced with the somewhat thorny problem powered generation plants to rural areas in poor countries.
of how to implement the decisions taken in Rio. It would be In addition, an aluminium company pledged to help vil-
inaccurate to say that the Earth Summit achieved very little, lagers in the Asian sub-continent to remove arsenic from
as out of it came the laudable 1997 Kyoto Protocol which their water supplies, one of the world's largest oil compa-
required industrialised nations to reduce greenhouse gas nies announced plans to put solar panels in thousands of
emissions to 1990 levels. Other spin-offs were the rural homes in poor countries, and mining companies
Millennium Summit in New York, the World Trade operating in Africa promised to supply free anti-AIDs drugs
Organisation talks in Doha, Qatar, in 2002 and, in the same and health care for infected workers and their families.
year, the conference on financing in Monterrey, Mexico, but
whether these result in real improvements remains to be While this was a significant step forward, particularly since
seen. the presence of big business had scarcely been felt at the
Earth Summit, it was just a drop in the bucket, given that
At the recent World Summit in Johannesburg, all delegates some 700 companies attended the World Summit. Their
acknowledged the need to take concrete measures in order involvement at such meetings is undoubtedly good fqr their
to attempt to improve the living conditions of those in the public relations image but, thus far, any help given by cor-
developing world who are Living in poverty. The delegates at porations has only been beneficial to a limited few.
the summit agreed to try to cut by half the number of people
with inadequate water and sanitation by 2015. This is Energy is something that many people in.the West take for
expected to help roughly a billion people and would go a granted: there is light at the flick of a switch and all homes
long way towards reducing the number of infant deaths have television sets. But according to a report published by
caused by diarrhoea, cholera and other water-borne diseases the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2002 prior to the
which affect the poor in the developing world. summit, some 1.6 billion people in the developing world-
have no access to 'modern' energy supplies. These people
Regarding environmental matters, the summit agreed to burn cow dung and wood, often in poorly ventilated hous-
restore fish stocks, in part by promising to actually guard es, leading to serious respiratory problems and even pre-
ocean areas already designated as protected. More countries mature death. The report states that, with existing policies
also agreed to ratify the.Kyoto Protocol in an attempt to alone, we can expect little improvement in the near future.
reduce global warming. ibefinal text of the Summit omitted
target dates and percentagesforthe use of renewable energy A question which arises as a result of such conferences and
sources, mainly because the world's oil-producing countries reports is: how useful are they? Delegates seemed to agree
were concerned about the costs of renewables. However, that what was needed was action, not words, and questioned
30 nations promised to go beyond the requirements set out in · the necessity for any further summit meetings. Given the
the summit declaration and agreed that renewable energy plight of the poor, the argument ran, it was obscene for del-
production should rise, globally, and pledged to conduct egates and their attendants to wallow in luxurious surround-
regular reviews of progress towards their targets. ings with shanty towns like Soweto only a short distance
away. Might the new millennium have ushered in a more
Also recognised was the need for developed countries to compassionate era? With any luck something will be done to
end farming subsidies so that poorer nations which depend alleviate the plight of the poor and of the planet.
on agriculture can compete in the export market. That
alone would greatly aid the move to decrease the numbers
of those living in poverty.

174
34 In the first parngraph, with regard to the Earth Summit; the writer
A implies that it was highly successful.
f!r expresses scepticism about achievements.
C says that nothing substantive came out of it.
D claims that its agreements are actually impossible to implement.

35 What admirable endeavour does the ]ohannesbmg Summit appear to have put on d1e agenda?
J~ providing people in the developing world with concrete housing
B ensuring clean water supplies for all by 2015
C eradicating poverty
D significantly reducing fatalities from certain diseases

36 What does the writer say in the third paragraph about the Kyoto Protocol?
/J1 it highlights the poverty of oil-producing countries.
B The final text of the Summit specifies targets for the application of renewables.
C It has become more widely accepted.
D It is not supported by any of the world's oil-producing countries.

31 With regard to food pmduction, the writer points out that

A some nations are aware of problems they cause by subsidising their farm produce.
B richer countries should subsidise the food in poorer nations.
C developing countries would not be able to compete in the export market without subsidies.
0 farming subsidies alleviate poverty.

38 What does the reader learn about the presence of business organisations at the
Johannesburg World Summit?
A There is considerable commercial interest in the welfare of the disadvantaged in the
developing world.
B It is a clever way tg,get free publicity.
C Almost 700 compa~ies are taking significant steps to improve conditions in the
developing world.
D Companies are only' concerned about expanding markets for their own products.
39 What difference between the West and the developing world does the writer appear to
stress?
A the disadvantages of those without television
B how little Westerners appreciate their lifestyle
11
C the health consequences arising where there is no 11 modern energy supply
D the failure of people to see how dangerous their fuels are
40 In querying the necessity for further world summits, it is suggested that
A they do not really achieve any good.
B the capability to act for the global good without extensive debate exists.
C people have become sufficiently compassionate without international co-operation.
D there is insensitivity on the part of the delegates.

175
 Follow-up Questions for Further Co1nprehension
(Optional Task) 1
I
l Which word in the first paragraph means "causing ~J How will the end of farming subsidies mentioned
difficulty or disagreement"? What is its literal in paragraph 4 affect farmers in developed
meaning? countries?

2 The word "actually" in paragraph 3 highlights 4 How does the writer feel about the future?
the irony of what issue? Which two phrases in_the last paragraph indicate
this?

176
~
Prepositional phrases with 'condition' and 'hours'
Match the explanations in the box with the prepositional phrases in bold in the sentences below.

a> when I needed help g) on an hourly basis

b) until very late at night h) at such an unusual time
c> ·when the business should. be closed n at ~xactly G o~clock,then 7o'clock, etc
d) unfit j) in,unhealthy circumstances
e> not in usual business hours kl . according to the terms
fl atthe last minute n unfit

1 I was so out of breath after walking up the hill that I realised that I must be out of condition. D
2 Many refugee families are living under/in bad conditions in the camps. □
3 Under the conditions of his contract, he must give two months' notice if he w~hts to leave. □
4 After drinking so much he's in no condition to drive, but who is going to tell him that? □
5 Most foreign language teachers are paid by the hour rather than receiving a salary. □
6 There is a bus to the airport on the hour from 6 am until midnight. □
7 It's going to be difficult to find a petrol station open at this hour. Why didn't you fill up earlier? □
8 If the police find customers in a pub after hours, the landlord could lose his licence. □
9 Edwar~ had refused to help me, but at the ~~eventfi,.h~ur he _changed his mind and lent me the money. □
He's so determined to get into university that he studies till all hours.
11 Every season we put on a fashion show at the boutique, out of hours, for our special customers. □
He was the only friend who stood by me in my hour of need.

177
~ Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the
space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

THE INFLUENCE OF ADVERTISING

Advertisements, whether in newspapers, magazines or on
the screen are (0) __ Lnpr_e_dlb..l}'_ __ effective. Although subliminal CREDrnlE
advertising has been banned, the power of advertising should
not be (1) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , as it still has dramatic effects on con- ESTIMATE
sumers (2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ companies would not spend such ER
(3 l - __ - _ __ _ __ sums on marketing. One of the main complaints ASTRONOMY
about advertising is the way that many businesses (4) ______ - _ - - - SPECIFY
target children, as do fast food (5 l ___________ , whose omni-
presence is widely believed to be responsible for the rise in
(6) - - - - - _ - - _ - in contemporary society. OBESE
Advertisements, as a genre, have been elevated to an art form in
their own right, and are very (7) ___________ in encouraging INFLUENCE
people to spend their money on useless but 8) _________ - _ Ai.LURE
objects.

It has been said that (9) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ has overtaken religious COMMERCE

festivals such as Christmas in parts of the developed world,
where consumerism is a way of life. Another criticism is that
advertising fosters a desire for items which may not be affordable
for those living below the poverty line, leading to some ill-advised
(10) ___________ and sacrifices so that a family can appear to ACQUIRE-
have a successful lifestyle.

178
 Match the verbs on the left with the correct particle and meaning. Then replace the items in bold jn the sentences
below with one of the phrasal verbs, using each verb once only. Make any changes necessmy.
bind a down on: act with authority to stop sth
clamp b up: hide the truth
come c in: kill sb
cover d out: identify and deal with a cause of trouble
dish e over: warn sb that they will have to reappear in court if they break the law
do f off: act to keep sth harmful away
go g in: deliver a suspect to the authorities
kick h out: give a lot of sth to sb/ a number of people
root upon: attack
set j into: inherit
turn k off: start (a game, discussion, etc)
ward along with: agree with a proposal, etc

1 He loves handing out advice to anyone who will listen.

2 The muggers attacked their victim the moment he turned into the dark alley.

i 3 People here wear lucky charms to prevent evil spirits from harming them.
I
I
I
I
4 The judge, threatening them with imprisonment, ordered the troublemakers to keep the peace.

I; 5 Her husband usually accepts and complies with her decisions, but this time he won't.

II 6 The council has started taking action against people who leave their cars near the hospital gates.

i 1 We intend to identify and remove the spies in our organisation.

8 When a price was placed on the head of the rebel leader, some of his own soldiers delivered him to

Ii the government forces.

9 Wasn't the police officer ashamed that she lied to conceal the truth about the beating her colleagues

I had given the suspect?

10 The landlady murdered her unsuspecting lodger to get his winning lottery ticket.

11 I inherited some property when my landlord died, leaving me the flat I'd been renting from him!

12 They set in motion their election campaign with a mass rally in the central square.

B Four of the phrasal verbs in this task have more than one meaning. Look them up in tl1e Phrasal Verbs Appendix
and write an example sentence for three of them to illustrate some of their other meanings.

179
11.Adjective + noun collocations
A Match the nouns given in bold to the groups of words with which they collocate. The noun must collocate with all
the words in the group.

special
emergency
precautionary
generous
2~~ ... .
daunting profound
temporary
. exciting
visible
immediate
undesirable
little

Choose a collocation from Task A to replace the phrases in bold in the following sentences.

l The host poured the wine, giving each guest a good amount.

2 Apart from an increase in unemployment, closing the plant will have numerous indirect consequences,
as well.

3 There is not much likelihood that he will be chosen for the national team.

4 The company started vetting its employees' police records as a way of avoiding potential problems.

5 In clinical trials, this drug was found to have few negative consequences associated with it.

C For the remaining nine collocations, write your own sentences.

180
\I l burn your bridges/boats: destroy your means of 7 take sb's word for it: accept what sb says without
returning looking into it
I don't think you should tell the boss what you Karen might look happy, but she's actually miser-
think of him before leaving; there's no sense in able - take my word for it.
burning your bridges.
8 put/lay (your) cards on the table: make your
2 the ball is in (your) court: it's your turn to take the intentions clear
next step We can only come to an agreement if both of us
We've offered him a settlement, so now the put our cards on the table.
ball is in his court.
9 give sb a hard time: make a situation difficult and
3 in/out of the running: have/not have a chance unpleasant for sb
Peter thinks he's next in line for the top job, My boss gave me a hard time because, she said,
but he's not even in the running. I'm habitually late.
4 pull punches: express criticism gently steal the show: get all the attention/praise that
She certainly didn't pull any punches when she others expected to get
told him what she thought of him. The children really stole the show when they
5 have the last word: make the final decision or recited the poems they'd written.
comment in an argument; win an argument 11 run out of steam: lose strength, enthusiasm or
It's impossible to discuss anything with Mark: momentum
he always has to have the last word. Sean was doing well at the beginning of the
6 put a positive spin on sth: make sth seem more school year, but now he seems to have run out
beneficial or as-:ceptable than it is of steam.
They' re trying to put a positive spin on the 12 not in so many words: not exactly as reported
downturn in the economy. 'Did he actually say he was quitting?' 'Not in so
many words, but that was the gist of it.'

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate phrase from the presentation.
a So, tell me, did you like my screenplay? Don't _______________ any _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -·
b I don't think our team is even ______________ for the finals.
c The magician was quite good, but it was his rabbit that _______________ when it jumped off the stage
and hopped onto someone's lap.
d Why don't you _____________________ and tell me what you really came for?
e He's very fresh and productive in the morning but, by late afternoon, he has usually ____ - - - - _____ -·
f The proposed war is not very popular among constituents. The government will have to find a way to
- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - it.
g They _______ me ___________ at the interview; somehow, I don't think I'll get the job.
h I can't give you any proof - you 111 just have to _____________ -.
For the remaining four phrases, write sentences of your own which illustrate their meaning.

181
 I 7
The family has hired a private detective to investigate the She has been researching the development of black holes.
easel as the police don't seem to have come up with any (do serious and detailed study of a subject so as
leads So far. (try to find out more information about to learn new facts, scientific laws, etc)
or examine the reasons for sth)
8
2 Analysing the information is actually more time-consuming
Divers have been exploring the seabed looking for ship-
1 than collecting it.
wrecks. (travel through a place in order to learn (examine sth by dividing it into its separate parts
about it) so as to learn about its qualities, meaning, etc)
We have been asked to explore the latest marketing
practices with a view to applying them ourselves. 9
(examine 1 ·look into a subject or question carefully It was obvious that the hotel room had been searched.
so as to find out more) (look carefully, in an effort to find sb/ sth)

3
Is this exercise supposed to test your English or your
1
The task force will seek solutions to problems currently
intelligence? (search study dr examine by means
1
plaguing young people such as unemployment.
1

of a lest, examination or difficult situation) (try to find or get)

4 11
Would you like to sample our wine and tell me what you When we enquired about our flight we were told that it
1

think of it? (try out, examine a smalL quantity of) had been delayed due to fog. (ask for information)
5 12
We are opposed to anyone experimenting on animals for We queried whether it was really necessary to attend the
any reason whatsoever. (conduct a trial, often in a lecture. (express uncertainty about)
laboratory, ,in order to. learn about or prove · the
truth about sth)

6
He objected to anyone questioning his motives.
(express doubt about)
After he was questioned by police he was allowed to go
1

home. (ask sb questions)

Use one of the fo!]owlng words in the correct form to fill each gap. There are three extra words you do not need.
'~<,:d

l The victims' families are ______________ compensation.

1
2 We II have to _____________ the results el]f·he exit polls before we can draw any conclusions as
to how voters responded in the run-off election.
·'
3 He assured his business partner that he had in no way intended to ______________ her integrity.
4 I think you should -------------- about your umbrella at the lost property office.
5 At the food exhibition 1 they let us .:. ____________ a lot of the products on display.
6 We have been -------------- reports that a white van was seen near the scene of the crime.

182
 Choose the most appropriate answer for each blank.
1 / made some suggestions to my supervisor, but he 10 They - - .. their engagement in the local newspaper.
wasn't very - - ... He prefers to do things his way. acclaimed
tl repulsive disclaimed
b receptive t: announced
restrictive d claimed
d representative l l The long - moment had arrived1 and the show
2 If the storm . - .. soon the damage will be minimal.
1
began much to the appreciation of the crowd.
1

a subsides anticipated
disintegrates b proposed
secretes conjectured
d dispels d discrosed
3 The child was - - - because he had iust been told off 12 His - - - fell upon a collection of stamps and his
by his mother. interest was aroused.
a reiected a sight
b subdued b glare
C subjected glimpse
d stiffened gaze
4 / love the smooth - - - of silk. As technology - - - there are ever greater
a textile possibilities of harnessing renewables.
version succeeds
C tissue b evolves
d texture C endures
1 5 She - - . to the journal because it was connected to d formulates

I her field of study.

a supplemented
14 His accomplice created a - - - while he carried out
the robbery.

I b appealed
subscribed
a diversion
b chaos

I allowed ·
6 He felt - . - by enemies on all sides.
C fabrication
d monument
15 There is an unequal - - - of wealth between
a beset
t · b bereft different nations.
c belittled a proportion
d beaten b modification

II 'l The supervisor - - - the indoor iobs to the men and

the outdoor iobs to the women.
a allowed
b allotted
1
C distribution
d pyrception
16 All complaints should be sent to the - - - of the
newspaper.
C portioned a landlord
d rationed b director
C tenant
8 We don t know whether this is a(n} . - - Egyptian
1

d proprietor
statue or a modern copy.
a audible 17 The philosopher was such a - - - thinker that few
b solid ' could follow his reasoning.
C authentic a surrealist
d true b profound
C methodical
9 The drugs were - - .. by the nurse acting on the
1
1 d plausible
doctor s instructions.
a administered
b inflicted
C accumulated
d atluned

183
 If you follow the correct - - - , everything will be fine. The burn has healed, but it has left a - - ...
OJ procedure a tarnish
b illustration b corrosion
c procession scar
d preface d decay
I asked Lynne to discuss it with him, as she handles He asked to be removed from the proiect and was
such delicate matters very - - to a different department.
a accurately a reassigned
b precisely b diverted
C manually C recruited
d tactfully rotated
She was - - - to her surroundings, as she was totally The news - - - suggested that the situafion was
engrossed in her novel. highly volatile. .
a negligent a notices
b oblivious b contents
C obliterated C projections
d preoccupied d reports
I haven't been shopping for weeks, so I must - - - Journalists reported - - - outbreaks of violence, but
my food supplies. no sustained warfare.
a restore a symptomatic
b revitalize b sporadic
C replenish C casual
d rejuvenate d reluctant

184
 ~ · T. es·t 1
Pr t ice

Part l
For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
~ Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
.
Ra1r1
It appears that, just as humankind (1) _ blindly about its business,
systematically bringing the whole world under its brutal control, so nature equally
systematically wreaks her vengeance on us in unpredictable ways.
The rainstorrns that have been plaguing the city are nothing like the (2) - .. - - - floods
of recent memory which destroyed many European cities almost (3) - _ - - - - repair,
but their effects are nonetheless felt. First, lightning slashes the darkened sky like a
knife, then thunder roars its menacing response and, much later, almost
unexpectedly, the skies suddenly mixed with and water crashes down onto streets and
balconies, (4) - - - - - - torrents of rubbish mixed with uprooted plants. But it is not the
effects themselves which disturb; it is that the sudden raw storms bespeak the
potential, even imminent, violence of the weather. Like the fury (5) - __ - - - by an
artist'.s fierce brushstroke, the duelling daggers of lightning instil in the viewer an
awareness less of the damage (6) - - - - __ than of the havoc yet to come.

l A meanders B drives C goes D travels

2 A flash B burst C spark D blaze
3 A without B past C beyond D outside
4 A upstaging 8 unhinging C upending D unleashing
5 A uttered B conveyed C stated D carried
6 A made B created C produced D done
Buses
The English word 'bus' originally came from the Latin word 'omnibus', whi~h
means 'for all'. The bus was so (7) _ _ _ _ _ _ because it was the first form of
public transport in the (8) ~ __ - _ centres of the Industrial Revolution, when
workers began to have to commute to work for the first time in history. Now
the bus is also an important means of long-distance and inter-city transport all
over the world.
London's famous red double-decker bus is one of the most well-known in the
world, but there are many other distinctive variations. In the Middle East, buses
may (9) - - - - - - of two separate hinged parts, (10) __ - - - them to take sharp
mountain turns. Many are heavily decorated with dangling fringes of pompoms
(11) ___ - - - the windows inside and colourful painted designs adorning the
exterior.
As traffic and environmental problems (12) _ .. _ _ _ _ plague city planners, buses
will be altered and adapted to meet the needs of the modern city and commuter.

7 A given B called C entitled D labelled

8 A urban B metropolitan C municipal D civic
9 A comprise 8 include C consist D contain
10 A enabling B assisting C impeding D easing
11 A drawing B glazing C streaking D lining
12 A regularly B increasingly C gradually D progressively

185
 If you're thinking of cycling to work, the place to work is Copenhagen. There,
wide curvy streets are lined with two extra lanes: the first, a sort of pavement
a couple of inches higher than the road, is for cyclists; the second, a few inches
higher still, is for pedestrians. The fact that they are (13) _____ - discourages
drivers from swerving into the space reserved for non-drivers.
Unfortunately, I don't live in Copenhagen. Where I live, cycling to work means
(14) _ ___ my life. Nevertheless, I climb onto my reflector-adorned bicycle every
day, sporting my very (15) _ _ _ _ _ _ canary yellow helmet and, dutifully signalling
my turns, (16) ______ my way to work, skirting the potholes and gutters, the cars
whose drivers seem not to (17) _ _ _ _ _ me, and the motorbikes jockeying for
position at the side of the road. Slowly but surely, things are changing but, in the
meantime, city cycling is not for the (18) ______ .

heightened increased C raised lifted

A risking B taking C losing D ruining
A notable B perceptible C visible D discernible
A find B make C do D pick
A remark B watch C notice D perceive
A faint-hearted B weak-willed C light-headed D open-minded

186
 You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with the body. For questions 19-26,
~ choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Enormously complex, the human body is made up of numerous interconnected

systems, which many animals, especially mammals, share with us.

The skeletal system comprises plastic-like cartilage, and rigid bones. The tip of your
nose can be moved from side to side because it is made of flexible cartilage. On the
other hand, bones, being hard, protect certain organs such as the brain, and they also
give our body its basic shape. Our skeleton is not like the framework of a building, how-
ever, for it needs muscles to support it, and that is one of the reasons why exercise is
so important. We deliberately move the muscles in our arms or legs, but other muscles, like
those which control our digestive system, for example, work independently. tine 9

Our circulatory system consists of the heart, which is simply a pump, and the vascular
system of arteries and veins containing blood which carries oxygen and food to our
organs and muscles. Oxygen is made available through our respiratory system when
air enters our lungs and oxygen is released into the bloodstream. Our digestive sys-
tem allows the absorption of food, through our stomach and intestine, but also involves
a number of associated organs like the liver, pancreas and gall bladder.

When one also considers the nervous system, comprising our brain, spinal cord and
network of nerve fibres, the reproductive system which makes procreation possible,
our immune system', which protects us from infection, our glands, which produce
hormones, and the lymphatic system, one begins to understand why medical students
spend so many years at university!

What is implied about some 111u~1.-;1J::o~ by the phrase 'work independently' in line 9?
,i,{(

A They work whenever they wantto.

B They work when we are not thin~ing about them.
C These muscles work separately from each other.
D We cannot consciously control them.

20 What was lhe writer's purpose in writing this passage?

A to explain why doctors spend so many years at university

B to show how intricate human anatomy and physiology are
C to show how similar we are to animals, especially mammals
D to explain how the human body works

1
D,
!flt'' 1

"My mum'II kill me if I get a tattoo!" moaned Sue, and settled for a transfer, seeing as
tattoos were all the rage. Mary, being an optimistic girl, simply told her mother that her
tattoo was temporary, and hoped she wouldn't notice!

Older generations tend to consider tattoos rather outrageous, probably owing to their
permanence and connotations of nautical types and bar-room brawls. If you're young,
on the other hand, you might consider the tattoo an expression of defiance, a declara-
tion of independence, or the latest trend, which you and your peers mustn't miss out
on.

It might come as a surprise, therefore, to learn that there's nothing new about tattoos -
in fact, primitive peoples used to decorate their naked bodies with them. Tattoos and
body painting were probably the very first forms of art. The application of the decora
tions was often performed at special ceremonies, and suffering pain was considered an
important part of the initiation into adulthood, the intensity of the harrowing ordeal giv-
ing the experience its significance and forging a bond among those who had shared it.

Some may consider tattoos trendy, but it might be a better idea to decorate your body
with garments, which can be replaced when no longer in vogue. Tattoos are more
difficult to remove when you decide that you've had enough of them.

21 It is suggested that
A sailors often sported tattoos.
B tattoos are considered unfashionable.
C tattooing is an important form of art.
D young people should take up body painting instead of tattooing.

22 In paragraph 3, the writer says that tattoos

A were only applied at initiation rituals.
8 were the only type of art known to primitive peoples.
C were sha~e,d am'oirgst the tribe.
D createdJ~,~~se of community.

188
I
I
I,

I How do we let people know that we like them? On meeting someone we like, we immediately
send messages which make our feelings clear. Perhaps the first indication is our facial expression.
The furrowed brow disappears, and is replaced with a smile. Of course, language plays a
I major role, too. We adjust the tone of our voice, and our words clearly indicate our feelings.

I True friendship, however, is usually only possible between people of approximately equal
status, and this uniformity is reinforced in personal encounters by a subtle synchronisation
of posture and body movements which we adopt and pick up unconsciously. Some of these
movements are so slight they arc hard to see with the naked eye yet, despite this, the human
brain can absorb the general message of the synchrony and respond with feelings of warmth
towards those who echo our bearing and gestures. It is this 'postural echo' which creates that
inexplicable feeling of ease we experience when we are with our friends.

Postural echo is a useful form of body language. Apart from giving us a feeling of rapport
with our friends - and enjoying the company of friends is one of the great pleasures in life -
it can also serve as a warning. If someone we don't really know starts sending a similar message, it
may be prudent to begin questioning their motives.

According to the first paragraph, what is it that disappears when we meet a friend?
A our inhibitions
B a frown
C our eyebrows
D our facial expression

24 The\{r:riter claims that we echo others' posture because

'-":'\•
)
A true friendship can only exist between people of dissimilar status.
B we want to make our friends feel at ease.
C we need to indicate equality before we can form real friendships.
I) it is considered courteous to copy ourfriends' posture.

189
 Are you happy with your f igurei The answer is probably a resounding "No!". It seems
nobody is satisfied with the body they were born with, and longing for a more beau,
tiful physique is just making everyone miserable. But just what is beauty, anyway?

Cultures have differing views about what is beautiful and, because of these variations,
outrageous situations can develop. For example, when cross-cultural beauty contests are
organised, non-Western contestants are chosen not on the basis of their true, local
beauty features, but according to the extent to which their features and proportions
approximate the current Western ideal.

It is clear that beauty does not have any intrinsic value. At the root of our response line 9
to beauty is our urge to classify information. Every new experience is automatically
checked against and instantaneously compared to previous experiences, and when we
find 'beauty', we are simply unconsciously analysing how well a subject compares to
our own pre-set rules. It is comparative, not intrinsic; relative, not absolute.

The hard truth is that beauty is in our brains and nowhere else, so for those who
don't consider their body beautiful, the message is clear: don't try to change your body;
simply change your mind.

What is suggested by the phrase 'beauty does not have any intrinsic value'? (line 9)?
A People have differing concepts of what is beautiful.
B Beauty has no practical value.
C People cannot always recognise beauty.
D Beauty is a quality that can be measured.

How does the writer feel about international beauty contests?

A None o{,Jfie,, participants are actually beautiful.
l,•,ii, ~" -, ,

B Non-W~~lt{r1:1. participants try to approximate Western ideals.

C Contesfiiftts"''tannot be compared on the basis of their real beauty.
D The judgirt~ is 'itctually based on the preconceptions of one culture.
0

190
 You are going to read a story about a visit to India. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the text. Choose
from the paragraphs A-H the one which best fits each gap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do
not need to use.

Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

I recently spent a month in India. I travelled with a child-

hood friend of Indian origin, and her father, who had
grown up in India. When the call came one afternoon, Of course, this is part of what makes for a great trip - the
announcing their intention of returning to India after 30 learning which comes from exciting and challenging expe-
years and inviting me to join them, I didn't hesitate for a riences, acquiring new information and making observa-
second; I'd been waiting half my life for this opportunity. tions about what you've seen. But this type of learning
forms only one part of what you discover when you're on
a trip. Inevitably, travellers have to process data regarding
other matters as well, such as about one's companions or,
Having spent a good part of my teenage years in the worse, oneself.
bosoms of the Indian families of my two best friends, I had
an image of that ancient land which differed greatly from
theirs. To me, India was not a tragic place, but an exotic,
magical, mysterious one, rife with quirky and vengeful Her father, however, was an unexpected delight. Evidently
gods, beautiful princess-like women, and pleasingly unfa- a childhood of trips with my own short-tempered father
miliar traditions. had given me the impression that travel made fathers
cranky and hard to please, which was clearly not the case.
My friend's dad's gentle patience and tolerance soon
quashed my apprehensions and greatly enhanced our trip.
The initial shock quickly wore off and it soon became clear
that the reality of India conformed to neither of my pre-trip
images of it,. but was rather a rich, startling, challenging
blend of the t½'d,, It did not disappoint, but it is a land of And so it was. Just as the driver hadn't seen the great grey
great extrem(JS. beast which towered above us as we'd almost driven off
the road to pass it, so things which had shocked and
astounded me early in the trip had no real effect on me by
the end of it. The begging and starving children barely
But the wonders are equally incredible: ubiquitous outdoor turned my head, the stench of the city streets no longer
markets overflow with produce the likes of which you've made me retch, the sight of skeletal animals didn't move
never seen; sweet, delicate flavours hide in hideous fruits; me to tears any more.
restaurants abound with an endless variety of delicious
savoury dishes; the scent of herbs and flowers fills the air;
women of all shapes and sizes are resplendent in jewel-
toned saris; fabrics of all the colours of the rainbow hang Countless times since my return, I have been asked
outside shops; scary, grimacing faces adorn coconuts and whether I would ever go back to India and, of course, I
ward off evil spirits; enormous temples with intricate would. But I know that it would be like reading an extraor-
decorations are carved out of living rock ... the list of the dinary novel; you can read it again, but the exhilaration you
overwhelming goes on and on. experience as the plot unfolds and the characters evolve
and develop can never be repeated in quite the same way.

191
 And so off I went, despite the ominous warnings and E I can't say I found out anything unpalatable or even
concerns of those around me, armed with a guidebook, surprising about my friend. We've been fellow travellers
some Hindi cassettes and several volumes of history and on a couple of trips and on the road of life for a long time
literature under my belt. As I took in the smell of burning now, and she was just the cautiously game and solid
rubbish and the sight of row upon row of sleeping bod- person I've always known her to be.
ies on the pavements on the drive into Bombay from the
airport, I wondered whether I would leave India as
enamoured with it as I had been when I arrived. F One of the most insightful travel writers of this century
wrote that to see poverty in India is to see merely what's
obvious, and both this and its implications are equally
B If it sounds like every minute in India is one in which you true. There is blinding, indescribable poverty: people
are tempted, tantalized, stimulated and challenged, it is live in the streets, picking food from the piles of rubbish,
because that is the truth. It requires every ounce of energy drinking water from the shallow, muddy rivers. Naked
and attention to receive the sensory stimuli which con- children with distended stomachs beg relentlessly, dis-
stantly bombard you - the honking horns, thronging turbingly, while mothers wash shabby clothes outside tin
crowds, careering rickshaws, suffocating smog, reeking huts, scrubbing them against the dirt road, hanging
gutters. And although making sense of it all is a round- them to dry on the overflowing rubbish bins. Diseases
the-clock proposition, the prospect of blinking and missing long-forgotten in the West cripple young and old alike,
one split second of it is equally daunting, because every- despite desperate door-to-door vaccination schemes.
thing somehow seems like something that can't be
missed. G And elephants weren't the only animals we had seen on
the streets, either. Cows were· everywhere and, though
C But there were still other lessons to be learnt. Once, they seemed peaceful, they could be vicious for no
driving along a narrow, bumpy highway in a rickety old apparent reason; I'd been head-butted by two cows for
jeep, we passed a man riding an elephant. I was nothing more than walking by them. Camels were also
amazed: was this simply a means of transport in rural common in some parts, though they didn't meander in
India? 'What was that man doing with the elephant?' I and out of shapes and lie down to rest in the middle of
asked the driver. 'What elephant?' was his reply. This the street.
brings me to the alarming thing I found out about myself,
or perhaps about human beings, in general: the truth of H I suppose this tendency to become acc.ustomed to the
Dostoevsky's famous adage, 'man is a scoundrel; he can truly appalling is both a stroke of luck for the human
get used to anything.' race, as well as being its downfall. In the context of India
and the rest of the developing world, it is quite a worry-
ing talent, for there are rather a lot of upsetting things to
D My friends and relatives expressed dismay at my deci- get used to, and succeeding in this must be the best way
sion to go to India, especially as news of political insta- of ensuring that things there never change. On the other
bility and border skirmishes hit the headlines. Efforts to hand, it may be easier that way.
convince me not to go reached a peak as the list of inoc-
ulations needed to g4~d against a dazzling array of dis-
eases grew ever J~~ger. Mi worried parents headed the
team of opponE(&lf::::,C"unsurprisingly, given their press-
inspired vision ofalndi£i•as an impoverished nation
ravaged by inter~f~Vc:onfl ict.
"i-'i,;a

192
 Pra ice Test 1

Part 4
You are going to read a features article from a Sunday newspaper. For questions 34 - 40, choose the answer
~ (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

11 1
llURD W()RU)' EXPERTS BEtP t()CAt COMMUNITY FIND ITS FEET
For the first time in the five years since the closure of the While the credit union members were making ends meet
notorious Millburgh Munitions Factory, smiles are to be more successfully than other residents of the Grange, they
seen on the faces of residents of the Grange, Millburgh's could not remain oblivious to the straitened circumstances
most rundown inner city district. New businesses are of their more disadvantaged neighbours. Accordingly, with
becoming established and unemployment, which until their credit union experience and by further recourse to the
recently affected a staggering 453/o of the working popula- community development expertise available in some parts
tion, is now approaching the national average of So/o. But of the "developing world", Ms Bridges and like-minded
the most amazing aspect of this remarkable recovery is, acquaintances set up the Grange Revitalisation Initiative.
according to some analysts, the fact that the initial boost According to Ms Bridges, "similar initiatives had already
for it came from the community development expertise of proven their worth in other communities and, indeed, by
a village in what many readers will have been brought up the time I contacted Winnie about the success of the cred-
to know as the "Third World". it union, her own community had set up the same sort of
initiative."
In the dark days when unemployment and poverty charac-
terised the Grange, one thing that soon became abundant- Founded with the aim of embracing a wider section of the
ly clear was that the amount of government support for community and injecting a spirit of optimism and activity
such a badly-hit community was woefully inadequate. Yet, into the Grange, the Initiative united a great many residents
surprisingly to some, the ideas that set Betty Bridges, one with the goal of determining their own future. Drawing on
of the founding members of the Grange Revitalisation the expertise of communities in Africa and Asia, the
Initiative, on the path to success came from Winnie, a pen- Initiative not only enabled people to pool their meagre sav-
friend she has who was born and bred in a rural commu- ings, but also permitted the most hard up to contribute
nity in Africa. "Winnie's ideas seemed rather alien to the their skills and labour.
ideas I'd been brought up with, but I was aware of how
successful they'd proved to be in her own community, and Using the interest on the money of those who had con-
it didn't take much to convince me that they were worth tributed their savings, and more of the skills and energy of
trying," explained Ms Bridges. those who had no savings, the Initiative quickly began to
make a difference. Flats and homes wereproperly insulat-
Following Winnie's advice, Ms Bridges was able to con- ed, making them warmer and·drier while reducing heating
vince many of herJriends and neighbours to pool most of bills. Starting with the homes of the elderly, solar heating
their pitifully modest redundancy payments to set up a is being installed. Co-operative businesses have been
women's credit u~9.ion. With their pooled resources, the established and, despite the cynicism of observers from
women had enough capital in their credit union to afford the business community at large, they are confounding
them some bargaining power. Each member was issued critics by their disciplined success. Not only do the
with a not-for-profit credit card, with which they are enti- employees have a say in these enterprises, but the wider
tled to obtain small amounts of credit at a low interest rate. community has a stake in them too. However, the most
impressive headway has been made in the field of voca-
Initially, the main benefits of the scheme were the low tional training provided and supported by the Initiative,
interest and the fact that the loans were collateral-free. whose aim is to make every res1dent both employable and
Soon, however, the credit union had persuaded most local employed.
shops to accept the credit card and also managed to nego-
tiate substantial discounts on bulk purchases. Thus, by co- Judging by its activities to date, the Initiative epitomises
ordinating their shopping requirements, the women were well-thought-out democratic decision-making and has
able to obtain the best quality for much lower prices than already resulted in many new jobs as well as a marked
they would have obtained as individuals. This strategy not improvement in local amenities and facilities. Perhaps the
only enabled them to make some savings, but reduced most vital element, even if it is not amenable to scientific
their anxiety while boosting their self-esteem. "In fact," measurement, is the community's new-found confidence
commented Ms Bridges, "I hadn't planned to set up a in itself. The people of the Grange now have a vision of
women's union, but on the one hand I didn't have many their future: they know where they are going and have
male acquaintances and, on the other, the men we spoke plans for how they will get there.
to were too sceptical of the idea to give it a go."

193
Practice·

Mat does the writer imply about the expression "Third World"?
A It is synonymous with unemployment.
B It is synonymous with recovery.
C It is an insulting term.
D It is a term that is no longer appropriate.

We learn in the second paragraph that Betty Bridges

A got help from a friend who had moved to a rural community in Africa.
S wrote to an African friend to ask for help.
C _was initially uneasy about taking advantage of her friend.
0 was unacquainted with the type of proposal her friend had made.

What appears to have been the main strength of the credit union?
A It provided a good source of easy credit.
B It enabled members to negotiate better deals.
C It was a not-for-profit arrangement.
D It was run by women for women.

'What point does Ms Bridges make about men with regard to the credit union?
A Their lack of faith prevented them from taking advantage of it.
B They felt that they had been left out.
C They thought hard about joining.
D They were dissuaded by the fact that the idea originated in the developing world.

38 The founding of the Grange Revitalisation Initiative was prompted by

A the jealousy of residents who weren't in the credit union.
8 the success that a similar initiative had enjoyed in Winnie's community.
C the continuing plight of residents of the area.
D the credit union's inability to succeed without guidance from overseas.

39 The writer regards the activities of the Initiative as being

A somewhat exploitative of those who had no savings.
8 ins~rumental in creating employment.
,~.
C ra\her confounded by a lack of business experience.
0 too disciplinarian despite their obvious success.
; ,.~

40 Mat point is the writer making when referring to scientific measurement?

A There is little proof that the Initiative has achieved much.
B The Initiative's main success is not easy to quantify.
C There is no scientific basis for confidence in the Initiative.
D Despite their success, the people behind the Initiative have not acted very logically.

194
 For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or DJ best fits each gap.
Mark your answers 011 the separate answer sheet.

'finy hairs in our inner ear feel, in effect, the vibrations caused by noises and
(1) - ____ them into messages which are then delivered to our brains. When our
brain opens the message, what it gets is a sound. The sense of hearing (2) _ - __ - _ in
the same way for most other species, with some variations; dogs and rabbits, for
example, can swivel their outer ear flaps in the direction of the sound, (3) - - - - - -
them to hear better; fish have grooves, instead of ears, on both sides of their bodies
which sense vibrations. (4) _ - __ - _ to most other species, humans have a rather
unimpressive sense of hearing; dolphins and bats can (5) ______ up to five times as
many sounds as we can.
Most of us wiU experience gradual deafness as we get older, but that's probably
nothing to worry about. Have you ever (6) ______ what life would be like if our
hearing was more acute? Arguably, we hear more than enough noise as it is.
l A convey B transmit C alter D transform
2 A performs B functions C occurs D acts
3 A enabling B consenting C authorising D aiding
4 A According B Compared C Attributed D Related
5 A observe B identify C notice D detect
6 A thought B asked C wondered D reflected

I
I It is not certain when salt was first used, but it is known to have been very
valuable to the Romans. Actually, it was such a (7) __ - - _- commodity during
ancient times that the Empire's soldiers were paid part of their salary with it.
Indeed, the modern word 'salary' actually (8} - - - __ - from the Latin word for
salt (salarium), which in turn explains the (9) - - - _ - - of the English expression
'not worth his salt', meaning that a man didn't deserve what he was paid.
Nowadays most salt is mined or extracted from wells, but (10) - - - - - - it was
taken from the sea. Shallow depressions were dug along the seashore and, as
waves lapped against the shore, the holes would fill with brine. As the water
(11) _ _ _ _ _ _ in the sunny, windy sea-side conditions, crude salt would remain.
Today, a more technologically advanced (12) ___ - __ of this 'solar' method exists,
and the salt is refined using chemicals.

7 A dear B priceless C costly D precious

8 A derives B descends C stems D springs
9 A base B source C font D foundation
10 A originally B firstly C primarily D typically
11 A evacuated B exacerbated C evaporated D eradicated
12 A edition B version C account D transformation

195
Practice. e 2

Work Experience
',I

Several years ago, I had the opportunity to work for a large multinational in a
distant southerly land. I was (13) ______ by the high salary, long holidays, various
other perks like a car and a luxury apartment, and, of course, the excitement
and intrigue (14) _ _ _ _ _ by an adventure in a foreign country.
The blistering heat which blasted me as I exited the airport should have
(15) ______ as the first clue that I might not fit in as effortlessly as I'd imagined,
but I was oblivious. Soon, though, I found myself practically crippled by the heat.
It proved difficult to work effectively, as the promised air-conditioning was
constantly under repair. It (16) ______ out to be even harder to take advantage
- of the exotic locale, as it was too painfully hot and blindingly bright outside to
(17) _ - _ _ _ _ much further than my front door. By the time my (18) _ _ _ _ _ _ long
holidays rolled around, I was ready to leave for ever.

13 A captivated B approached C enticed O appealed

14 A promised B predicted C pledged D secured
15 A provided B offered C functioned D served
16 A found B turned C came D made
17 A hazard B venture C risk D dare
18 A fastidiously B deplorably C alluringly D haphazardly

196
 Pr ice Te , 2

Part 2
You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way with the sun. For questions 19-26,
~ choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers
on the separate answer sheet.

THE SUN
Telling you that the sun is about 150 million l<ilometres away doesn't really give a clear
notion of the distance involved. It might help if I told you that travelling at the speed
of a passenger aircraft non-stop, it would take about 21 years to get from the Earth
to the sun. It's much further away than most people think, and perhaps that's just as
well.

The sun, just lil<e any other star, is a huge ball of hydrogen atoms, so compressed by
its own gravity that its temperature has risen to the point where nuclear fusion takes
place. This happens deep within the sun's core, where hydrogen atoms fuse, produc-
ing helium and releasing energy in the form of heat and light.

The sun is not by any means an unblemished, perfect sphere. Irregular dark magnetic
storms, called sunspots, traverse the sun's face; enormous surging clouds of ionised
gas known as prominences tower tens of thousands of kilometres high, like great
loops of flame, only to collapse again; and sudden intense bright patches allow blasts
of radiation to leap violently outward into the solar system. The sun is a restless,
tumultuous place.

Eventually, it will run out of fuel. In about 5 billion years' time, the sun's hydrogen
supply will be exhausted, and the sun will mushroom into a monstrous planet-devouring tine 11
red giant before finally forming a spectacular planetary nebula, with a tiny searing
remnant, a white dwarf, at the centre. Hopefully, by then, we will have procured
greener pastures. ·

19 Why did the writer use the example of the aircraft in the flrst paragraph?
A to demonstrate why an aeroplane cannot travel in space
B to show that it takes 21 years to get from the Earth to the sun
C to give readers some idea of how far away the sun is
D to reveal how much slower than spaceships planes travel

20 What is meant by the word 'monstrous' in line 17?

A colossal
B ugly
C shocking
D disgraceful

197
 E IN ll
There is disagreement amongst experts as to whether there are any advantages to be gained
from exposing the body to the sun. Some dermatologists suggest that there are certain ben-
efits, such as the generation of vitamin D in the skin, while others warn that sunbathing
should be avoided at all costs and that we shouldn't even consider getting a tan, because
of the sharp increase in cases of skin cancer as a direct result of sunbathing.

However, for those of you who are determined to go out into the sun, here are some DOs
and DON'Ts:

DO
- gradually expose yourself to the sun until you have developed a tan
- sunbathe for a maximum of twenty minutes on the first day
- put on clothes that cover your arms and legs after sunbathing to prevent further exposure
- inspect moles and freckles, and report any changes to your GP

DON'T
- expose pale skin without a sunscreen of at least SPF 15
- go out in the sun without sunglasses that give UVA and UVB protection, or you risk
developing cataracts
- expose babies under six months of age to the sun at all, as their skin is very sensitive

21 According to the text,

A we should avoid exposure to the sun at all costs.
8 we must do some sunbathinK so that our bodies can produce vitamin D.
C there is no consensus of opinion among dermatologists.
D skin specialists are loath to give advice.

22 You should worry, i&tjpJding to the text, if

~.c i;;jdZ;r,-
A vitamin D is not g'lfnerated in your skin.
B you have cataracts. .,
C you notice any changes in spots on you.r/;k:tr:1.
D you don't develop a gradual tan after twenti))linutes.

198
The excitement was tangible. It was my very first total eclipse, although some of my fellow
travellers had covered great distances in the past to savour the experience. As the sun and
moon approached each other I was tempted to look up and see how much distance separat-
ed them, but of course you must never look at the sun as you can quite easily be blinded. We
had already been warned about the dangers.

As the time drew near, we donned our special goggles, and stared up impatiently. Then,
quite suddenly, the sun looked as if someone had taken a little bite out of it. Almost impercep-
tibly, the bite grew larger, gradually covering more and more of the sun's face. I noticed that
it was getting colder. There was a perceptible change in the temperature, and an unearthly
silence. As the moon fitted snugly over the sun, we took off our goggles and gasped. line 10
Magically, the bright atmosphere of the sun, the corona, was suddenly visible, shining all
around it like a halo. I looked through my binoculars. Pink prominences flamed near the sur-
face. I glanced down; it was dark and cold. Unfortunately, totality only lasted a few short sec-
onds, but I realised why so many of my companions had travelled the world to behold the
spectacle again and again. It was a truly unforgettable experience.

What aspect of the eclipse is emphasised by the use of the word 'snugly' in line 10?
A the surprising nature of the event
B the fact that the moon seemed to fit exactly over the sun
C the smooth and gradual motion of the moon
D the coincidence of the sun and the moon having the same size

How does the writer seem to feel about the experience?

A exuberant
B disappointed
C titillated
D amused

199
Pra ice Test 2

THE SUN AS SYMBOL

Fron1 the earliest cultures, the sun, perceived as the life-giver, has been a recurring
theme, from Ra the sun god of ancient Egypt, and Apollo in ancient Greece, to the
goddess Amateras-Ohmikami in Japan.

Since the sun was good, anything that blotted out the sun was considered evil. As a
result, eclipses generated foreboding and fear. An embodiment of the eclipse was the
dragon or demon who devoured the sun, and many ancient peoples would perform cer-
emonies during an eclipse to frighten away the dragon and save the sun from destruc-
tion. Curiously enough, it always seemed to work, and the sun always duly escaped its
awful fate.

The sun as illuminator of beauty and symbol of inspiration and hope has repeatedly
appeared in literary works. The great Greek poet Odysseus Elytis often ref erred to
sunlight in his poems. On being presented with the Nobel Prize for literature in 1979
he ended his lecture with these words: "To hold the sun in one's hands without being
burned, to transmit it like a torch to those following, is a painful act but, I believe,
a blessed one. We hav~ need of it. One day the dogmas that hold us in chains will
be dissolved before a consciousness so inundated with light that it will be one with
.the sun, and it will arrive on those ideal shores of human dignity and liberty."

25 What is the writer's reaction to the success of efforts to save the sun?
A He shows surprise.
B He is repulsed.
C He is awestruck.
D He is ironical.

26 What d/J~~ the sun symbolise for the poet?

f~f'-
A a f 4ft'.'.e which gives life to all the plants and creatures on Earth
B a p~~er which provides for all our needs
C enlightenment which is passed from one generation to the next
D the light which illuminates our path into the future

200
 Pra est2
Part 3
You are going to read a brief biography. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the text. Choose from lhe
paragraphs A - Il the one wfoch best hls each gap (27 - 33). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need
to use. Maik your answers on the separate answer sheet.

I W.A. MILROY·- AN ARTIST cur ()f:f IN HIS PRIME

I
I ··-·· ··-····. ·c-·-·-···--·................._ . .. ••··-···--~--···~··-·...-,.•·-·-·-···
Wallace Arthur Milroy was born in 1951 to a middle-class
family, the youngest of three children. His early years were
'--~-
r 31
l ..............-............ _._,,., _______ .............................- .....,
..... .. ,

idyllic: as the baby of the family, he never lacked attention One of his more malleable friends managed to find Wallace
or affection. His father was a somewhat distant figure, usu- some freelance work at the advertising agency in which he
ally-working long hours attending to his manufacturing was rapidly scaling the ladder, which at least meant
business. He had patented a new type of rivet and this was Wallace could buy either drugs or his materials. Which he
the only source of income for the family. chose depended on his mood, but more often than not he
chose the former, virtually abandoning his creative talent,
especially since, because of his erratic behaviour and
inability to meet their deadlines, the advertising agency
As he grew older, Wallace realised that his mother cherished didn't give him many commissions.
the ambition of becoming a published poet - hence the
constant jottings when an idea came for a phrase or expression
that might complete or begin a poem. It was in this kitchen
that he first began his artistic career. His mother was making This turned his life around. Apart from occasional bouts of
a cake, while writing distractedly in her book, when he acci- depression and drunken sprees, he developed a new attitude
dentally (or perhaps because he was seeking attention) to the society in which he was living. During his drying-out
knocked over a bag of flour. He carefully spread the white period, one of the friends with whom he had left some
powder over the floor and began making·patterns, using his paintings threw a party, and a gallery owner discovered
index finger. one of Wallace's works leaning against a wall in the
kitchen.

Wallace visited a mus~um with his father when on holiday

at the age of four, andtrecalls being mesmerised by a partic- The following three years saw him at his most innovative
ular object: the beautiful face of a black bull which also had and prolific; he produced what are now considered to be
a practical use. It had been used as a goblet by the his masterpieces. Unfortunately, he is not alive to wallow
ancients. in the acclaim, as he died at the age of 48, of cirrhosis
of the liver. A tragic waste of a life, which is a common
sentiment of biographers who choose artists as their
11.,
i\, subjects. Wallace was slightly different, however, since he
His school career passed in a haze of metfiocrity, although did achieve some success in the few years before he died.
he did pass two examinations, in Maths and Art, despite
the fact that his art teacher hated most of his work. To pass.
exams, Wallace had to curb his own distinctive style and
paint as he'd been taught, using perspective and creating.
more generally accepted works.

I
After graduating from college, he adopted a Sartrian philos-
ophy and horrified his mother when he did nothing but
pontificate on life, the universe and everything, whilst his
father threatened to cut him off without a penny unless he
made an attempt to look more conventional and find a

201
A Indeed, this combination of art and function was to E He then went on to Art College, moving from the north
become a feature of Wallace's art. When interviewed to the capital, his first taste of freedom and the bright
about his style of art, Wallace always stated that what he lights. Here he was in his element, surrounded by artists
did was not new or innovative - it was just that, in a and wannabes, immersed in a totally bohemian culture
more utilitarian age, people were used to the concept of with all that that entails. He produced works that were
WYSIWYG - computerspeak for "what you see is what regarded as astounding, and basked in the praise of his
you get". tutors, whilst his friends enjoyed the kudos of his
reflected glory.
B Mrs Milroy was hardly the practical type. Indeed,
Wallace Arthur's early recollections of her were of an f Rejections from advertising agencies and galleries made
affectionate mother who was always leaving what she him regret his adolescent response, because he was
was doing to write something in a journal, which was now totally reliant on state benefits, which were
perpetually open on the kitchen table. This was for not enough to buy materials or, of course, drugs,
her convenience, as the hub of the family home was the alcohol and cigarettes, although his rent was paid for.
kitchen, normally the warmest room in the house, He stubbornly refused to alter either his appearance or
where she practised her other recreational pastime, cre- his attitude, and no-one wanted to employ an artist with
ative cooking. dubious talent.

The rest is history. Wallace was commissioned to mount G Instead of being angry, his mother latched on to his latest
an exhibition of his art, a retrospective of his earlier experiment and, while complimenting him on his
works. It was extremely successful, with critics extrava- ingenuity, gently drew him away, producing crayons and
gant in their praise of a new 'young' artist, although by this paper from a barely-used kitchen cupboard, where they
time Wallace was 45 and looked older, his face made had been abandoned by one of his sisters. In her usual
haggard by over-indulgence. motherly fashion, she cooed over his attempts, which
naturally pleased Wallace. But it was his father who
D He would have been perfectly at home with the bohemian recognised his son's talent and began to nurture it.
set of international artists, writers and philosophers of
the Paris of the 1920s who lived similar lifestyles, H Eventually, the inevitable happened: he lost his flat
experimenting with new forms of art and philosophising because of unpaid bills. So he gathered up his canvases
in the street cafes. Unfortunately for him, he was living and took them to more conventionaL friends for
in a less enlightened environment, where laws were safe keeping. By this time, his drug~addled brain told
strictly enforced and where people were expected to him his works were more important than he was
earn a living. himself. He was picked up by the police, slammed in a
cell, and had to endure the torments of cold turkey before
his long-suffering parents prevailed upon the authorities
and had him transferred to a rehabilitation centre.

202
 Practice est2

Part 4
You are going to read an article about the far North. For questions 34 - 40, choose the answer (A, B, C or D)
which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers 011 the separate answer sheet.

THE NORTH
One of the most interesting things about the far North foreign land. Northern Scandinavia fulfils the same role for
is that academics do not seem to be able to agree on Europeans, while for Swedes, the northern part of their
precisely where it is, which is something I would have country is a place of hopes and dreams. Siberia may be the
thought was a fairly straightforward issue. But those best-known example of this phenomenon of the 'imaginary
people studying the North at the various institutes of North'. It emerges frequently in many widely-read works of lit-
_ Northern or Polar or Arctic Regions Studies (who, incidental- erature as the moral counterpoint to the superficiality and
ly, are more numerous than you might imagine) are having banality of daily li,.e. In fact, so significant is the presence
quite a tough time of it. The trouble is not, of course, that of the 'pure' Siberia in Russian literature that several mono-
they do not know where the North is; it is not even that graphs have been written on the subject. As with the others,
they are unable to reach a consensus on its geographical there is a duality in the fictional portrayal of Siberia - for
boundaries, which is certainly also true. The real problem Russians, it is the land of both plenty and of darkness.
is that the North is not really a place, but an idea.
By and large, however, fiction featuring images of the
Perhaps the most concrete and mercenary idea of the .so-called 'imaginary North' has been written by authors
North is as a sort of colony of southern-based national who have never even been to these remote areas, with the
governments. In this view, the northern hinterland is possible exception of Russian writers, several of whom had
portrayed as a place overflowing with natural resources in fact been to Siberia. So, what of the reality? What do
ripe for exploitation; it is not a place which has any real those who have had real-life experience of the North say
existence independent of the mother country. This is the about it? Library shelves and lifestyle magazines are full of
industrialist's concept, and his goal is the promoting of factual accounts of life in the North, ranging from explorers'
industry, the maximising of raw materials, and the making accounts from the nineteenth century to interviews with
of money. For decades, it has provided the theoretical nurses who, enticed by supplementary pay, have gone
underpinning for the exploitative activities of governments there to work. Their tales all echo the sentiments
of nations whose territory includes Arctic regions. expressed in literature: the dichotomy of the terrible frozen
wasteland and the final innocent frontier; the myth of the
This concept of the North, though slightly outdated now, great escape into the unknown and the venue for the glorious
has always existed in spite of, and concurrent with, the triumph of the human spirit. "
view of the North as the last bastion of wilderness. In this
view, the North is a place of extremes: stark, barren land; Academics are not much different, in the sense that they
blinding, never-ending days in summer and endless dark are equally likely to create subjective definitions of the
nights in winter; blistering winds and subzero temperatures; North. Every researcher is governed by his or her own indi-
extraordinary solitude. But even all this is seen as having a vidual interests and inclinations, and every discipline has
breathtaking beauty - the barren land is awe-inspiring, its own criteria for defining the northern hemisphere. Even
lunar; the sky a sapphire blue, lit by a life-giving sun; the scholarly writing is replete with flowery prose and
creatures majestic and resilient; the cold crisp and invigorating; metaphors when describing the North.
the solitude liberating. The North spells escape, wonder,
freedom, and offers us the dream of a chance to assert our The prevalence of the myth of the North testifies to its
very humanity because, in our imagination, we are pitted necessity. Even as humankind slowly and systematically
against the elements in an exhilarating us-against-nature brings nature under its control in a short-sighted brutish
equation. The North challenges our very existence as display of strength, people continue to fabricate a dream of
human beings and, in it living is our greatest achievement. untouched wilderness - another final frontier. Those who
actually live the dream, the Inuit, have a theory. They
The myth exists, and is shared by all peoples whose believe that all physical beings have a spirit, called inua,
nations encompass northern lands. Comprehensive studies and that this spirit characterises its host, but is essentially
of various national literatures reveal that the image of the independent of it. People, animals and even the weather
North as described above is embedded in the psyches of have spirits which live a life apart from the material one. In
the peoples of many northern countries. For Americans, for the light of this conviction, it seems fitting that our image
example, Alaska represents the last frontier and the most of the far North has a life all its own, which exists inde-
terrible wilderness. Canadians have similar perceptions pendently of its real host, the North.
about the vast Canadian north, characterised by a similar
dichotomy- the North is at once a homeland and a distant,

203
 ice,· est 2

34 The author reveals in the first paragraph that she

A is dissatisfied with academics' contributions.
B understands why academics are having difficulty.
C finds the academics' woes very amusing.
D is surprised at the number of people studying the North.

35 In discussing the perception of the North in the second paragraph, the author shows her
A sensitivity toward Northern peoples.
B disgust at the aims of industrialists.
C ambivalence regarding the use of natural resources.
D disapproval of policy towards the North.

36 In paragraph 3, what does the author state about the North?

A People have contradictory ideas about it.
8 People cannot survive there.
C People would like to escape there.
0 It possesses both benefits and drawbacks.

37 In the fourth paragraph, describing different countries' conceptions of the North, the author
A argues that all countries have the same idea.
B provides a specific example illustrating the main point.
C claims that each place has a unique view.
D maintains that one nation provides a good example of the typical view.

38 The author's tone regarding writers who have never been to the North is
A dismissive.
B supportive.
C aloof.
D objective.

39 The example of academic writing is used to show

,,1e pervasiveness of grand ideas about the North.
'e difficulties associated with studying the North.
,similarities between academics and other writers.
e inaccuracy of perceptions of the North.

40 In the passage, the author makes ,it,clear that

: ~:,;

A the North itself has an independJ1ipirit.

B efforts to control nature provoke d~~ms of escaping.
C the concept of the imaginary North satisfies a basic need.
D our image of the far North is similar to that of the Inuit.

204
i

(in)ability, disability
ab0Jition,_a~9litionist __________ _
academically (un)academic academia, academic, academt,
---- --•--------- ·------------ - - - -- - --------·-~ -
academician
- ------ . -~----- -- -------·----- - ---
accept (un)acceptably accepted, (un)acceptable acceptance, acceptability, acceptancy

access accessibly (in)accessible access, accessibility, accession

------~~"~---·---~----~-~- ~~-- accessory ____________ accessory ___________ _
acquire acquisitively - acquirable, acquisitive, acquired acquisition, aquirability, acquirement,
_ acquisitiveness _
activate {inter) actively _(ir1{ir1te_r)9cti\1!3, {@)adivated {in)action, interaction, (in)activity, activist
add
addict (usu, pass.)
additionally _
_ added, additional _____________ ;;-dditi;~;-~dditi;~
_ _ _ _ ___ addjcti_v_13, oddicted _______________ _c::~dict, ?d~teci_n_e~~d~ic:tiori_ ______
-----------=-~-
____ ____ ___ _ ___ (in)adequofoly ___ {in)adequate adequateness, (in)adequacy
afford affordably_ ~ffordable - ________ - ~ ~ - __ __c::~cxdobility - ~---- --~-- __ _
aid ---~- _ {~n)qided,_aiding aid, aide _ _ _ __
ail __ ______ __ _ _______ _ . -~~--- ailing_~-- ____ _ _ _ailm!,nt >- 0
_ _ _ _

allur~ ~Uuringl}'.... __ . I?llt:Jring _· allure,,allurement, allurer

;;-;;;w;r-- --------- -- - - - -
(un)aqSYv'Elrapl!:), answedess, ------------ o~~,,..,er, CJ-;;;~;;~~bJlity,~-n-;0er;~,
.i.ih;n~'N~~ecf answerphone,
anxious . -•.••. - : 'anx;iety, anxi~tJsness
~----'-----~'---'--~ -~--------a~cbit~~t~fal , '.- - :. _._:__.•_____:._-_·___
: a_-_·_rc_h_it_ect; a_r~c_h_ite_(_1t_u_re___-_--_-_--_--_--_---_--_---_---_---_--_~
•. {un)trrguable; iirgumehtativ~ - argument, arguer, argun:ienlation,
---• brgu~entativer:r¢~~ -
-~----~~"-·•----~---··-

' . - --- -- ~-----~"-'-'--'-f--:·_;_'. '._'j/arot.:. . m9.me,_.ny_t;,:_.ootta•-:st_r~,-_.niiab6~1-l~r __

att~intrl;>le
~-~-----~-,__,_.--,._.,,-.-,,,__ _ _ __,_,___-'r--~~---------'->---~--___.,~--~--~~-~--- ,,.., ,, ,
- aypidable _. _ a~oidance <
- basic, base, hasciess, b · . base, basic;, b~~is,.baseness, basement
- - - - - - - ~ - - ~ , - · , : ;,------··· base! essness
1un)b~qral,ly, · {unJbearal:ile ·_ (un)bearableness
-~------- _~bElfm~/¼!oi'ellcmcl_-_b_-e_f_o_r_e__m_e_n_ti_o_n_ed_________________ . . ____ ___ _ ____ . __ ·.
0

beneficial, beneficent . benefit, beneficiary, :benefaction,

< ben;~cil~,{f ., b~nefactor: · ··-

· d1ildproof;6-hild.ish,-~ilalilc~, ,c;9iJdless' <;; .child, 'childhood, chi_ldishness,------

.. -' - . - . ·- . '. ' . • . ;: 1chiidless~~~s, chi/dbea;ihg, childminder
_:i?~.t/\0;.-ci~culc:i_tiOn - . - ______ _
er~c(~ . - . dptt~r ·

petitive.:--,: ' mpetifipn, compf'J!itor; :i::on,petitiveness

-iriJc6mtit~rjt re :.. in)cQmpe'terice, ccfrnpetency
. niitleie'l:i;:finjconsi __ . ?2onsideration, {in)considerateness,
. (i~)considembly ·_ · · (in)considerablenesf

205
 consume consumable, consuming, (un)consumed consuIT1Elr, consumerism, consumerist
cost co~tly, cost:effeC:~ve cost, costliness
if- --- -- - -

(re)create, procreate creatively creative, recreational, procreative, creature, (re)creation, creator,

__ (lJn)cr_eated creativeness, creativity, procreCJtion
(in)credibly (in)credible, (in)credulous (in)credibility, (in)credulity, {in)credibleness,
_{in)credulousJy __________ __ (in)credulous_11ess, creed ___________ _
criminalise criminally criminal crime, criminal, criminality, criminology,
criminologist,_ criminalisation
__<::riticise_________ (un)critically_____ ~Jun)critical _____ _ critic, criticism, critigue_____________
_____ _ _______ da_ily, nowadays _ daily~oyyime __ ----~------------- day, daytime, dciybreak, daylight _____
deafen ___ deafly, deafeningly __ deaf,_ deafening deafness
deal dealings, deal, dealer, dealership
defend defensively, -P~)def~n-;ible, defensive, -de_fepce,defensi~eness, def;~celes;ness,
defencelessly, defenceless, (un}defendable defendec defendant, indefensibility
_____________________ (in)defensibly ______ _ _______ ____________ __ __ ______________________ _________________________________ _
demonstrate demonstrably - (un)demonstrative 1 demonstrable demoiistration, demonstrator, demo
deny {un)deniably (unjdeniabl~--~-------- ---- denia(deniability,- undeniableness
depend dependably, (un)dependable, (in)dependent dt3p~11dqqi_lity, {in)dependence,
________________ -------c-- independently,____ _ __ ___ _____ d~pyQgElllCY,_-dependant _________ -
deprive ·•- . - - deprived _deprivation, deprival -

-_devel6p <., -•· :developmei'.ifc:iljy / {~n).deft,bpfd, underd~y~l?ped-_ "-;deieJqpfu~nt, dev~loper - --.

_o_.v_er_d_e~v~e_lo_p_··.·•-~·~~~~~~~-~~_:_._o_._y.~•e-.fd~•-·evelqp_ed; • dey.elopmental - .f,,t~>•••
diagnose_ --· :- •..qiqgnosahly, .qiognq~ti~;_. (µ11)<:Jiqgnpsed - ;~j9~n~ili,\Ji9gii()~Obility
d_isappoint• •">#isappoiJ'ltirigly,f ?.t:pisappointjng,_disappc\inteiJ'.--, 'idi5,{ipnoi11trn~Dt;,._-----. •\i_ ;'••
dispense -•{in)dispe~sably-. :7Ct;(1n)dispensab1e, }lispe11iotional/.-- ~f .; .. ~tj;)cdj~pe9s~r,i? / , •._-
t >-; --- 'i {iril~. _ sability, dispensary
dis~6sable; -{pre}diiposed,.··(in)disposed - disppfol/disposability, ~{pre)dispqsition
distance • _ _ distantly _ _______ distant _____ _______ _______ distqnce . - < __ -•--- ..-_ _ __ _
--· - - - · - · - - {in)distindly (in)distinct, distinctive -disti!12ti~n, distinctiven~sS,distinctness
(u11}distinguished,-(in)distinguishable distiµg~isher -
_ distinguishing _, , < _- _ _ _ • _ ____ . - _

_domestica-lly-:~.-."--..--~.~d~o~,rn~_estic, domesticated, domesticable - d9TTJ~stitity, domestic, dqmesfication

,•:• •'•':_'- < ,-,,P ' ••_,,• ,,:,:

•,' "," ', "••' ,\ ,',

(pre)dominant · - domi~ance, domination, don)inator

undoubtedly, (Jn)d~ubtable, {un)dOubted, ·doubtful
---•- -•· __- doubtfuHy, __ _ •. (u!1)doubting, doHbtl~ss ·
,._•---j~,nJdoubtingly,
t-rdoubtless1y ---

effect .(i11)effectively {in)effective, effedless;'(in)effectual

{in)effectualiy -~~~
egotise ego(t) istically eiocentri~go{t) istic(al)
egocentri2ally
emote (un)emotionally
emotionlessly emotionless
emotively
employ.-
------~~~---·-·---~--~----~--~~~---~-
equal, equplis~· equally (un)equal,-egalitarian, equalitarian eq.uol,'{in)equality, equoliser,·
; k'q~dfisbtion, equalitoi-ianiiTTJ
"' ,,, ,,,

206
 err erroneously, erroneous, errable, (un)erring, errant, error, erroneousness, erratum
(un)erringly, erratic
~ erratically
{~v~'.":~ndE;r~stirn_c::itt,___ ine~timably··· _jover/under)estimate_CJ,ji11JE;stimable estimate, estimation, estimator
exceed excessively excess, excessive excess, excessiveness
----·-------
------
except ---- - ------ · exceptionally ·- (un)exceptiona( (un)exception;ble, exception
excepted --~------•- ·---- ------·------------- -
expend {in)expensively --- - expendable, -(in)expensive expenditure, expense(s), expendability,
---- -~·--,-------~
... (in)E;xpE;nsi~enE;ss
________ . {injexpertly _ {in)expert _ _ ____ __ _ _ expert, expertise ________________ _
fashion . {un}fashionably {un)fashionable fashion, (un)fashionableness
====~------------fatally, fatalistically - fatal, fateful, fatali;tic · _}ate,fotality, fatalism, _fatalist
.. financially financial finance(s), financier, financialist
·· fixedly - - - -- fixable, fixed, fixated -- --- -- fix, fi;ati~-;,,:fix~r:- fi~ati~e, fi~ture,
- . ---------·-
fixedness- - - -
----c- - : ''.flawles~ly
· ' _ flawed, flawless__ f1<1v,,___ __ _ .. - _ ____________
; (re)form, deform > form/essly, (unjformed, formative, formless, form, format, formlessness, formation;
tdi-rnali~e, f;rmcif · ·• {in)formally , defo.rined, ·{in)formal formality, formal!satio_n_~-----
;,(t!:ijgain, gail)SRY,. , :{jainfully . . .gainful,.g9inless gain, gainer, gainfulness, gainlessness
·:.j\ ; _ ">/; ,', - r:>· . ,genetically > -.. . genefic(al) _ gene, geneticist, .gen~tics, _Behesis --
gt~t~\·· ~\:;: (,\: _:).: ~l?fi,nsly - , • ; _: _~l}/~r~IJ9, glory . _ _ _ _____ . _ _ glare, .glarin' ness - - - --- -
~fobalise,• , ··~-u-e>."':globally · -,-_ •· - , global globed -·· · -· ·•· - glooe;globtilisation, globalism;
i'/ ,. - ,. ,,_. ; ' c:' ' , . -. . - - ..';gl~'fu1~r; globetrotti~ ; ' ______ ____ gfobeti~tter . -~----- __
. :; grci~utifod, {post/underfornduate (under)graduote; graduation

_ _ _ . - - - .· : ,. >healthily - -- - (unjhealthy, healthful --~alth, ~a'cilthiness, healthfulpe;s

:·>: :. < ( '. histor},colly · _____ . hi~toric(al),(pre}histonc -~ __ ___ __ _histoa, hjstorlan __ . __ /.:-<::_.____ _. __
'(disilluslonl V - dis1f11!sioned, illusory/disilh,si(_)nary {dis)illu~i6n -__ _ .
-~?\ disillusioonieQt _.
fofagine . _ _ ::,>i-fu_nj1m6ginobly, -imaginary, {un)imaginpble, _- . imaginafion,imaginariness, imagin~bleness,

C~~l,_ii,~;:if .f ;~Z;a1::~r .➔~t;,~::::ologkOI imagiiling{s), :,iniaginativeness - · ·

immunity, inimu~isation, immunology, -
immunologi~t i - '·
;in'ire~sing, inireas-e/Jni~~bsable increos_e -- ,' - --
~~r;f~~~-"-f---'----c:"c_;!---,"'=--_-'-;;-;J-na"--,t1~"s"'-tr=ia-'-1"";,:__inaustri~~s,~;,:~{n=claa.._o+··s-tr-ia-l~is_e_d_____in_d_u_s_tr-y,-·-;n_d_u_st_ri_□-fi-sm---,-in-·d-us-t-ri_a_lis_o_t-io_n_,-
- ,:~/ industrialist, industriousness, --

influence
inspiratiori, inspirer

inundation -·
:-~5~' :> ,.
- - - ----------··-------------.....,----·---
- ' - - - ' - - - - - - - --·-·"----·----
-'.i~9Jpteq; i~olative •· _ ._ _ isolation, -lsolationism, isolationist
~:~¥nq')'{ledgeaoly _·_· -;- . -{uij}lijqy,n,: Jnowable,\acknowledged' knowledge, +mowledgeabilify I. ' -~-- - -

' ;kn~wi~geable .knowin'g ,_'.{ .' ' ackno~ledge~ent(~)' -

~-~------c-'~~~-~~----~--- I

•, lao6ifoUi; fol56urecJ}laboursaving __ JCJ_!J9ur, labourers, la_b_o__r_i°-lJ~11_E:!~~___:_--·--- ..

__ --.-.... ' ''.;ifol9rged; largishr ,,-.------
-'---'----~,'--,-'----"_s,:.
largeness/ enlargement, enlarger
leafless) leafed/le~~ea leaf, leafiness, 1e~ffet -

207
 light, (en)lighten light, (un)enlightened, enlightening light, lighting, enlightenment, lightning,
lightness, lighter, lighthouse, lightship
\/ lonesomely "_" ___ l()ne,_ lonesom~,_l()nely, alone _loneli11ess, loner,-lones~meness " - -
lower low low, lowermost, lowly
--- ----
lowering, lowness, low
major "-'" majority, majorette
(mis)manage (un)manageably (un)manageable, managerial, • (un)manageableness, {mis)management,
managing manager(ess), manageability, managership
----·-·- - - - - - - - - - -------- ____ ------- - -----· ,, ----

marry marriagE,CJ bie,(~~)111arried m-~rriage, ~;;rriageableness --"" "" -- - -

mass, amass __f11as~ively ______mass,_ massive,_ massed _" _ mass(es), massiveness -----
mathematise mathematic(al), ------ mathematised - - - mathematics, mathematician, maths
" - - - - - - - - -. ~ - - - - - - - - - ----~~----~-·- ----··-~-------------·-
mature (im)maturely (im)mature, premature (im)maturity, maturation, matureness
m9_~i_i:;ii_sE!__ _ maximally ___ maximal ___ _ ___ _ _111_a)(i_murri,_11l~)(irT1_c1_!ist_ __ _
_(_im_m~o_rta_l_is_e~)____m_o_rt_a~Hy -~-- (im)mortal _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____,(_im~)_m_orJality, immortalisation, (im)mortal
motorise motorised motor, motorist, molming, motorisation,
_ ___________ "__ _ ___ " fl1i:>torbikf3, m()ti:>~""_Cl)',ITlOt()~c:yc_lf3__
muscular, muscle:bound muscle, muscularity, musculature,
- - ~ - - - --------··----~----c--'"-------
muscleman
musically musical, musicological music, musician, musicology, musicologist,
---c----'cc-------·--~~----- ~ -~---~-- ' - --_,~------- __ ----~-------------------·--
- - - - _,
- ----- - - rTlUSici~nship, -musical, musicothernpy --
1!1Y~t~riC)Usly, mysterip~s, ,;nystifi1;d, mystery, mysterious11~ss, mystification,
mystica1ly..
{interJnptio11ouy,"
mys!i_fying, mystical __ " _ _-- - ·•- "- ""- _ mystic, mysticishl "
(inter)r19fiC)nal, _natibnalistic;-•natipnl~ss, nation; nationalism," nptio~alist, n(;lti?':1a.lijy,
>" " """""
< " •"
natipnaliit]caHy, nationv,;ide" · · --- -- - " · " national, nationafi:;~ti_on; nationhqe>s;F' 0

C ' o,s

nationwide ' ,' , ' ' '~ ''

•"•" rifitt~f slf;n~rvily, ner\/OUs,:nfr,~eir.s\ rer_yy·•ci""_ -,nerve(s), Hery91J➔riess; ~;rveles;n~ss/ '.-

--~~~~~~-'~~n'-'_-e"'"'f~YO"'••-_u=➔fy,~~nEi;vingJy_ "u~~er'4ng,.unnerv~-d ---+~-~__n_e_rv~i_n__ e_ss____--~~" __cecc· /~C-
nightlc)rtg,; nightly " nighfli,night\1/~td; highted/nightlest.·· night,- nightie,nightfpH, ri_ightcGp,•;f}'
1

- __ " ><
____ "._•-·-."·.-•"--•·"•·•··" .•
_" nightlife, nightlight nightgo\1/~/.nig!itdress
north, north~tnlnorthedy, northernfTJbst, north/northe;lines;, Norther9e~ -- .
northward, northbound "•"
-c--c----~~.-+-----,--------'-~~----- obese _ _ . _" -"• > _. _"- ·.•" -.--.-. ~besity, Obeseness //
obliiJatdrily; Obligatory, 9bliging/ obligatie>ncil ·- obligation,"Obligaforiness,
-----------------------~o-b-'-'lig"-:•i_n,,,_gl""""y_•_oc___~_ _o_b--flige<:l,.obligated' " " -- obligingness " " ·
_o_b_s_q""--le'-os_•c_&_-· ----~o_b__s_O_le_t_e~ly_"______o~.b~_s_·o_le_t__e_,-·_.b_,..b_so~l~e_sc_e_n_l________obsolescence, obsoletism
ocGupy '.;. occtJpati9naUy occupatie>ral.1 - (pre)occupation, occupancy,

.. ·:-'".•·""" ····•--· ---+~"-·~-~-~---~------'-"---------~------~--------()~c:_t1p9111occ0pier _ "

O~CIJ!T~~f (rectJrrir,g, JeCUff011t), ,3 "• occurrence.," (reCUffElnC~)

other {detef:rriiher} - otherness

- ib~j outw"6rq -< _ _ outlet," outing, outl~w, etc --"·~- ----
packag~d, p~cked "" - - package, packager, packagi~g, pac~et, -
packing, pack -. - - ...... .
~~--~----~-+----~-------------------------~~--'-'-=-•-"'-'---'-'----'-------"
-. (im)per~eptively, perc1;ived: (i,m)perceptive, perception, perceptiveness, percept,
-perceiya9ly, (im)perceptible, - . (im)perceptibility, perceptivity,
(im)perceptibly perceivable.· - {im)pE;rceptibleness
" {illi)perf~ctly,. (im}pi,rfEJst,;.perf~dible, perfedionisfic (im)p~rfedion,,perf~cti~nism/" -" "C}
__e_~fectionist, perf~ctibility, perfectness·•
--~--~-
perform performagle, performing performance, perforrner
0
· p E;tSorJ9l ise, (imlpersonally, (imrR~rsona!f personoble/ persorirfied, person, p~rson?,per~onalis<:1tion, "- "·•-----"
•P~r~oriirf " , persQnalis~cl . - - personality, per~onificaticm, person):iel).
-{impersonate) "· (impersonationL (impersOnatorF •.,
pleasurahly pleasµrqqle,pleasureless, pleasureful {dis)pleasure, pleasCrableness
pleasy<-- pleasingly (unlpleasant
208
 popularise, populate popularly, (un)popular, popqlous (un)popularity, popularisation, pop,
populously population, populousness, populace,
11 populist
. p9rti-;_X ==_ __ . portrayed _ ..... . p~~it;y~rfr9it~r~,p~~~y~l,pClrtray;j
(em)power powerfully, powerful, powerless, power, powered, power, powerfulness, powerlessness,
-·--·· ___________ powerlessJy -·- __ . emp()vv.ere~ _ _ _p()~.d~.~t,.pcivvE,rh_o~~El_ _ _ .
._erncede_________ -·----·-------- _ preceding, (un)prec::edent~d ___ ... ______ pn,cedence,_precedent, precedency __.
(im)precisely (im)precise, precision (im)precision, preciseness
press, pressurise, · · pressingly · p~essing, pressed, pressured, · · · press, pressur~, p~~s~u~isation, · · - · ···
(de)compress, pressurised, compressed, compressible (de)compressor, compress, compression
_F!e~sure __ . --·---··- ... _____ . ·-·-··-··-- -·-···---·-·-· ··- .- ··--·-·-·----·-.-···--·-··---· _ ·-····- ·-· ·--··- -···-···- ··-· -···
prevail prevailingly, prevailing, prevalent prevalence
prevalently
_priva_t_is_e~.~~~ ___..p_r_iyc.a_te_l~y~·- ~___ private _____ - - - - · · ______p_ri_va~c_y~, privatisation, _private _____ ...
(re}pioduc~ {un)productiv;ly (un)productive, counter-prbduc:tive, (re)production, (by)product, productivity,
reproductive produce, producer
prohibit · · · prohibitiyely · · · p~ohibiti~e~ prohibitory prohibitor; prohibition, prohibitiveness,
prohibitionist
pr~sp~ ·...•. · •.•· · v(• .p{ospy01~1X7···•··· . . . ~ospe~~s-=-~~===-.-- ---·--·- prosper\ty. __ ---------- --~.-= =
p~yc:hJ8:l!.•··• · · · ··· · psychici:ill{ ..··
psychiatri~, psych5)1?,gical, psycheqel.ic, psjcholo~y, psychologist,· psyc:hognalyst,
psychoanalyticJgU ;etc, psychic:. ·· . psychoanalysis, p~ychic:;psyche .. • ·
.•. ··-/..~.~~-~--.+-c--~~--~p.u~b-f-ic-·~~
-r-.u~b-.1-ic-is-ec.. . ': !"(p~blic:ation, publicity, ptJbllci~t, public,
· '•· p~bfi~9n,_pu~ ·. ·.. . · ·· ··

input, putter -----·---·-·--··--

• qofrk,·.gui.rkiness
.;~:l~s~>;•~. ·•f
· recruit
•... ~. -· ------.....-.---:~~~t~:,u::~table • · ··
recruiting
··~=~·==--·- .· r~al isatiqn,.r_E:~li.5~bility. --·---
recruitment, .r:~cruiter~,_r~ec_r_u_it_ _ __
(qis,)re~a.rcl • r~g~~dl~ssly regardable, regardful, regardless .. (clis)regard, regardfulness, ./
-~~ -·· .. ···-· ···--•-· •.._··~-~- /•·.· ..... ·· .•... jegardlessness ... · ·• ).x< ···-··
(d.ik~.91.Jlote/ .. i
(k)regulady. ? .
(i~)regular, r~gulotory, rngulating, (i~frE?gt1larity, regulato;, regulation,
r~gt'.ilbris~ regulative, deregulated .. . r~gularisation . .
r~lcite··· ·. · (un)related, relatiy~ ···. )elgtion, refationsh-ip-,-r-e--fa-t-iv_e_,__
·--·---·--- . c~rreloti~11, relate~~s.s2.~~laffvily____ _
- :,,·) .- - ,. '-~ '"' ,· -- '', / -~ _' _--. - <

~r~··~_le~·n_t~'~•·••_>:~._,__~--·-·_r~e_Je_n_tl_·~_s._sl_y_____ relentless, (un)rel;nting relentlessness ---~-~-·~·-

•. J!3.fy·.. :•.••· .,.r.· cc~c.-~ . .l~~9_b~fy~·· ~.......=· reliant, (unjr~liable 'c · reliance, {un}reliability, (u11)reliClbleness
{111i~)r~pr~.s~nf· · · .· · · .·,un)representativ~,\~pres'entationol, · r~presenfative, fepresentation(sl, ·
~~-.--~---';·-~~-:---~~-~~,--~~.r:.esentcible · representionalism,representativeness
~---'-~_ _(non)residential, resident _____ r~sident, reside,:i.s~,residency
sanely (in)sane - - - · · __ . ____ ._Fn)sonity, saneness_-···-·-· .. ---····-·--·
scientifically .· .• scientific . science, scientist
· scrutinisingly {in)scrutable, scrutinising· scrutiny, scrutineer, scrutinise.r

sec~re '. · .> . . (in)securely .. >·--···(i~J;~c~~;;·;~~~-;~ble ·-·- finJ~ecudty, secureness, securer .·· ..
setk(f9res~~l • (unforese~ahly) seeable, (u11)foreseeable,unforeseen, ieer, {fore)sight, sightseeing, sightseer,
. · :sightlessly....... . foresighted, foresighfful, foresightless, sighting, seeing,. sjghtlessness
-~~--.~.ighted, sightle;s, sightly
. _·~~~~~·(,i..n7J+-si_,,,9_n_ifi_c_a_nt_,ly_/~____,.(i.rij~g nifica~t
t_s_,,ig<-n+-ify.,,._ {in)significance _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
ts1leoi~c --rc-...-.,...s_H_e. n_tl~y_·~-·c.-~-·-s_ilent,.silenced
. ··---·-- _ ~ -----·- silence, silencer, siJ~!ltness . ______ _
) sol~e < (in)solvent, {un)solvable, unsolved solution, solvent, solvability, solvency,
sol.ver

209
 specify specifically specific, specified, specifiable specification, specifics, specificity
;1 spread spreadingly widespread, spreading, spread spread, spreader, spreading, _spreadsh_eet
succeed (un)successfully, (un)succes;f~f ;~cc~edi~g, successiv~, success, successor, succession,
successively successiveness
suffice (in}s~Hiciently Jin)s_ufficient (in}sufficiency
(over/ under)take taking, undertakable (under)taking, takings,
ovE;rt9k_i_n_g __ ....
------
technologically_ _ _technological tecbn~lo_gy,_~~hnologist, tE;chnocrat
tell untold, telling, tellable, telltale -.. teller, telltale
tend tendE;ncy
theatricalise theatrically theatrical theatre, theatricalism, theatricality,
--- ----------·----- ----
theatricalness,
----·
---- -
theatricals, - theatrics
. ---· -~-· -- -
---- ---

torrentially torrential _torrent, te>rri;11tiality_.

transmit transmissively transmissible, transmittable, transmission, transmissibility, transmitter,
transmissional, transmissive transmittance, transmi ssiveness
____ , _________________ _

traumatise traumatically traumatic, traumatological trauma, traumatism, traumatisation,

traumatology
_iype_=:----~~---~--~---- (proto)typicar-- . ·~~~----c~. (proto)type, typing,-typf;i--===--=::=_
vary variously, ·. various, varied, (in)variable, variety, varience, variant, variation,
(in)variably {un}varying, variegated variable, variability, variegation,
variableness
void ____ (de)void,voidable void,. voidance, _voiding, voidness __
. awash awash, washable washing, washer, washout,

____ ~-----~-- _ v,,h°.!(s_e>~_ver ~ ------~-- _ _ _ -~~~---- whatnot, whatsit

-·----------- -----~.---
wifely, wifeless, wifelike midwife, midwifery, wife, housewife,
wife hood, wifeliness __ --~~-~-·---
{over)work workaholic, workless, overworked, work, worker, homework, hbusework,
.workable, working working, workaholic, wo~kaholism,
workability, works, workers, workout,
workload, workplace _ _ _ __
worthily, worthlessly worthwhile, worthy, worthless worth, worthlessness, worthiness, worthy
-------~-,-------~,---- ---~-·--------····----- - ·--------~--~------ --- - - -· --·----------

210
 ndix
barge in (on): rudely interrupt (sb doing) an activity: carve up: Pl divide sth (in a way that the speaker disapproves
When they started their me,eting, they locked the door so that no of): After the war, the victorious nations carved up the disputed
one could barge in on them. territories without any regard for their inhabitants.
(2) injure sb badly using a knife: The man threatened to carve up
weaver away: work hard at sth: No wonder he got good results;
the party-goers with his hunting knife.
he had a team of experts beavering away at the preparations for
weeks. cast around for: look for, try to find: The committee looked
silly when they were left casting around for a way to justify their
beef up: strengthen or improve sth: The football club decided
illogical decision.
to beef up the team with a couple of world class players.
cave in: {ll collapse (in on itself): The archaeologists exploring
bind over: place sb under a legal obligation (to behave in a
the underground chamber were worried that it might cave in on them.
certain way) for a certain time, under threat of punishment:
(:2) give up an argument or abandon a decision: If you exert
I wasn't imprisoned after the fight outside the nightclub, but a judge
enough pressure, William is bound to cave in and agree to your
bound me over to keep the peace for the rest of my stay on the
conditions.
island.
chew over: give careful and lengthy consideration to sth:
bleat on about: keep complaining about sth in an annoying
After putting our proposal to Mel, we gave him the weekend to
way: ff your salary is too low, why don't you look for another job
chew it over.
instead of bleating on to me about it every time I see you?
clamp down (on): act (with authority) to stop (sb doing) an
blot out: prevent sth from being seen or thought about,
activity: The council has started clamping down on stall holders
either by putting sth in front of it or by not thinking about it:
at the street market who don't give receipts.
The old soldier turned to drink in a desperate attempt to blot out
his battlefield memories. clock up: reach or achieve a certain number or total: The
film star is stilf in his early forties and he's afready clocked up five
bog down: stop sth progressing, or have your progress
divorces.
held up: The discussion failed to progress in any meaningful way,
as they became bogged down in trivial details. c!og up: block or become blocked: The drains have been clogged
up with leftovers since Mark started preparing the family's meals.
boil down to: be caused by a particular thing: Their marital
problems boil down to a lack of respect for each other. close in: approach and surround sb/sth: Some gang members
are thinking of surrendering to the authorities now that the security
bone up on:,inform yourself about a subject, or revise your
forces are closing in on them.
knowledge of it: It was obvious from the way she spoke that she
had spent the previous night boning up on the subject. club together: pool resources/join others in giving money,
etc, towards sth: When Maisie announced her retirement, her
bottle up: avoid expressing or revealing strong emotions or
colleagues clubbed together to send her on a round-the-world
feelings: I'm not surprised that she became ill after bottling up so
cruise.
. much rage.
come across: find/meet sb/sth unexpectedly: While I was
bottom out: stabilise at a certain level after decreasing:
cleaning my grandmother's room, I came across some family
I thought that the stock market crash had bottomed out last month,
photographs and diaries I had never seen before.
but after remaining stable for a week share values started to fall again.
come into: inherit: I came into a fortune when a distant cousin
bounce back:. return to the previous level of success,
crashed his company aeroplane into a mountainside.
enthusiasm, health, etc., especially after sth. bad happens:
He is crushed by the failure of his business venture, but he'll soon eome oft: (1J take place successfully (as planned): Although
bounce back. the actors had thoroughly rehearsed their performance, it didn't
quite come off as planned.
bow out: cease to take part in sth: Since Joe was a tough
(2) end up in a particular position in some form of contest:
boxer, I was surprised that he bowed out so graciously when he
Harry had no intention of coming off second best in his debate
was disqualified from the fight.
with Deborah.
bowl over: surprise sb (pleasantly): The security guard who (3} stop taking a particular drug or medication: ft took Hannah
escorted me out of the building looked a real thug, so I was several days to come off the fianquillisers.
bowled over by his gentle manner and tactful behaviour. t4) come off it! (expression): I don't believe you!/That can't
be right!
branch out start an activity that is different from your normal
ones: I'm a bit worried about my dentist; from the way she was talking come on (1) (come along): develop/make progress: Her
to me, she seems to have branched out into psychoanalysis. Greek is coming on/along nicely now that she's started reading
Greek newspapers on a regular basis.
butter up: try to please sb in order to get their support: When (7) start functioning (machinery/appliance): I've set the heating
George realised his limffaffons and wanted hefp with his project, he stait- to come on half an hour before you get back from work.
ed taking his colfeagues out to dinner in an attempt to butter them up. {3J come on (expression): Hurry up/Please agree to do
buy o.ff: pay sb or use some other form of bribery in order this/I don't believe you!
to get their support or agreement: Some MPs were against the come upon: find/meet sb/sth unexpectedly: Guess what!
proposed fegislavon for ethical reasons and refused to be bought When I was going out the back gate I came upon a family of
off with bribes or promises of ministerial positions. campers pitching their tent outside my garden.

211
Ph.,ras
cop out: avoid doing sth you are expected to do: Gerald eat into: (1) use resources (that you need for sth else): The
. took us all by surprise. Who would have thought that he'd use such couple were trying to save for their old age, but new taxes kept
a pathetic excuse to cop out of running in the marathon? eating into their savings.
"cough up: pay a certain amount of money (usually unwillingly): (2) cause damage (especially through a gradual process):
The basement flooded, and now rust is eating into all the iron tools
The bride's father had a fit when he heard he was expected to
abandoned there.
cough up for the party.
egg on: make an effort to encourage sb to do sth which
cover up: hide the truth: The accountants tried to cover up their they would be unwise to do: He's such a show-off that he will
illegal activities with pages of meaningless figures. readily act the fool without the need for anyone to egg him on.
I was annoyed with Tim for breaking the window, but I got angrier
when I learnt that Tracy had lied to cover up for him. eke out: use a supply of sth very carefully so that it lasts longer
than it otherwise would: Mandy and her colleagues managed to
cream off: {1) take the best people from a group for special eke out their petrol until the end of the petrol strike by giving each
treatment: Whenever our people get sent to headquarters for a
other lifts to work.
training session, management there always cream off our best
personnel for their own office. fall away: { l) break off: As the ancient statues toppled over in
{2) take a large portion of a sum of money to use for your the earthquake, their fragile limbs fell away.
own purposes: Although the money was collected for the orphanage, (2) (of land) go down abruptly in a steep slope from a particular
a lot of it was creamed off by the trustees tor their personal use. point: Beyond the base of the watchtower, the rocky ground fell
away sharply to the wooded valley below.
cry out for: be in great need of: This is a new industry that is {3} decrease (in size, amount, degree, etc): There will be an
crying out for skilled technicians. upsurge in demand for the new toy due to its novelty factor, but I'm
cm oft: (l} use scissors, a knife or other sharp tool/implement sure this will soon start to fall away.
to remove a part of sth: My parents thought I was fussy, cutting
. fall to: !1) be the duty of a particular person: Why does it
the fat off the meat.
always fall to me to make excuses for our son's bad behaviour?
{2} separate sb/sth from whatever they are (normally) with:
(2} start doing sth straight away: The moment she left after
Two of the volunteers got cut off from the rest of the search and
criticising them, they fell to arguing about whose faultit had been.
rescue party by the thick fog, but they were able to establish radio
contact.. figure on: expect sth to happen/include the possibility of
sth happening in your plans/calculations: I arranged a night
die down:become calmer or less noisy/agitated: The speaker out with all my friends, but I hadn't figured on being ordered to
stood silently with. his arms raised, waiting for the uproar that his
stay in by my parents.
comment had caused to die down.
flare up: burst into (larger) flames: I threw a teaspoonful bf
dig around: try to find sth by searching all over for it: By petrol on the smouldering barbecue and the fire flared up.
digging around in the company's archives he eventually found (2} start or become more violent (trouble, conflict, etc): It
details of his great grandparents' involvement in the business.
started as a peaceful demonstration, but then fightif!Q flared up.
dish out: give (food/supplies/criticism/punishment, etc) to (3) become more painful or severe (an illnf:!SS/pain): Rick had
sb/a number of people: You can't expect me to dish out these taken something to deaden the pain, but halfway through the exam
drugs to anyone; you'll have to show m.e a doctor's prescription. his toothache flared up again.

do in: kill (sb): The robbers threatened to do the old man in if he fob off: {1) make excuses to put an end to sb's
didn't give them his money. questioning: Every time I ask her for the money she owes me, she
fobs me off with excuses. I'll never get it back!
dredge up: (l) remember sth learnt in the distant past: If you (2) get sb to accept sth different or sth of lower quality than
asked me about my primary school education, I could dredge up what they want: When I sent my young daughter to pick up the
some of the poetry I had to recite, but•!lot much else. silk shirts I h·ad ordered, the shopkeeper fobbed her off with nylon
(2) remind sb of sth embarrassing, upsetting, etc: To my equivalents.
embarrassment, my parents continue to dredge up my childhood
mistakes in front o!ii)Jt wife's family. get in: {l} succeed in being elected: I doubt Mortimer will get back
.. ~ ! }
in at the next election after the contempt he has shown for the voters.
drum up:make an effort to obtain or encourage the {2) find time for sb/sth even though you are busy: No matter
appearance/availability of sth: Roger was at his most charming how many business meetings he has, Clive always seems to get a
as part of his all-out effort to drum up support for the project. round of golf in every afternoon.
dry up: (l} lose all water or moisture: Last summer was so hot {3} finally succeed in saying sth especially when sb else is
that the lake dried up completely, for the. first time in living memory. talking a lot: I wanted to warn her that her plan was a bad idea,
{21 become exhausted/used up (referring to a supply of but she wouldn't let me get a word in.
sth): Jane used to be able to rely on her former employers tor any {41 arrive (train, plane, etc): The afternoon train didn't get in until
temporary work she needed but, since she was rude to them, that just before midnight.
source of employment has dried up. get on to.: (l} start speaking about a particular topic: It didn't
(3} become stuck for words while speaking: Neil talks such take long for her to get on to the subject of divorce.
nonsense that if you insist on him explaining what he means in plain {2} make a point of contacting sb to state or ask sth: Once I've
English, he will eventually dry up completely. decided what we need, I'll get on to the suppliers and organise it.

212
 get up: (1) get out of bed after sleeping, or cause sb to do hang out: {1} place clothes on a line: A few years ago I couldn't
so: I get up at half past .six every morning. hang out the washing because I was too short to reach the clothes line.
(2) stand up: He was sitting in his favourite armchair, but got up (2) spend time/stay in a particular place or with certain people:
to greet the visitors when they arrived. Mark has started hanging out with a rather strange bunch of people
~ (3) organise people in a group for a specific purpose: The who like to hang out at the race track.
sheriff got up a search party as soon as she heard about the missing
children. hear out listen to everything sb has to say without interrupting:
(4) increase the amount of a quality that you need: It took me
If you'd only heard her out, you'd understand why she did it.
ages to get up the nerve to confess that I was the culprit. hem in: surround sth/sb: Our most innovative employees left
(5) rise/increase in strength (wind, etc): Luckily, the wind didn't because they were feeling hemmed in by the bureaucratic regulations.
get up until I got home.
(6) dress/decorate yourself in a particular way: I would never hive off: sell off or otherwise separate a small part of a
have dared get myself up in such outrageous clothing, even for a business, etc, and transfer it to a different owner: They only
fancy-dress party. hived off those parts of the company because the government's
Department of Trade forced them to abandon some of their monopoly.
{JO about (1) approach/tackle a task/difficulty: I don't know
how we should go about telling her that her boyfriend has a serious home in (on): {l} go straight towards something: Modern
criminal record. missiles can home in on their targets very easily.
(2) continue work, etc, in the usual way: I was just going {2 l concentrate on/devote your attention to sth: Even if you
about my business, paying no attention to what was happening don't explain your problem very clearly, Frances is usually able to
around me, when the uproar started. home in on the essential point very easily.
13) behave in a certain way: Harold doesn't usually go about jack in: cease doing a job/activity (that bores/annoys you):
telling other people what to do. He would have loved to jack in his job, but he knew he would
go along with: (1) agree with/be in favour of an idea, proposal, never find another.
etc: I don't often agree with Sally, but that's a sensible suggestion keep on about: mention sth continually (and boringly):
she's made, and /'II certainly go along with it. I can't stand speaking to Irene; she will keep on about her
(2j accept/obey a rule, decision, etc: It's ironic that it was boyfriend's behaviour.
Jennifer who originally proposed the new recruitment policy, but
now refuses to go along with it. kick off: (1) start (a game, discussion, etc): They kicked off
the meeting/The meeting kicked off with an argument about what
go on at: keep criticising/pressurising sb: I wish you'd all stop had been said at the previous meeting.
going on at me to give up being a vegetarian. (2) remove sb from land/property: They made the mistake of
g1, over: look at/discuss sth very carefully: He went over the kicking us off the farm without getting a court order.
terms of the contract with his lawyer before agreeing to sign it. knock together/knock up: make sth quickly (and often
go under: (1) sink: The ferry went under after hitting the rocks, rather carelessly): I needn't have worried when I saw the storm
but all the passengers and crew were saved. clouds; Fred and Sue were able to knock together a decent
(2) cease to be able to function/exist (business, enterprise, enough shelter in half an hour.
etc): The firm eventually went under as a result of having too many ladle out: give large amounts of sth to other people: Though
bad debtors. my uncle is always only too glad to ladle out advice to anyone who
go without: deprive yourself or be deprived of sth (and manage will listen, it is usually fatal to follow any of it.
despite this): / can go without sleep if I have to, but it tends to lay up: oblige sb to stay in bed as a result of illness: She's
put me in a bad mood. been laid up with a bad back for most of this week.
grow into: (1) become big enough to wear clothes that let in: allow sth to pass in or through a hole, opening, etc: I
were, initially, too big to fit you: When my elder brother left wish there was such a thing as a window that could let in fresf} air
home, my mother kept his unwan(ed clothes, in the hope that I while blocking out street noise.
would grow into them.
{2) become used to and confident in a new situation: When level off: stop an upward or downward course, development
they first gave her a position of responsibility, they appreciated that or progress: Inflation began climbing steeply before levelling off
it would take her a while to grow into it. at 25%.

grow on: gradually begin to be liked or appreciated by sb: At move over: (1) adjust your position to make space for sb
first he didn't like classical music, but it soon began to grow on him. else: If you move over a little, there'll be room on the bench tor
another two people.
hand on: pass sth to sb after using/seeing it yourself (espe- (2) give up a job or post in order to let sb else take it: After
cially sb who replaces you): This information is for your eyes chairing the committee for fifty years, I was only too glad to move
only, but if something should happen to you, it will be handed on over and let someone else take the responsibility.
to whoever takes over your responsibilities.
muck in: willingly join others in doing sth: It didn't take long to
hang back: be hesitant about doing sth (usually due to clear up after the party because some of the guests mucked in
nervousness/lack of confidence): Lauren hung back until we before going home.
assured her that we would appreciate her opinion; then she took
part in the discussion more willingly. muck up: make a mess/failure of sth: Everything was going
smoothly until Arthur interfered and mucked it all up.

213
 mull over: give lengthy consideration to sth: I'd been hoping pass on: (l) give sth including views and information to sb
to have time to mull it over, but they wanted an immediate decision. else: My aunt passed on most of the family heirlooms to me
because her own daughter would have sold them to pay for her
pail down: (11 attach sth in place with nails: You should have
expensive lifestyle. [also pass on news/information to sb]
used a padlock to lock the box instead of nailing down the lid.
!2 l move on: Let's pass on to the next item on the agenda.
(2i get a firm answer out of sb or manage to get exact (3) pass away/die: It was only when she got back from her holiday
details of sth: It didn't take them long to nail down the exact
that she learnt that her cousin had passed on the previous week.
nature of the secret ingredient.
(3) reach agreement on the details of a deal: It took the nego- pass up: fail to exploit or take advantage of sth: It's not like
tiators all week to nail down the final terms of the settlement. him to pass up such an opportunity; why didn't he go when he was
given the chance?
nod off: (begin to) fall asleep: No one heard what the Prime
Minister wanted to say because by the time he got to the point, patch up: {l) bring a quarrel to an end: You and your brother
everyone had nodded off. should patch up your differences.
(2) mend: If you don't patch up those holes in the wall, your tenants
notch up: achieve a certain record or score: By the time he
will take you to court.
turned professional the golfer had notched up a record number of
(3 l apply bandages to a wound or give other similar medical
amateur trophies.
treatment: Your friend won't need to stay in hospital. He can go
open up: fl) make sth become more readily accessible: home as soon as the nurse has patched him up a bit.
On-line university courses will open up educational opportunities (4) manage to reach agreement after arguments or difficult
for working adults. negotiations: The ambassadors patched up a compromise, as
(2) develop/allow sth to develop: The recent legislation has they didn't want their countries to go to war over a relatively minor
opened up new possibilities for bold entrepreneurs. conflict of interests.
(3) become more willing to express personal feelings:
pep up: do sth to boost sb's/sth's strength/appeal/interest:
Joanna began to open up when she realised that everyone present . This year we are adding various international elements to the festival
had endured similar experiences.
to pep it up and attract more people.
pack into: manage to fill a certain time/place/object with a
perk up: (1) (make sth/sb) become more cheerful/energetic:
lot of activities, things, etc::: It was amazing how many topics they
Great! Good news like that is just the thing to perk me up.
managed to pack into such a short meeting.
{2 J increase: It's no coincidence that business perked up after
pack up: (1) put things in a bag/case before leaving a staff had been on the customer relations course.
place: He started begging her not to go when he realised she was
peter out: gradually get smaller until nothing is left; come to
packing up.
an end: When people slowly began to realise how much beifer the
(2) stop working properly (machinery, or organs in the
new system really was, complaints about it petered out.
body): He stopped drinking alcohol because he was afraid his
/iverwould pack up. pick at: eat only a small amount of a meal without any enthu-
siasm: It's not like Melanie to pick at her food; she must be ill.
palm off (with): (1) make sb accept sth of low quality
instead of sth better: They would never have dared palm off pitch in: take part in a group activity ini3-.nelpful way:
such tough, stringy meat on my grandmother. Everyone pitched in to clear up the mess, so it was done quickly.
(2) make sb accept sth/sb that is not their responsibility:
play off against: carefully encourage people to compete
Ms Smith thought she was palming off a difficult child on me, but
with each other so that you can secretly benefit: The children
I was glad of Greg's company, because he is a delight if you
understand him. shamelessly played their two grandmothers off against each other
in order to get them both to give them lots of treats and presents.
{3) give or tell sb sth in order to make them leave or stop
making demands of you: They tried to palm me off with some play up: (1) be badly behaved (often on purpose): We had to
vague promises; but,:f:fmade them pay me in full before I left leave the party because our children were playing up so much.
1<_.} .-:~/, .
(2) make an effort to make sth seem important:. The politicians
pass by: (1) go,n~abor past somewhere else on your way
played up the advantages of their transport policy, ignoring the
to a place: You m~*l!have passed by your cousin's new house
on your way here from the station, without even realising it. drawbacks.
(3) cause problems or pain by not functioning properly: We'//
(2) not stop for you to take advantage of it or enjoy it: She
didn't even realise that life was passing her by until she had her have to go up by the stairs; the lift has been playing up again.
,,,, midlife crisis. plug away: make continuous efforts to achieve sth difficult:
Although Mary's proposal met with complete disapproval at first,
pass off: happen/take place: The formal part of the evining
passed off without incident, so then I felt relaxed enough to enjoy she kept plugging away until the board members could all appre-
the rest. ciate its worth.
pull into: move your vehicle off the road to another place
pass off as: pretend sb/sth is sb/sth else: Derek was in seri-
and stop: I pulled into the first available parking space at the side
ous trouble because he had passed himself off as a high ranking
diplomat to get the last seat on the plane to New York. of the road.
pull off: succeed in doing sth very difficult: A group of circus
acrobats has just pulled off the most daring bank robbery in history.

214
 Phrasal Ve ~
i;ll pendix
pull out: (1) move your vehicle away from the side of the rabbit on: keep talking about sth that bores your listener:
road, etc: The driver behind me pulled out and overtook me on a Sarah was going out with a stockbroker but ended the relationship
bend! very quickly because he kept rabbiting on about share prices.
(2) leave a place: Troops began to pull out of the war zone as
;1soon as a ceasefire had been announced. rake in: make profits, money, etc, far too easily: Roger has
(3) stop taking part in sth: One of the biggest companies pulled
been raking it in since he started lending money at high interest rates.
out of the dam construction project when they read, in the environ- rattle oft: say/do sth quickly and with little effort: When asked
mental impact report, about the disasters it would cause. to name any organisations that are improving our world, Paul was
able to rattle off the names of twenty without hesitation.
pull through: (ll (help sb) handle a crisis successfully: All
the staff had to work closely together to pull the company through rattle through: say/do sth quickly (in order to get finished):
its crisis. We found out later that our professor had been rattling through the
(2) recover from a serious illness: Helen's fever was so bad that lecture in order to catch her train.
there were times when the nurse was convinced that she wouldn't
pull through, but eventua!ly she did. read into: find a meaning in sth that may not actually have
been meant: Whether or not you choose to read such a meaning
pull together: (l} work in co-operation with others to into my actions, I hadn't intended any disrespect.
achieve a shared goal: Our family always pulls together to get
through the household chores as quickly and efficiently as possible. reel off: repeat a lot of information from memory, quickly
(2) make sth more successful by careful organisation: It would and easily: When I met my old primary teacher, she was able to
take an organisational genius to pull this department together. reel off the names of every child in my class immediately.
(3) take positive action to control your emotions or deal with rid<I out experience a crisis or difficulty without suffering
your problems: It's no good just te!ling her to pull herself together; lasting harm: Having anticipated and planned for the economic
she needs both psychological and practical support. crisis, we were able to ride it out.
pull up: {l) make sb/yourself abruptly stop what you/they rip into: speak very critically to sb (about sth): When they had
are doing: I was about to light the bonfire when a cry from behind had their say, Peter really ripped into them, exposing the stupidity
it pulled me up short. of their argument.
(2) stop a vehicle (either referring to the driver or the vehi-
cle): The limousine pulled up at a checkpoint, and the guard on roll up: (l) turn fabric or material over itself a number of
duty saluted smartly. times, to shorten it: Everyone was eager to roll up their sleeves
(3) move (a chair) closer to sb/sth and sit down: Pull up a and start working.
stool and listen carefu/ly. (2 l arrive/appear somewhere: I was just wondering if the others
(4) improve sb's skills/efforts: He'/! just have. to pull himself up; would ever get to the station on time, when they rolled up c!S if they
nobody here can sort out his life tor him. had all the time in the world.
(5) criticise: It's not the first time she's pulled me up in front of the
mot around/about: searching for sth, picking up, moving
others for my outspokenness.
and turning things over: I found Tom in the garden shed, root~
ing around for some bulbs under all the tools. ·
push in: rudely go in front of another person who is waiting
(in line): While I was standing in the queue at the post office, at least root for: support sb, express your support for sb: Can there
ten people pushed in in front of me, as if it were the most natural have been any parent at the sports daY not tooting for their own
thing in the world.
',:
child and hoping they would win?
push off: leave/go away: He could have asked us to leave in a root out: (l) identify and deal with a cause of trouble, problems,
more polite way than simply telling us to push off. etc: Medical scientists are working round the clock in an effort to
root out the cause of this dangerous epidemic.
put by: save sth (often money) for later: After cutting the pie,
(2) find sb, to make them face justice, responsibility, etc: It
he put by a couple of slices for the following day's meal.
shouldn't take the investigator long to root out the trouble makers
put together: {1) construct sth from its different parts: He and deal with them.
confidently took the engine apart, but was unable to put it back
rope in: persuade sb to join in helping others do sth: They
together again.
roped in eve!}' adult they could find, to help organise the street party.
(2) choose people and make a particular group of them: The
professor's task was to put together a panel of experts that would round off (with): do sth to end sth in a suitable way: They
examine the problem from all angles. rounded off the concert with a final song, which all the singers
(3) think out and produce a new plan, agreement, etc: sang together.
Barbara spent the summer putting together a recovery plan for the
failing business, and it seems to be working. round on: suddenly start to attack or criticise sb: The fire
chief angrily rounded on those reporters who had criticised the fire
put up for: make sth/sb available for a particular purpose: fighters' efforts and pointedly told them how wrong they were.
As soon as I was born, my parents put me up for adoption
rub along: co-operate or co-exist without any serious dis-
because they didn't know how to cope with my physical disabilities.
agreements: I've had some pretty serious disagreements with
put up to: encourage sb to do sth (usually sth that is not colleagues, but my new partner and I seem to be rubbing along
advisable): Nora would never have thought of making such quite happily.
unreasonable demands; Sam must have put her up to it.

215
mb off: transfer to one person from another as a result of shore up: provide support for sth to strengthen it: We've
lengthy contact between the two: Fortunately, some of my employed a public relations expert to shore up the company's
boss's charm and patience rubbed off on me over the years, so I falling popularity among shoppers.
gradually became a better person.
li shrug <>ff: treat sth as unimportant: He learnt to shrug off the
rule out: (1) decide that sth is inappropriate: With such aches and pains a long time ago, and endures his illness without
unfavourable opinion polls, the Prime Minister is bound to rule out complaint.
an early election.
sign over: formally transfer the ownership of property to sb:
(2) prevent sth taking place or being permitted: He had been
When Jack Tate retired, he signed over the hotel to Kate, the only
planning a career in politics, but his criminal record ruled that out.
member of the family who was interested in running it.
rustle up: (1) make sth available/obtain sth very quickly: The
sign up: officially join an organisation or employ sb: He
gangster always seemed to be able to rustle up witnesses to
signed up as a manager for the multinational company and then
speak in his favour, without any difficulty.
persuaded them to sign up his sister as well.
(2) prepare and provide a meal, etc, at very short notice:
He's the only man I know who can rustle up a complete candle-lit single out choose sb/sth for special treatment/attention:
dinner while his wife is having a shower. When all the boys are misbehaving, why does the teacher always
single Graham out for punishment?
scrape by: just manage to survive on the money you have:
The elderly couple were able to scrape by until they were forced to sink in: be properly understood or realised: It took a while for
buy firewood instead of collecting it in the nearby forest. the message to sink in, but he eventually understood it.
see to: do sth that needs to be done: If you see to the paper- size up: consider sb/sth carefully to make a decision about
work, /'/I handle the public relations side of the deal. them: The team leader was so experienced that it didn't take her
long to size up each of the new members and give them the most
send away for: write to place an order for sth to be sent to
suitable role or task.
you: If you have a good enough mail order catalogue, you can
send away for almost any goods you may want. skim off: take the best part of sth (for yourself): The head
teacher skimmed off the best new pupils for her own class.
send for: send a message to sb requesting them to come:
When she saw how ill her child was, she sent for the doctor. slack(en) off: become less intense/active: When most of the
job had been done, we slackened off and worked more slowly.
send off: (1) post a parcel, letter, etc: He had several copies of
Business was slacking off, butpicked up again after our advertising
the photograph printed, and sent them off to all his relatives.
(2) order a player/competitor to leave the pitch, field, court, campaign.
etc: The game had hardly started when the former tennis champion sound out: make the effort tp find out sb's opinions or /
was sent off for swearing at the umpire. intentions: I only wanted a job as a nurse; why were they sounding
out my political views at the interview?
send out: (1) post/send letters, etc (usually in bulk to many
different people): Melinda sent out 250 invitations to her party spin out: cause sth to take up more time than i~ normally
last week. would: Fred didn't want to take responsibility for the reforms, so he
(2) produce heat, light, signals, etc, from a central position: spun out the process until his summer holidaysiarted.
This instrument always sends out signals on the same wavelength.
step in: get involved in sth because you think you can find
set against: (l) cause sb to argue with or dislike sb else: The solutions or help: I think you should leave married couples to sort
controversy has set environmental activist against environmental out their problems themselves, instead of stepping in whenever
activist. they argue.
(2) think about one thing in relation to another: If you set the
benefits of the scheme against the costs, you will realise its potential stick at: continue doing sth despite its difficulty: Although
value. Charles is quite bright, he didn't have the patience to stick at his
maths course, and eventually gave up.
set back: {1} tcause sth/sb to be delayed: The research
team's funding was cut, and this set their project back indefinitely. stick out: (1) go/be beyond a certain edge/point or the
tL,e'
(2) cost: My n~w car set me back over €15,000. usual edge/point: He is self-conscious about his nose, which
set forth: m'!r;r;ilain the details of sth in a clear, logical way sticks out rather a lot.
(either in speec,h.Qr writing): Kromski set forth his arguments in (2) hold sth out from yourself: Mike stuck his hand out, expecting
an article that his eaitor agreed to publish. the president to shake it.
(2) start a journey (formal): They waited for the sun to rise (31 be so unusual as to be easily noticed: After having his hair
before setting forth on their journey. dyed green, Humphrey stuck out wherever he was.
(41 not give up when sth is difficult: Despite the physical hardships
set upon: attack: The security guard was set upon by three armed facing trainees on the astronaut course, Amanda stuck it out until
robbers while he was delivering the money to the bank. the end.
shake up: cause major changes to take place (in a system, stick out for: continue to demand sth and not accept any
organisation, etc): Our new boss has a reputation for being less: They offered to refund half my money at first, but I stuck out
innovative, so she should really shake up this conservative office. for the full amount and eventually got it.
shell out: pay a large sum of money: I'm fed up with shelling stick together: continue to support each other: People with
out every time you want new shoes; buy them yourself if you want the same problem should stick together until the problem has
them. been solved.

216
 Phras✓al Verbs Appendix
_________
stop by: (while going somewhere else) visit sb for a short tear off: remove sth (clothes, sheets of paper, etc) roughly
time: Now that my aunt is ill, I stop by to see her on my way home or violently: Penny tore a sheet of paper off the pad and passed it
from work most days. to me.
stop off: have a break somewhere while on a journey to tear up: remove/destroy sth, bring sth to an end: The new
>1 somewhere else: On his way to America, the Russian diplomat president tore up the peace treaty and declared war again.
stopped off for a day in Ireland.
think out: give a lot of thought to all the details of sth: You
strike back: on being treated badly by sb, treat them in a can't say we didn't think things out before taking our decision;
similar way: When the critic wrote a bad review of a play I acted we've covered every possibility.
in, I struck back by having a very unfavourable write-up of his
latest novel published in the paper. think over: give careful thought to sth before making your
decision: If you don't mind, I'd like to think it over and give you
strike out: (1) make an effort to be independent and do my answer tomorrow.
your own thing: His parents expected him to join the family
business, but he struck out and set up his own company. think through: give careful thought to sth, particularly with
(2) attack sb or show sudden anger towards them: Nancy regard to what may happen as a result of it: If you had
didn't really care who she struck out at; she just wanted to show thought the matter through, you would have realised that your
her rage. plan wouldn't succeed.
(3) start a journey towards a particular place: Rachel didn't thrash out: discuss every aspect of sth in detail, with a view
tell her parents that she intended to leave home and strike out for to reaching agreement or making a decision: I know you don't
the big city. approve of what I did, but I don't mind thrashing out our differences
strike up: (1) start playing music, singing: The orchestra to reach some sort of understanding.
would never dare strike up before the conductor gave them the tick over: operate or work at a steady, but not particularly
signal. productive, rate: I won't promise to make you a huge profit, but I
(2) begin some form of relationship or contact: Lawrence can keep your business ticking over for a month while you attend
always found it difficult to strike up a conversation with strangers. to your family responsibilities.
string along: make sb believe that you are in agreement so tie down: restrict sb: It was difficult to tie her down to a date for
that you gain time before you achieve what you really want: a meeting as she always out of the country on business.
Stephanie thought I wanted to be friends with her, so I strung her
along until ~he revealed the information I wanted. tie up: (1) cause sb to be busy: He's too tied up with international
diplomacy to sort out his personal life.
tail off: gradually become smaller or have less impact, (2) keep sth from being available for use: All my weekends are
volume, etc: Her chatter tailed off and finally stopped as she tied up for the next month, so I can't make any promises.
became less and less certain of herself.
tone down: reduce the forcefulness, brightness or strength
take off: (1} start flying, leave the ground: I'm surprised the of sth: The chief executive was furious about what had happened,
plane managed to take off with such a heavy load on board. but she toned down her comments for the official press release.
(2) have increased success or popularity: Her career in fashion
design only really took off when she broke some of the unwritten toy with: (1) consider sth, but not very seriously: She occa-
rules of the business. sionally toyed with the idea of becoming self-employed, but she
(3} leave suddenly: I'm not surprised that George took off like remained with the company.
that when word spread of what he had been doing. (2) play with an object or move it about while thinking about
(4) remove: If you take off your socks, I'll mend the holes in them. sth else: Bill toyed with his glasses while he made the phone calf.
(5) imitate sb to make fun of them: I couldn't help laughing trifle with: treat sth/sb without care or respect: Derek learnt
when Christina took off her pompous brother in such a true-to-life the hard way that he should behave better towards Denise and not
way. trifle with her feelings.
h·

take over: (1) obtain control of sth: The army is threatening to turn in: (1) give sth to sb who is expecting it or from whom
take ove(the country. you have borrowed it: You need to turn in your old banknotes
(2) do sth.when sb else stops doing it (especially in a position before you can be issued with new ones.
of respqrisibility): Don't try to drive all the way by yourself; /'II take (2} deliver a suspect to the police or to other officials: When
over when you're feeling sleepy. the ship's officers caught the smugglers on board, they turned
talk over: have a full, detailed discussion about sth: I'm sure them in to the port police.
you wouldn't find the problem so stressful if you would only talk it (3) go to bed: Make sure the TV is switched off before you turn in
over with someone. tor the night.

talk up: make sth sound better in some way than it first turn over to: change the way sth is used or the purpose for
seemed: His proposal is actually quite sensible, but if he doesn't which it is used: The factory owner's children closed the bomb
talk it up I don't think people will agree to it. production section and turned it over to surgical aids production.

tap into: gain access to a resource or supply: The Internet vouch for: speak on behalf of sb/sth, giving a guarantee for
provides a rich source of information to tap into. them: I can vouch for the success of the experiment; I was pres-
ent when the professor carried it out.

217
 another snow fall.
wind down: turn a handle to make sth go down: You can
wait up: stay up instead of going to bed, because you
wind down the car windows now; it's stopped raining.
expect sb to come that'you want to see: There'll be no point
do less and less work, etc (usually before closing a business
waiting up, because I won't be home tonight.
;I or stopping work altogether): Ecologists were glad to see that
walk away with: obtain/win sth without great effort: The the factory had started winding down its operations.
favourite thought he could walk away with the first prize, but the relax after being active or dealing with sth stressful: After
competition was tough, and he only came third. a competitive game of volleyball, I like to wind down in a luxurious
bath.
walk in on: enter a place where sb is doing sth that they
would be embarrassed to be found doing: When we went to wrap up: get dressed in warm clothes: Wrap up well;
the marriage guicrance counsellor we accidentally walked in on there's an icy cold wind out there.
her having a fight with her husband. successfully complete a task or reach an agreement: The
politicians from the two countries hope to wrap up a deal before
walk off with: take sth without the owner's permission: She the holiday period starts.
doesn't do it on purpose, but my boss is always walking off with
my cigarette lighter. write off: decide that sth won't succeed: We may as well
write off her proposals; they would cost far too much.
walk over: treat sb with no respect: ff you don't show any l decide that sb is no longer important or useful: They
strength of character or make your views known, people will walk thought they could write off their competitor when he ran out of
all over you. money, but his workers have agreed to work for nothing until the
ward off: take action to keep sth harmful away from you or company recovers.
stop it affecting you: My parents have started taking vitamin pills declare that a vehicle is too damaged to be repaired: I
in an attempt to ward-off the ravages of old age. don't believe any lorry could fall 500 metres off a mountain road
and not be written off.
wash down: follow food with a drink to help it be swallowed {•41 decide that a debt is never going to be paid back to you:
and digested: Sol has taken to washing every meal down with a We wrote off that debt over thirty years ago, so we were surprised
bottle of mineral water. when the debtor won the lottery and paid it back with interest.
waste away: lose weight/strength due to illness or stress: It
didn't take long for the old man to waste away after his wife and
children were killed in a car crash.
wear down: (make sth) become smoother or smaller by
rubbing or scraping: A beaver would have to do more than
scrape the bark off a few trees for its teeth to wear down.
constantly talk to or annoy sb, to make them lose their
strength or determination: His children hope to get more pocket
money by wearing him down with constant demands.
whip up: do sth to cause/be the cause of strong reac-
tions or emotions in other people: Harvey deliberately spread
false rumours to whip up intense jealousy among his colleagues.
prepare a meal, etc, very quickly: Surely you can't seriously
expect me to whip up a five-course meal in one and a half hours?
cause sand, waves, etc, to rise up or fly about: The wind
was so strong it whipped up the fallen snow and made it seem like

218
 adverb + adjective clinch high
acutely aware clinch an argument high standard
II blissfully unaware/happy clinch a bargain
deadly serious clinch a deal ideas
a deathly shade of... clinch a title conceive a notion/ an idea
distantly related clinch a victory get the impression/idea
distinctly different close get a notion
eternally grateful close quarters have a vague impression/
highly successful close shave notion/idea
hopelessly devoted close-knit community be under the impression
immensely popular close-knit family have a (sneaking) suspicion
progressively worse be under suspicion
common
scrupulously honest regard with suspicion
common knowledge
supremely confident have/hold/ express/ air an
vitally important conduct opinion/view
woefully inadequate conduct an experiment to be of the view/ opinion
conduct a meeting take a dim view of
arouse
conduct negotiations with a view to doing
arouse interest
conduct an orchestra haven't the faintest/foggiest/
arouse suspicion
conduct one's affairs slightest idea/ notion
arouse sympathy
conduct oneself
assert increase
effect marked increase
assert (your) authority
knock-on effect significant increase
assert (your) independence
profound effect
assert (your) rights intimate
side-effect
assert your position/innocence/etc intimate atmosphere
undesirable effect
assert yourself intimate conversation
visible effect
intimate details
beat fall intimate friends
beat about the bush fall asleep intimate knowledge
beat eggs fall ill intimate setting
beat an opponent fall prey to
beat the rap fall silent life
beat a record fall victim to a fact of life
beat sb to sth the birth rate falls a walk of life
beat a team darkness falls larger than life
beat .the traffic the government falls way of life
body language prices fall living
furrowed brow silence falls cost of living
clench your teeth/fist soldiers fall do sth for a living
cross/fold your arms,; the temperature falls earn a living
eye . contact false standard of living
h~j~,,Jin hand false alarm living proof
ntP ~9ur head false eyelashes living wage
p4t ltlur hands on y9ur hips false hope lone
put your head in yoi:Jr hands false irT)pression lone-figure
roll your eyes false move lone parent
shake your head false name lone wolf
shrug your shoulddrs false passport major
stare blankly false pretences major factor
calculated false step
measure
false teeth
calculated risk emergency measure
catch happy generous measure
catch (a) cold happy coincidence precautionary measure
catch fire happy medium special measure
catch sb redhanded heavy temporary measure
catch sb's attention heavy burden
catch sight of heavy responsibility
catch your death

219
 memory only slight
memory lapse only child slight advantage
memory loss perform slight change
commit to memory perform a ceremony slight damage
fade 'from memory perform a feat slight error
in living memory perform a miracle slight headache
jog your memory perform a play/ concert slight improvement
recent memory perform a service slight problem
refresh your memory perform an experiment sole
trigger a memory.. • perform an operation sole charge
menial petty sole proprietor
menial chores petty cash sole survivor
menial job petty crime/theft sound
menial task( s) petty details sound grasp
menial work petty dissension standing
mind petty grievances standing army
be in two minds about petty jealousy standing invitation
be on my mind petty rules standing joke
boggle the mind petty squabbles standing ovation
call to mind · power standing room
change my mind power cut startling
cross my mind power dressing startling achievement
have sth on your mind
make up my mind
practise startling result
practise an art . . . startling revelation
slip my mind
speak my mind practise law/ med1c1~e/dentistry subject
practise self-restraint subject matter
minor practise the piano, etc
minor alterations trivial
practise what you preach
minor change trivial detail
practise your French, etc
minor injuries trivial dispute
prospect trivial matter
minor matter
minor modification daunting prospect trivial objections
exciting prospect trivial offence
minor objection
immediate prospect trivial problem
minor offence
minor operation little/ no prospect
uncanny
minor part/role record uncanny abilit/
minor repairs beat the/ my, etc record uncanny feeling
near daunting prospect uncanny resemblance
near miss break a record
win
go/be on/ off record
'of' collocations win acclaim
have a good/bad record
dereliction of duty win approval
hold a record
difference of opinion win an argument
put something on record
evasion, of responsibility win a battle
single win hands down
lapse. of,\memory
mattef '~L importance single
single
bed
market
wm the right to do sth
offeEt('9f'belp win a seat
single men and women win sb over
prisf~~f:~yfailure
rightJof~way single parent win a victory
sli'~W'of • the tongue single room
workplace
term of endearment single ticket
plum job
waste of time professional jargon
vote of confidence relegate to the rank/ status of

in decline a decrease in ...

on the decline on the decrease
fall/ go into decline an increase in ...
on the increase
a reduction in ...
a drop in ... a rise in ...
on the rise

220
 Candidate Answer Sheet CPE Paper 1 Reading

Part 1 Part 2 Part 4

1 A B C D 19 A B C D 34 A B C D
= =B =C =D = = =C =D = =B = =D
2 If. 20 A B 35 A C
c:::J
A
=B =':J
C
=D =A =B =C =':J
D
=A =B =C =D
3 = = =C =D 21 = =B =C =D 36 = =B =C =
4 A B A
22 i:::=:J 37 A D

5
=A =B c:::J
C
=D
23 A
=B =C =D
38
=A =B =C =
D
=A =B =C =D =If. =B =C =D =A =B =C =
6 = = 24 39 = Q
=C ci =
c:::::J =C =D =B =C =D
7 A B D 25 A B 40 A
=A =B =C =D =A =B =C =i:) = = = =
8 26
=A =B =C =D = c:::J
= =
9 = = = =D
10 =A B C
= c:'.::l =D
11 A B C
= = =C =D Part 3
12 A B
= = =C =D 27 A
= =B
B C
=C
D E
=D =E =F
F G
=G =H
H
13 A B
=A =B =C =0 28 A =
=A B c:'.::l
=D =E =F =G =H
14 c::;=i
A
=B =C =D 29 = =
C
=C =D =E =F =G =H
15 = = = = I}. B
30 c;::'J
16 A B C b = =C q
=E =F =G =H
17 A B
=
c:;;::i
=
C
c:::;:i

D
31 A B
=A =B =C
D
=D =E = =G =
= = =C =D 32
= =
F: rl
•A B
18 c':::J = = c:::J 33 A B
=C =D E =F
c:::J =G =H
= = = = = = = =

Photocopiable page

221
 NOTES

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