2.

0 aim of the paper:

This paper will provide an insight on how corruption in politics is still constructive solutions and
also will thoroughly discuss the causes, the roles of individuals in corruption, the types of
corruption and its effect on the people. The definition of corruption will be provided in the
introduction section. This paper will also discuss the corruptions in Bangladesh and corruptions
in the general world.

However, the principal aim of the paper is to provide the solution on the issue of corruption in
politics.
3.0 Corruption in General:

corruption can be defined in several ways but in simple terms it can be portrayed as an act of
dishonesty or a criminal offense that is followed by a person or a group of people who are in a
position of higher authority. So that they can acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for personal
desire. This behavior includes bribery, nepotism, extortion, embezzlement, patronage, lobbying
etc.

3.1 Causes Of Corruption: suites there are several factors or causes which makes corruptions
advantageous in various fields. The causes which make it possible are as follows:

3.1.1 The deficiency of information: in this field there is lack of freedom of information
legislation. This causes corrupt bureaucracy at a disadvantage point and also endangers mass
movements in countries which makes it lethargic. There is also the issue of lack of proper
reporting with evidence in local media, which causes misinformation to spread out to the public.
Officials also possesses accounting practices and mostly fails to act on timely financial
management. The freedom of press and speech of the people are neglected. Lack of measurement
of corruption is also a reason for it as government officials often fail to regular or use regular
survey of businesses and households. So that they can’t quantify that exact perception of
corruption in the various parts of the country. Tax havens is also a major cause as this system
only makes the respective countries tax their own citizens and companies but not from other
nations and refuse to disclose any important information for foreign taxation. Because of this, it
allows large-scale political corruption to occur in foreign nations.

3.1.2 Insufficient control of the government:

in countries where corruption is at its highest the reason being is because the government of
those countries fails to regulate in searching of important aspects. These causes corruption to
bloom. For instance, the government is not monitored by civic society and an NGO [Non-
Governmental Organization] . The other reason being is an individual voter can neglect
nationwide elections or completely ignore anything related to politics. Per person’s vote carries a
little weight. There is also the issue of weak civil service, weak rule of law, weak legal
profession and finally weak judicial independence. These factors allow corruption to be
implemented on a country. It is therefore, important for the government of any country always
has a strong judicial system and a strong foundation for its people .So that, they can live
accordingly by the law.

3.1.3 Social conditions:

Corruption also occurs in the families of the people. There is the tradition of nepotism or
favoritism of being acceptable into clans or family centered societies. There is also the lack of
education and literacy among the population. There is a lack of strong laws which forbids
members of the same family to contest elections and be in office of power. This causes misuse of
power and form a family-based hereditary position in the democratic system, which is similar to
a monarchy system. There is also a certain biases for certain tribal people. In some of the areas
the leadership of the region are passed from generations to generations. Thus, it creates family
monarchy where the central power is held by certain families. For instance, Nehru-Gandhi
family of the Congress party can be portrayed as such party. The existence of weak laws that
makes it possible for a same family contest for the political position in the elections. So, most of
the elections of so-called democratic countries are held among certain families whom are
benefited tremendously.

3.2 Consequence of Corruption:

3.2.1 Effects on health :

In healthcare system the influence of corruption is significant from the hospital, the government
and other institutions that can promote quality and sustainable healthcare. The efficiency of
healthcare hugely depend on the accountability, transparency of the system, proper management
and timely supply of service to the patients. The corruption of the system causes mismanagement
and misappropriation of the government funds. This type of scenarios are very common in those
type of countries. The healthcare service can be undermined by the corruption which in turn will
harm the lives of the people who are in dire need of it.

3.2.2 effects on the economy:

the cost of the businesses only increases due to the corruption in the admission of sector of the
government. By the illicit hybrid payment to government officials, the businesses incurs huge
costs that are unnecessary. Some might say that corruption reduces the bureaucratic complexities
of development but the availability of the bribery causes the officials to make much complex
rules and regulations. This wastes time and money of the general people for their necessary
documentations with the government officials. In the name of patents, licenses, trademark etc.
the government officials take huge sum of money from the businessman. Or else they might
confiscate their daily business operations. These acts reduce the competitiveness of the
businesses and cut profits which are the driving force of the business. The presence of corruption
inflates the business cost, it also hinders the free economy by shielding the businesses with
connections, that bypass the legal restrictions or bureaucratic complexities through bribes. Thus,
the inefficient firms survives in the long run. The corruption also hinders the infrastructures of
the country as the contractors gets to contact with bribes, resulting in lackluster architectural
foundation. Therefore, these infrastructures crumbles within a short time and follows the death of
many people. Many of the political leaders move you down the capital from the fund to the
overseas banks like the Swiss Bank, a famous bank for embezzlement. This happens due to the
confiscation of the asset by the opposing party. This encourages those political leaders to stash
their wealth abroad for future exploitation.

3.2.3 Effects on the Environment and Society:

the evidence of corruption can be found in the country which have smallest per capita incomes,
who relies on foreign aid for healthcare. As the donated money are embezzled by the government
and never invested into the health sector for medical needs. Environmental destruction is aided
by corruption. The court societies might form registration for the protection of the environment
but are not enforced as the officials can easily be bribed. The same can be said of the social
activist who are for labor protection, child labor etc. In the national market, the corrupt countries
gets economic advantage for the violation of these laws. The government’s have the tendency to
undermine the food securities in places of good harvests. The officials steal properties and food
subsidies which are supposed to aid the poor. Most often the food aids are sold for profit.

3.2.4 Effects on Education:

Education is the basis on which society can be transformed or shaped for further advancement.
Increase corruption in higher education is something to be concerned about. The corruption
education can have higher stakes. The personal effort and reward anticipation may face
disconnection due to corruption. This way the students believe that personal success does not
stem from hard work or merit rather through forming connections and taking shortcuts.
Corruption can also hinder academic promotion in higher education. Presently, promotion is
based on personal connections. This flawed process of the academic institutions has made unfit
graduates in the job market. Moreover, plagiarism is a type in research as it resembles learning
and discourages originality. As a result, money, power and influence can compromise the
standard of education. Within a short span, a student might come out as a fresh graduate but will
always remain unfit or unbaked for a job.

3.2.5 Effect of Corruption on Other Sectors:

Corruption can be done in many forms. For instance, under table payments to doctors in order to
be in the top of the list in surgery, suppliers pay bribes to the industries for selling low-quality,
bribes paid to obtain advantages etc. there are various manifestation of corruption found at
present. It presents a danger for public safety. There are also corruption prevalent in police sector
where police take bribes even when a person is forcefully accused. They even take bribes to
break the laws. For instance, police takes bribes for traffic rules breaking instead of reporting it.
This result in increase in unlicensed vehicles which increases the traffic jam and accidents in the
process. It also threatens the public safety. Some of the most heinous lawbreakers are set free
because of their political influence and connections. This empowers lack of accountability and
misuse of power. As a result the public safety of the people in a society becomes nonexistent.

3.3.Types of Corruption:

Corruption can be done in several ways. There are a number of types of corruption. These types
are present in a society in one form or another.

3.3.1 Bribery:

bribery mainly involves payment given to the government officials in exchange for their
authority in certain works. It is a form of informal transaction which disrupts the smooth flow of
the society. Through bribery the rich gets the upper hand for priority against the poor from the
government officials. The bride can be initiated in either way. For instance, a customs official
might demand bride to permit illegal goods or the smuggling might offer bribes in order to gain
passage. Corruption in some of the country extends beyond the public sector to all over the
country. It might be difficult for a normal person to persist in that type of society where money is
priority over what is right.

3.3.2 Patronage.

The term patronage means the supporter who favors. For instance, in case of government
employment, the changes of the top administration may be perceived as effective. But if the
replacements are unfit who are fully chosen for the supporter of the regime and for
implementation of its agendas. They might be selected for a particular clique of people.

3.3.3 Nepotism

The biased favors toward family friend and relatives of an official. It is also incentivize illicit
gains. This type biased in favor is done at at selection of employee in both government and
private sectors. This put the general people at a disadvantage because of their lack of background
and connections. It might not be limited to business, politics, University, independent, sports,
religion and fitness etc.

3.3.4 Electoral fraud:

Election symbolizes the democracy of the country and freedom of the people to select their own
leader. But there might be illegal interference in the election process. This type of acts of fraud
effect the actual vote count and change the results of the election. Through this hindrance the
favored political candidate gets more votes then they actually got. On the other hand, decreasing
the vote amounts of the opposite candidates. This time is also coined as voter fraud. The factors
to which Electra fraud is done are intimidation during voting, hacking the voting computer and
improper counting etc.

3.3.5 Embezzlement:

the misappropriation of government or the public fund or any type of entrusted funds. It is
considered political when the public money for the citizens are involved. The personal use of the
unauthorized public fund not only wastes the hard-earned money of the people but put the
country at an economy down fall. For instance, the public employees are assigned by the
government officials to renovate their own home instead of the public interest.

3.3.6 Kickbacks:
When the public funds of the government are given to unrelated organization that involved
corrupt beating is is called kickbacks. The initial gets a portion of the sum company receives as a
return from the bidding . This betrays the public interest. For instance, a judge in exchange for
the judicial decisions, receives the personal property of the business. Kickbacks are not normally
limited to the government officials but it can occur occur in any corporation or organization in
which the assigned persons are entrusted with the fund that does not belong to them.

3.3.7 Unholy alliance:

The alliance among some of the antagonistic group of people for some type of gain. Normally,
influential nongovernment group form alliance for favorable treatment with the government
group. The government who are supplied with findings for their favoritism. The unholy alliance
are dangerous for the public interest as these people are driven by self-interest and they do as
they please without any sort of regard for the public.

3.3.8 Involvement in Organized Crime:

Organize Crime is a type of crime that are open in the public and the law enforcer put a blind eye
to their criminal activities. It is a continuing criminal enterprise that profits from the illicit acts.
The government officials are bribed by such organizations and continue the operations through
threat and intimidation. For instance, the Mexican drug Cartels are the example of the organized
crime.

4.0 The corruption In Bangladesh:

The global community report(GCR) 2019 identified Bangladesh as a corrupt country that it’s
corruption is one of the most problematic factors in business operations.
4.1 history of corruption in Bangladesh:

The political history of country are influenced by three important political parties of Bangladesh.
These three political parties are Awami League, Bangladesh Nationalist party and Jatiya Party.
In addition, the student politics also influence its political history.

4.1.1 Awami League:

On 9 April 2012 Railway Minister Suranjit Sengupta’s assistant personal secretary, general
manager of the Eastern region and Commandant of security while driving to his residence with
7.4 million bride. The driver Azam Khan reported them.

In 2012, Syed Abul Hossain was an alleged by the world that for his corruption in the Padma
bridge scandal which led to his resignation from the office. Abul Hasan Chowdhury, the former
state minister for foreign affairs and MP of Awami League was involved in the same corruption.
Mujibur Rahman Chowdhury, the nephew of the prime minister, was also affiliated with the
case.

On 29 August 2012, Syed Modasser Ali, the advisory of the prime minister was alleged for
influencing the Sonali bank authorities into granting the scam loans. The loans were granted to
the Hallmark group which is a controversial group.

On 24 April, 2013, Rana Plaza, a commercial building situated in Savar , because of its structural
failure it collapsed. The main reason for this collapse is the corruption during the building proces
that led to a faulty instruction. The owner of the building,Sohel Rana is the leader of youth wing
of AL.

On 15 October 2015, MP of league, Manjurul Islam Liton was arrested for shooting at Shahadat
Hossain, a nine year old boy.

On 10 April 2016, Mofazzal Hossain Choudhury Maja, the former Disaster Management and
Relief Minister, got his plea rejected by Bangladesh Supreme Court Appellate Division and his 13
year jail was upended.
In November 2016,Abdur Rahman Bodi, MP of Awami League, was fined $1 million and
sentenced to three years imprisonment because of his illicit misappropriation and hiding of $100
million wealth.

On 13 July 2017, a civil servant of UNO named Gazi Tarique was harassed by the local
administration, MP of Awami league and the police

there also has been a rise of of Bangladeshi is deposit in Swiss bank and according to the data
published on 29 June 2017, it shows that the increase of Swiss Bank accounts were by 20% from
2013/2014.

4.1.2 Bangladesh nationalist party (BNP)

In 2007, Harris Chowdhury , former political secretary of prime minister of BNP, was charged
by the military backed caretaker government for acquisition of wealth through corruption. In
2005, he was also charged for the involvement in the murder of former finance minister.
Furthermore, he was charged due to his involvement in Dhaka Grenade Attack in 2004 and for
the corruption in Zia Charitable Trust corruption. In 2014, he was charged with an arrest warrant
and his wealth were confiscated by Bangladesh High Court.

On 22 July 2007, Wadud Bhuiyan, because of his illegal misappropriation of wealth which is of
more than $1 million of cash and property, was sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment.

On 16 October 2008, Interpol reported that there was a deposit of millions in a bank of Hong
kong. It was deposited by M Morshed Khan, a former Foreign Minister. He was convicted along
with his son in several cases of corruption.
On 3 November 2008, Tarique Rahman was believed as guilty by a leaked US Embassy cable. It
was he was guilty of political corruption which had a serious effect on United States’ national
interest. It is also believed that he was laundering money digitally with the Bangladesh Bank.

On 24 June 2011, Niko Resource , which is a oil and gas company, has pleaded guilty in bribing
AKM Mosharraf Hossain the Bangladeshi minister. He was bribed with luxury trip to New York
and Calgary.

On 16 August 2011, Hafiz and his spouse laundered $1.75 million to Singapore and was alleged
by the anticorruption commission with Gulshan police station.

On 4 July 2014, Mir Mohammad Nasiruddin, the former minister of civil aviation and his son
were sentenced to 13 years of imprisonment in two separate cases related to corruption.

On 15 November 2014, Anwar Hussain, leader of Judo Dal, which is a youth wing of BNP,
hacked professors AKM Shafiul Islam Lilon of Social Science of Rajshahi University.

4.1.3 Jatiya Party (Ershad)

In 1999, Kazi Zafar Ahmed of Zatiya Party was alleged for hijacking a multimillion dollar sugar
aid statement and he was sentenced to 15 years in jail. Due to this incident, he is commonly
called ‘Sugar Zafar’.

In 2000, Muhammad Ershad was accused of the murder of the Maj. Gen. Muhammad Abul
Manzoor. He was also convicted as well as sentenced for Janata Tower case. As a result, in 2001,
he was declared to be ineligible for the general election.

In 2002, Golam Faruk Ovi, former student cadre and MP of Jatiyo Party, was responsible for the
murder of Sye’s da Tania Mahbub, a model whose body dead was found under the river of
Buriganga bridge.

4.1.4 Student politics:

Politics dominate the campus of most of the public universities. The influence of the political
leader can be seen there.In public Universities and colleges , there are separate student wing of
the political parties. For instance, Chatro league is the student wing of Awami League.The
resident halls are managed by them for their favored members of the party. They extort the food
free from the restaurants and canteens inside the campus, take money form the vendors and
jobseekers, preasurize the administrators of the university.
5.0 The solution for the corruption:

There might be a number of solution but none of them are concret in a sense or full proof. But
the basic takes at the root level might help tackle for the solution of the problem like corruption
which affects the economy and overall wellbeing of the Nation as a whole.

5.1 The autonomy of Anti-Corruption Commission

Though the ACC was formed long ago but the governments could not give ACC the freedom
that it needs to conduct the operation freely in order to dominate the corrupted high officials.
There had been lack of funding in the ACC. There is makes it ineffective in the proper
conduction of their operations. No government had truly given ACC there for parts autonomy.
This makes it clear why the autonomy was not given by the government.5.2

5.2 the proper implementation of loss and regulations:

It is one of the crucial factor that the laws in the Constitution are followed and the lawbreakers
are held accountable for their actions. In Bangladesh most of the time, it’s the political leaders
get to bypass the laws and regulations through their powers and authorities. This makes a
window for all types of corruption and crimes. Lack of accountability stems from the lack of
proper implementation of laws and regulations. So, the government should take the required
steps in order to disrupt the corruption in the system which hinders not only the public safety but
also the whole nation.

5.3 the implementation of the harsh punishment for corruption:

There had been less impact of the punishment for corruption nowadays. These implications made
it so people don’t have to think twice when they involve in such act. Firstly, corruption should
not be taken lightly in a country because its impact goes far beyond in the economy, social and
security of the general masses. The corrupt alleged individuals should be treated harshly as per as
their conduct. They should not get a second chance or escape punishment through the loopholes
of law. The Constitution should be set up keeping this factors in mind. Because to have a
developed country we have to root out the weeds of corruption. Through the harsh punishments
and accountability, the government can be just in conduct as well as in their actions.

5.4 Transparency of the government records:

Corruption is not mainly responsible for the negligence of the government. It occurs other times
due to lack of government control and its oversee of records. When the government employee for
officials gets freedom or no such need to take responsibility for their actions, this leads to misuse
of the government funds and professions. It creates loopholes in the government hierarchy and a
way to bypass the harsh punishments for laundering, embezzling and bribing in the government
or any sort of governmental organization. So the government should establish its control through
the effective use of management in order to establish the transparency of the records. If all the
officials are held responsible for their actions, it will encourage them to work properly and
discourage them to follow the unsavory path of corruption.

5.5 creation of strong political will:

establishment of the strong political game can be made to the people. By upholding fair and free
elections where people gets to elect their perspective political party or leader who are committed
to their views. This should be a system where the political leader are bound by the promises they
made pre-elections. This will increase the trust of the people as well as a political will. So there
should be a tool for citizen to monitor the activities of the government. This will also create
transparency from the government so that mistrust can be diminished. The politicians should be
held accountable if there retract from their promises and are drawn to their personal gain.

5.6 the use of modern technologies in the government office:

Present is the age of fourth industrial revolution as there are artificial intelligence, block chain
technology, machine learning etc. the government should digitalize and innovate the government
officials in order to decrease the bureaucratic complexities and simplify the processes. Most of
the corruption occur because of the complexities of the process in the management. It makes it
easy for the misuse of authority and power by officials. But if the technology are implemented
properly then it would be easy to oversee corruption in the system before it happens. For instance
in South Korea the government is implementing the project called ‘e- people’. It allows the
general people to report corruption digitally. In Spain, they are already testing Anti-Corruption
Early Warning Scheme that detects corruption before it happens by connecting to the
government database.

5.7 Educating the masses about corruption:

we might know that what corruption does but what is the extent of this knowledge. Most of the
people think of corruption as something that government official gains and it has nothing to do
with them until the directly affects them. So, it can be stated that the idea of corruption of most
of the people are bird eye viewed. The harsh implication of the corruption to the economy, to the
lives of the people, to the public safety and to the nation as a whole should discuss elaborately.
Even the officials might not think of the ramification of corruption when they do so. The mass
awareness of corruption to be known to all. Because of the short-term benefit of corruption we
are losing the long-term benefits of being a strong, developed and sovereign nation.

5.8 creation of cultural integrity:

Bangladesh as a nation was not achieved easily but through the harsh war and sacrifice of several
lives. The culture ingenuity is the sort of cultural values, principles and an ethics as a nation that
we have. It can be created through comprehensive knowledge about our culture and our values
and conveying these to the next generation. It should not only be limited to youngsters. It should
be implemented in office, businesses and homes. We should have mission and vision related to
our culture integrity. As a nation we should foster pride and principles so that we have such
feelings for our culture and the nation.