SOLVER TUTORIAL

CLASS- 12TH

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
PHYSICS (312)

NATIONAL INTITUTE OF OPEN

SCHOOLING

SOLVER TUTORIAL
KAILSHPURI MUGHALSARAI CHANDAULI
8318929940, 8840599758
• When glass and copper pieces heated to the same temperature are
touched, copper piece seems warmer than glass piece. Explain why.
Ans: Copper is a very good conductor of heat. So, it allows maximum amount
of heat to pass through it from one point to other. But glass is a poor
conductor of heat and hence it allows a very little amount of heat to pass
through it.
When we touch a heated copper piece and glass, more heat is transferred to
out hand from copper than glass. So, copper seems warmer.

• Name the source from which the earth receives ultraviolet radiations.
Ans: Earth receives ultraviolet radiations from the sun.

• What is the name given to the light of a single wavelength?

Ans: It is called monochromatic light. It means light consisting of a single
colour. Each colour corresponds to a unique frequency or wavelength.

• Name the logic gate which performs (a) multiplication and (b) inversion
operation.
Ans: AND gate performs multiplication
NOT gate performs inversion

• Write two points to distinguish between ‘mass’ and ‘weight’ of a body.

Ans: Mass:
- It is a scalar quantity.
- It is the measure of amount of substance content in a matter.
Weight:
- It is a vector quantity.
- It is the force through which an object attracted towards any celestial
body.
• A concrete wall of thickness one metre of a dam can withstand a side
pressure of 10 × 5 × 2 Nm-. Find the thickness of sidewall at the bottom of
the water dam at a depth of 100 m. [ g = - 10m × 2s and density of water =
10 × 3 kg/m3]
Ans: Pressure
at 100m100m=105Pa+100m∗1000kg/m3∗10m/s−2=105Pa+100m∗1000kg/m3∗
10m/s−2
=1100000Pa=1100000Pa
=11∗105Pa=11∗105Pa
Pressure/Thickness=pressure/Thickness=k
k=105k=105
So11∗105/x=105So11∗105/x=105
Thickness(x)=11m

• What is the numerical value of the specific heat of a gas in an (a)

isothermal process and (b) adiabatic process? Give reason for your
answer.
Ans: Specific Heat Formula is S=Q/m dT
1. For isothermal process temperature remains constant, dT would be 0
S= Q/0= Infinity
2. For adiabatic process There will be no transfer of heat or matter therefore y
first law of thermodynamics d Q=d U + d W
d Q=0 for adiabatic.
therefore S= 0
• How is the resolving power (RP) of a microscope affected, when the (a)
wavelength of illuminating radiation decreases and (b) diameter of the
objective lens decreases? State reasons to justify your answer.
Ans: Resolving power = 1/ d min = 2 U sin beta/ 1.22 (lambda)
(i) Where lambda is a wavelength. So, if wavelength of illuminating radiation is
decreased then resolving power increases.
(ii) On decreasing diameter, beta decreases so resolving power as well
decreases.

• If the frequency of the incident radiation on the cathode of a photocell is

doubled, how will the following change?
(a) Kinetic energy of electrons
(b) Photoelectric current
Ans: In the given case, photoelectric current increases. If the wavelength of
electromagnetic radiation is doubled, it would only increase the number of
photoelectrons, but no energy change. If a frequency of incident radiation is
fixed, the photoelectric current increases linearly with increase in intensity of
incident radiation.

• What are intrinsic semiconductors? Explain how a semiconductor can be

converted into an n-type semiconductor.
Ans: By doping of some substance in semiconductor than intrinsic
semiconductor is formed. When, higher group element doped in intrinsic
semiconductor than n type is formed.

• Define the term ‘projectile motion’. Show that the path of any projectile
launched at an angle to the horizontal is a parabola. A football is thrown
in a parabolic path. Is there any point at which the acceleration is
perpendicular to the velocity? If yes, where?
Ans: Projectile refers to an object that is in flight after being thrown or projected.
In a projectile motion, the only acceleration acting is in the vertical direction
which is acceleration due to gravity (g).

Let a body is projected with speed u m/s inclined θ with horizontal line.
Then, vertical component of u, = u cos θ
Horizontal component of u, = u sin θ
acceleration on horizontal, a x = 0
acceleration on vertical, ay = -g

Now, use formula,

x=
x = ucosθ.t
t = x/u cos θ------(1)

Again, y =
y = u sin θ t - 1/2gt²
Put equation (1) here,
y = u sin θ × x/u cos θ - 1/2g × x²/u²cos²θ
= tan θ x - 1/2gx²/u²cos²θ

This equation is similar to Standard equation of parabola y = ax² + bx + c her, a,

b and c are constant

So, A projectile motion is parabolic motion.

 OR

State the ‘law of triangle’ of vector addition. Obtain the magnitude and
direction of the resultant of two vectors inclined at an angle. What will be
the magnitude and direction of the resultant of two vectors acting at a point
in the opposite direction?

Ans: It states that if two vectors acting simultaneously at a point are

represented in magnitude and direction
by the two sides of a triangle taken in
same order. And their resultant is
represented in magnitude and direction
by the third side of the triangle taken in
opposite order.

Consider two vectors A vector and B vector represented by OP and PQ. Let the
angle between A vector and B vector is Q (theta) by the two sides of a triangle.
Resultant to be OD vector by third side of triangle taken in opposite order.
Draw DN perpendicular to OP produced.

In ∆ OND (By Pythagoras)

(R)² = (ON)² + (ND)²

(R)² = (OP + PN) ² + (ND)²

(R)² = (A + PN) ² + (NQ)² ..............(S)

In ∆ PDN
PN ÷ PD = Cos Q

PN ÷ B = Cos Q

PN = B Cos Q ..........(1)

ND ÷ PQ = Sin Q

ND ÷ B = Sin Q

ND = B Sin Q .............(2)

Put value of (1) and (2) in (S)

(R)² = (A + B Cos Q) ² + (B Sin Q) ²

(R)² = A² + B² Cos²Q + 2AB Cos Q + B² Sin² Q

R = √A² + B² (Sin²Q + Cos²Q) + 2AB Cos Q

R = √A² + B² + 2AB Cos Q

Let R vector make an angle Π with A vector.

tan Π = DN ÷ ON
= B Sin Q ÷ OP + PN

= B Sin Q ÷ A + B Cos Q

• A particle starts from rest at time t = 0 and moves in a straight line with an
acceleration a (m s) -2. Find the time at which the (a) speed of the particle
will be 4 times its speed at t = 2 s and (b) distance covered by it will be 8
times that travelled by the particle at t = 2 s.
Ans: V=u + at
initially the particle is at rest so u=0
therefore, velocity at t=2 is v=a*2
1) now initial velocity is 2a and final
velocity is 8a
so, for time,
u=08a=0+at
therefore t=8
2) apply formula s=u t +(1/2) a*t^2
distance travelled at t=2s
u=0
s= (1/2) a*4
therefore s=2a
so, the time taken for the body to travel 8 times the distance travelled at t=2s
is
s=u t + (1/2) a*t^2u=0
so,16a= (1/2) a*t^2
t^2=32
therefore t=5.66

• State the law of conservation of angular momentum. A wheel is rotating

at an angular speed w about its axis which is kept vertical. Another wheel
of the same radius but half the mass, initially at rest, is slipped on the
same axle gently. These two wheels then rotate with a common speed.
Calculate the common speed.
Ans: The law of conservation of Angular Momentum states that:

"When the net external torque acting on a system about a given axis is
zero, the total angular momentum of the system about that axis remains
constant."

The common angular velocity is

Explanation:
Angular speed of the wheel = ω

If the mass of the wheel is M and radius R then the Moment of Inertia of the
wheel

When another wheel with mass M/2 is placed on the wheel then its Moment
of Inertia =

The combined moment of inertia of the wheel of mass M and the wheel of
mass M/2

If the common angular velocity is ω' then from the conservation of Angular
Momentum
Thus, the common angular velocity is

• Define the terms (a) stress and (b) strain. State Hooke’s law of elasticity.
With the help of a labelled stress-strain graph, describe the behaviour of a
metallic wire hanging from a rigid support, when load attached to its free
end is gradually increased.
Ans:
Stress-
When a load is applied on a body it deforms before deformation a internal
force opposes the deformation that force per unit area is called stress

Strain-
When a load applied on a body it deforms
That deformation/ change in length per original length is called strain

Hooke’s Law:
Hooke’s Law states that for small deformities, the stress and strain are
proportional to each other. Thus,

Stress ∝ Strain

Or, Stress = k × Strain … where k is the constant of proportionality and is the

Modulus of Elasticity. It is important to note that Hooke’s Law is valid for most
materials.
Stress-Strain Curve
To determine the relation between the stress and strain for a given material,
let’s conduct an experiment. Take a test cylinder or wire and stretch it by an
applied force. Record the fraction change in length (strain) and the applied
force needed to cause the strain. Increase the applied force gradually, in steps,
and record the readings.
Now, plot a graph between the stress (which is equal in magnitude to the
applied force per unit area) and the strain produced. The graph for a typical
metal looks as follows:

Hooke's Law
The stress-strain curves can vary with the material in question. With the help
of such curves, we can understand how the material deforms with increasing
loads.

Analysis of the Curve

In Fig. 2, we can see that in the region between O and A, the curve is linear.
Hence, Hooke’s Law obeys in this region. In the region from A to B, the stress
and strain are not proportional. However, if we remove the load, the body
returns to its original dimension.

The point B in the curve is the Yield Point or the elastic limit and the
corresponding stress is the Yield Strength (Sy) of the material. Once the load is
increased further, the stress starting exceeding the Yield Strength. This means
that the strain increases rapidly even for a small change in the stress.

This is shown in the region from B to D in the curve. If the load is removed at,
say a point C between B and D, the body does not regain its original dimension.
Hence, even when the stress is zero, the strain is not zero and the deformation
is called plastic deformation.
Further, the point D is the ultimate tensile strength (Su) of the material. Hence,
if any additional strain is
produced beyond this point, a
fracture can occur

• A pipe 20 cm long is closed at one end. Which harmonic mode of the pipe
is resonantly excited by a 430 Hz source? Will the same source be in
resonance with the pipe if both ends are open? Why? [Speed of sound in
the air = 340 m s-1]
Ans:
Concept: - In closed organ pipe only odd number of harmonics are produced,
whereas in case of open organ pipe is all even as well as odd harmonics are
produced. Also, fundamental frequency is the minimum frequency of vibration.
Here,
Length of the pipe (L) = 20 cm
= 20 × 10^-2 = 0.2 m
Frequency of the source (f) = 430 Hz
speed of sound = 340 m/s
Fundamental frequency in closed organ pipe (fo) = V/4L
= 340/4 × 0.2 = 425 Hz
Hence, the fundamental frequency of closed organ pipe will resonate with the
source.
In open pipe, Fundamental frequency = V/2L = 340/2 × 0.2 = 850 Hz
Hence,
There will be no resonance.

• Answer the following:

a) Find the value of the current in the given circuit.

b) A galvanometer of coil resistance 12 W shows full deflection for a
current of 2·5 mA. How will you convert it into an ammeter of range 0–
7·5 A?

Ans:
a)
• With the help of a ray diagram, explain the construction and working of a
compound microscope. Write the expression for its magnifying power in
normal adjustment.
Ans: Compound Microscope is an optical instrument used to observe highly
magnified images of small tiny objects.

It consists of two Convex lenses:

1. An objective O of very small focal length and small aperture

2. An eye piece of moderate focal length and larger focal length.

Magnifying power of compound microscope:
It is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image to the angle
subtended by the object at the unaided eye, when both are paced at the least
distance of distinct vision It is denoted by 'M' and is given as
M = 1 + D/f
Where D is the least distance of the distinct vision and is equal to 'v'.

Since, D is constant so magnifying power depends upon the focal length of the
lens. Smaller the focal length, greater will be the magnifying power of the lens.

• Draw the general shape of the output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor

in its CE (common-emitter) configuration. Draw the circuit diagram for
obtaining these characteristics. Which regions of these characteristics of a
transistor are used when it works as a switch?
Ans:

Output characteristics: -
Cut off, Active and saturation regions of a transistor:
1.Transistor Biasing: -
The application of suitable dc voltages across the transistor terminals is called
biasing. Each junction of a transistor may be forward biased or reverse biased
independently. These are following three different ways of biasing a transistor,
which is also known as modes of transistor operation.

2.Forward active: -
Emitter-Base junction is forward biased
Collector- base junction is reverse biased. Collector - base junction is reverse
biased.

3.Saturation Region: -
Emitter-Base junction is forward biased Collector- base junction is forward
biased Emitter-Base junction is forward biased Collector- base junction is
forward biased
In this mode transistor has a very large value of current. The transistor is
operated in this mode, when it is used as a closed switch. Here, there is a large
change in the collector current IC with a small change in VCE.
4.Cut- off Region: -
Emitter-Base junction is reverse biased Collector- base junction is reverse
biased Emitter-Base junction is reverse biased Collector- base junction is
reverse biased.
In this region both the junctions are Reverse Biased. In this mode transistor has
zero current. The transistor is operated in this mode, when it is used as an
open switch. Since the collector base junction is reversed biased, the current
due to majority carriers flows from collector to emitter which is represented by
ICEO.

Input characteristics: -
It is the graph of input current Ib v/s input
voltage VBE at a constant output voltage VCE. It
resembles the characteristics of a forward-
biased diode. The input current Ib increases as
the input voltage Vbe increases for a fixed
value of VCE.

As the Reverse-Bias voltage VCE increases,

Depletion region in the collector –base
junction increases.
Hence the width of the base available for conduction decreases. Hence, Ib
decreases due to early effect and the graph shifts towards X-axis.
Dynamic input resistance =
Ri=ΔVBE ΔIb Ri=∆Vbe ∆Ib where VCE = constant

• Answer the following:

a) Starting from the equation for the pressure exerted by a gas on the
basis of kinetic theory of gases, deduce (i) Avogadro’s law and (ii)
Boyle’s law.

b) State the first law of thermodynamics and express it in its mathematic

form. Mention it’s any two limitations.

Ans: Kinetic molecular theory: Theory of treating samples of matter as a large

number of small particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant,
random motion
• Lattice A regular spacing or arrangement of atoms/molecules within a
crystal.
• phase A component in a material system that is distinguished by chemical
composition and/or physical state. Matter can exist in the solid, liquid,
and gaseous phases.

A) ACCORDING TO KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

BOYLES LAW
The volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure
exerted on it at a given temperature.

AVOGADROS LAW

Equal volume of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the
same number of molecules.
STATEMENT: the amount of heat supplied to a system is equal to the algebraic
sum of
the change in internal energy of the system and the amount of external work
done.

EXPLANATION: when ∆ Q is the quantity of heat supplied to system, a system a

part of it is used to increase its internal energy ∆U and the rest is used in doing
external work ∆ W.
The mathematical expression of this law is
∆Q = ∆U + ∆W.
It is a special case of the law of conservation of energy

The limitations of this law are

1) It does not tell about the direction of heat flow

2) It does not tell about the efficiency with which heat can be converted into
work.

• Answer the following:

a) A wire kept along the north-south direction is allowed to fall freely.
Will an e.m.f be induced in the wire? State reason for your answer.

b) A coil B is connected to a low-voltage bulb L as shown in the figure and

is placed parallel to another coil A connected to an a.c. source.

Explain the rea sons for the following observations:

(i) The bulb lights up
(ii) The bulb gets dimmer if the coil B is moved upwards
 c) State the condition for resonance to occur in a series L-C-R circuit and
hence derive an expression for the resonance frequency.
Ans: No because there is no change in the magnetic flux linked with the wire.
I) bulb B lights due to electromagnetic induction produced by coil P
ii) due to decrease in the effect of coil P on the coil B. OR decrease in the
electromagnetic induction produced by coil P
• Answer the following:
(a) State Coulomb’s law in electrostatics. Write it in its vector form. What is
the importance of expressing it in vector form?
(b) Point charges each of magnitude q are placed at the three corners of a
right-angled tri angle BAC as shown in the figure, where AB = AC. Find the
magnitude and di rection of the force exerted on -q.

Ans:
a) The Coulomb’s Law states that —
"The electrostatic force, acting between two charges q1 and q2, is directly
proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the
distance ‘r’ between them."
Its vector form has been expressed in the attached image.
b)
 OR

(a) Define electric field at a point. State its SI unit. Explain why test charge
q0 should be infinitesimally small. Show the direction of the electric
field due to isolated

(i) positive and

(ii) negative charge.
(b) Five-point charges each of magnitude q C are placed on five vertices of
a regular hexagon of side L metre. Find the magnitude of force on a
charge -q C, placed at the centre of the hexagon.
Ans:
a) Electric field is defined as the electric force per unit charge.
S.I unit = N/C
b)
• Mention any two points of difference between the phenomena of ‘nuclear
fission’ and ‘nuclear fusion’. Explain using the graph for binding energy
per nucleon (BE /A) mass no.
(A), how the release of energy is
accounted for in two cases.
Ans: Fission Reactions:
From the curve of binding energy,
the heaviest nuclei are less stable
than the nuclei near A=60. This
suggests that energy can be
released if heavy nuclei split apart
into smaller nuclei having masses nearer A=60. This process is called fission. It
is the process that powers atomic bombs and nuclear power reactors.

Fusion Reactions:
The curve of binding energy suggests a second way in which energy could be
released in nuclear reactions. The lightest elements (like hydrogen and helium)
have nuclei that are less stable than heavier elements up to A~60. Thus,
sticking two light nuclei together to form a heavier nucleus can release energy.
This process is called fusion, and is the process that powers hydrogen
(thermonuclear) bombs and (perhaps eventually) fusion energy reactors.

• Define the term ‘angle of view’.

Ans: The angle formed at a nodal point of a lens by the intersection of two
lines drawn from the opposite ends of an image produced by the lens.

• What is meant by the ‘speed’ of a photographic film? Write two units in

which the speed of a commonly used film is expressed.
Ans: Photographic film is a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film
base coated on one side with a gelatine emulsion containing microscopically
small light-sensitive silver halide crystals. The sizes and other characteristics of
the crystals determine the sensitivity, contrast and resolution of the film.
• What is a digital camera? Describe it’s working. Write the main difference
between a digital camera and a film-based camera.
Ans: A digital camera uses an electronic image sensor to create still
photographs and record video. The optical system of a digital camera
works like a film camera, in which a typical lens and diaphragm are used to
adjust electronic image sensor lighting.

The difference is that how image is captured and stored

Digital Camera

1-In Digital Camera, image is captured through photo electric medium an

image sensor stored in digital electronic format in memory card.
2-Digital camera provide live view before capture and instant preview after
capture.
3-Digital cameras use memory card.
4-Digital camera have CCD/CMOS sensors which captures ligth and transform it
into picture
5-Digital camera stores images on laptop or computer.

Web camera
1-In webcam or web camera are small cameras images can be access through
world wide web, instant messaging, or a PC video conferencing application.
2- web cameras are used for online web streaming purpose
3-Capture good picture in dark or without much light lower the quality of
product.
4- Its need computer hasn’t storage.
5-Video directly access to network.
• What is a video-tape recorder? Mention four points of difference between
video image and photographic image. Write the difference between audio
and video recording.
Ans: A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record and
playback video and audio material on magnetic tape.
The early VTRs are open-reel devices which record on individual reels of 2-inch-
wide (5.08 cm) tape. They were used in television studios, serving as a
replacement for motion picture film stock and making recording for television
applications cheaper and quicker.
Beginning in 1963, videotape machines made instant replay during televised
sporting events possible. Improved formats, in which the tape was contained
inside a videocassette, were introduced around 1969; the machines which play
them are called videocassette recorders.
Agreement by Japanese manufacturers on a common standard recording
format, so cassettes recorded on one manufacturer's machine would play on
another's, made a consumer market possible, and the first consumer
videocassette recorder was introduced by Sony in 1971.

• Name the logic gates which perform (a) multiplication and (b) inversion
processes.
Ans: AND gate performs multiplication NOR gate performs inversion.

• If the absolute temperature of a gas is raised to four times its original

temperature, how will its root-mean-square velocity be affected keeping
all other variables unchanged?
Ans: Root-mean-square velocity of a gas is directly proportional to the root of
absolute temperature of the gas. So, if the absolute temperature is raised to 4
times its original temperature, the velocity will be doubled. (√4 = 2)
• Human heart, on an average, beats 72 times a minute. What is its beat
period in seconds?
Ans: Total beats= 72times
time= in1minute
seconds in a minute= 60 sec.
beat period in a second= 72/60=1.2times

• A concave mirror of large aperture does not produce a sharp point image
of a point object. Name this defect of spherical mirrors.
Ans: A concave mirror of large aperture does not produce a sharp point image
of a point object. ... More over the rays very close to axis, focus at a far point
and the rays away from the axis, focus at a near point. So, there will be a array
of focal points in between. This is called spherical aberration in mirrors.

• Describe three types of thermodynamic systems. Give one example of any

one of them.
Ans: The three types of thermodynamic systems are: -

(1) Open system- both matter and energy exchange with the surrounding
takes place. E.g.: open vessel with boiling water

(2) Closed system- only heat exchange takes place and not matter.

(3) Isolated system- neither matter nor heat exchange with the surrounding
takes place. E.g.: Thermos flask.
• Experiments indicate that the velocity of a freely falling body on reaching
the ground depends on two factors—(a) acceleration due to gravity (g)
and (b) time duration (t). Use dimensional analysis to obtain the
dependence of velocity v on g and t.
Ans: Terminal Velocity When a body falls, it accelerates due to gravity and the
retarding force of air resistance increases with speed. This continues till the
force of air resistance equals the weight of the object. Now the object no
longer accelerates but falls with a constant speed called the terminal velocity.

• With the help of a self-explanatory labelled ray diagram, establish a

relation between the polarising angle and the refractive index of any
transparent material when an unpolarised light is reflected by it.
Ans:

• Describe in brief the formation of depletion region in a p-n junction diode

with a suitable diagram.

Ans:
With the formation of p-n junction, the holes from p-region diffuse into the n-
region and electrons from n-region diffuse into p-region and electron hole pair
combine and get annihilated. This in turn, produces potential barrier VB across
the junction which opposes the further diffusion through the junction. Thus,
small region forms in the vicinity of i the junction which is depleted of free
charge carrier and has only immobile ions been called the depletion regions.
The potential distribution near the p-n junction is known as potential barrier.

Working: Diode conducts corresponding to

positive half-cycle and does not conduct during
negative half-cycle hence AC converted by diode
into unidirectional pulsating DC. This action is
halfwave rectification.
• Draw a graph showing variation of intermolecular forces with
intermolecular separation. Hence define the term ‘equilibrium
separation’.
Ans: If a body doesn’t change its state of rest or motion under the influence of
several forces then the body is said to be in equilibrium.

• Draw a diagram to show the path traversed by alpha particles after being
scattered from gold foil in Rutherford’s experiment.
Ans:
(i) Most of the α-particle passed through the foil straight without suffering any
change in their direction.

(ii) A small fraction of α-particles was deflected through small angles, and a few
through larger angles.

What conclusions were derived from the scattering experiment

The following conclusions were drawn from the Rutherford’s scattering

experiment.

1. Most of the α- particles passed straight through the foil without suffering
any deflection. This shows that most of the space inside the atom is empty or
hollow.

2. Some of the α- particles suffered deflection by 90° or even larger angels. For
this to happen α- particles (positively charged) must approach a heavy
positively charged core inside the atom (Like charges repel each other). This
heavy positively charged ‘core’ inside the atom was named as nucleus.

3. Since the number of α- particles which bounced back was very small, hence,
the volume occupied by the nucleus is very small as compared to the total
volume of the atom.

4. The α- particles have appreciable mass. These are deflected by the nucleus.
It means that almost the entire mass of the atom lies at its centre, i.e., entire
mass of an atom is concentrated inside its nucleus.
• State three laws of motion. Define impulse and state its SI unit.
Ans: The three laws of motion are: -
1.Everybody continues to be in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight
line unless it is compelled by some external force to change that state.
2.the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly promotional to the net
external force applied on it and the change in momentum takes place in the
direction in which the force is applied.
3.To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; action and reaction
forces act on different bodies.
Impulse applied to an object produces an equivalent vector change in its linear
momentum, also in the same direction. Its SI unit is newton second.

• State Pascal’s law. Describe the principle and working of a hydraulic jack
with a suitable diagram.
Ans: Pascal’s principle of hydrostatics or Pascal’s law, states that pressure
exerted anywhere in a confined in compressible liquid is equally transmitted
throughout the fluid.
The pressure at a given depth does not depend on the amount of liquid or the
shape of the container. The pressure drop between two points in a liquid is
given by the weight of the fluid between the two points.
Working Principle: The working principle of a hydraulic jack may be explained
with the help of fig. consider a ram and plunger, operating in two cylinders of
different diameters, which are interconnected at the bottom through a
chamber, which is filled with some liquid.

• What are three basic properties of charges? State Coulomb’s law of

charges. Define the SI unit of charge with its help in terms of force. How
many electronic charges are contained in this unit?
OR

Define electric lines of force (field lines). State their six properties.
Ans: According to
Basic property of charges is
1) charges attract and repels.
2)charges are scalar quantity because it has only magnitude not direction.
3)charges are additive in nature.

According to coulombs law

F is directly proportional to square of charges
And
F is inversely proportional to square of distance between them.

F=k Q/R^2 (k is proportionality constant)

FxR^2=Q
SI unit of force is newton N
And of Radius is M^2
Therefore,
SI UNIT OF CHARGE IS NM^2

OR
Ans: An electric line of force is an imaginary continuous line or curve drawn in
an electric field such that tangent to it at any point gives the direction of the
electric force at that point. The direction of a line of force is the direction along
which a small free positive charge will move along the line.

Field lines never intersect each other.

They are perpendicular to the surface charge.
The field is strong when the lines are close together, and it is weak when the
field lines move apart from each other.
The number of field lines is directly proportional to the magnitude of the
charge.
The electric field line starts from the positive charge and ends from negative
charge.
If the charge is single, then they start or end at infinity.
The line curves are continuous in a charge-free region.

• Define the following terms:

(a) Near point of an eye
(b) Angular magnification of a simple microscope
(c) Magnifying power of a microscope
(d) Resolving power of a telescope.
Ans:
 a) the point nearest the eye at which an object is accurately focused on the
retina at full accommodation.
b) The magnifying power or angular magnification of a microscope may be
defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image
formed at the distance of the distinct vision to the angle subtended by the
object when placed at the distance of the distinct vision.
c) Magnifying power is defined as the ratio between the dimensions of the
image and the object. The process of magnification can occur in lenses,
telescopes, microscopes and even in slide projectors. Simple magnifying
lenses are biconvex - these lenses are thicker at the centre than at the
edges.
d) Resolving power is defined as the ability of a microscope or telescope to
distinguish two closes together images as being separate. An example of
resolving power is how well a telescope can show two stars as being
separate stars.

• Derive expressions for the maximum height, time of flight and range of a
projectile thrown as shown in the figure below:

Ans: PROJECTILE: -a thrown object moving under influence of gravity and air
resistance or in gravity and, the motion will be projectile.
U = v0 sin𝜃 = u sin 𝜃

• Derive an equation of a simple harmonic wave in one dimension. Also

deduce the relation for (a) phase difference between two points on a
wave and (b) phase difference at the same position on a wave but over a
time interval.
Ans: for a simple harmonic motion, acceleration of particle should be act
opposite direction of its motion and also acceleration should be directly
proportional to displacement from its mean position.
e.g.,
we can write, a= v dv/dx
so,

or,
maximum displacement from mean position is known as amplitude so, here
upper limit of position will be zero. So, upper limit of velocity will be zero.

Or,
Or,

Again,

Or,

Or,
Here, is phase difference. E.g.,
Or, this is the standard equation of simple harmonic
motion.
Relation between phase difference and path difference is:
• What is electronic oscillator? On what factors does its range depend?
Draw the (a) schematic diagram of an oscillator and (b) circuit diagram of
Colpitts’ oscillator.

Ans: An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic

oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. It converts
direct current from a power supply to an alternating current signal.

If all parameters consider widely for all classifications, the factors on which
oscillators depend are: -

1. The frequency selective filters

used to provide positive feedback
in circuit I.e. RC filters or LC filters
or crystal oscillator. For RC filter
configuration study wean bridge.
For LC filter configuration study
Colpitts bridge and for crystal
study the pierce oscillator circuit.
 2. Some oscillators for higher frequencies use negative resistance
method thus the factors and load leading to cause of negative
resistance which further produces oscillation is a key factor.

3. The need of delay while inverting I.e. as in ring counter or multilibrary

oscillator.

4. The input voltage and current to oscillator circuit also plays a major
role deciding the AC output of oscillator and thus by controlling DC
input voltage or current, the output can be controlled.

5. And off course the limits of particular op-amps and resistors and
capacitors and inductors used in oscillator circuit.

• Answer the following:

(a) A block of mass 10 kg moving with a velocity of 1 m s - 1 collides with a
spring of force constant 1000 Nm - 1. If the spring is initially at rest, calculate
the maximum compression of the spring.
(b) Calculate the compression of the spring at that moment, when kinetic
energy of the block is equal to one-fourth of the elastic potential energy of
the spring.
Ans:
a)
• Find an expression for the heat transferred through a rectangular slab of
area of cross-section A, thickness d in time t. Its two faces are maintained
at temperatures Th and Tc (Th > Tc) respectively. Hence define thermal
conductivity and obtain its SI unit.

OR

Draw the curves which show the variation in intensity with wavelength for
blackbody radiations at different temperatures. What are the two
conclusions which can be drawn from these curves? How do we arrive at
‘‘Wien’s displacement law’’ from these facts?
Ans:
Thickness = d
Area of cross section = A
time = t
Let the conductivity = k
The two faces are at temperatures Th and Tc (Th>Tc).

So the heat flow rate is given as

Heat transferred =Q

Thermal conductivity is expressed in terms of the following dimensions:

Temperature, Length, Mass, and Time. The SI unit of this quantity is watts per
meter-Kelvin or Wm-1K-1
 OR

graph for T2 have lesser wavelength (lm) and so curve for T2 will shift
towards left side.
According to Wien’s displacement law
λm∝1T
⇒λm2<λm1

(∵T1<T2)

• Derive an expression for potential due to an electric dipole at a point (r,

q). What will be the expression for the potential for special cases, when
the point lies— (a) on the axial line but on the side of positive charge; (b)
on the axial line but on the side of negative charge; (c) on the equatorial
line of dipole?
Ans:
• State and explain the four conservation laws for nuclear reactions. Write
an equation for a nuclear reaction, when 92U238 nucleus becomes beta-
active after absorbing a neutron.
Ans:
Conservation Laws in Nuclear Reactions

Conservation of nucleons. The total number of nucleons before and after a

reaction are the same.
Conservation of charge. The sum of the charges on all the particles before and
after a reaction are the same
Conservation of momentum. The total momentum of the interacting particles
before and after a reaction are the same.
Conservation of energy. Energy, including rest mass energy, is conserved in
nuclear reactions.
An α-particle is a helium nucleus. It contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons, for a
mass number of 4.

During α-decay, an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle. It transforms (or

decays) into an atom with an atomic number 2 less and a mass number 4 less.

Thus, uranium-238 decays through α-particle emission to form thorium-234

according to the equation:

238U→234Th+4He
• A wire carrying a constant current is bent first (a) into a coil of one turn
and then (b) into a coil of three turns of equal radii. Compare the
magnetic fields at the centres of the coils in the two cases.
Ans:
 • Write two disadvantages of a compact disc.
Ans: Fairly fragile. Smaller storage capacity than a hard drive or DVD. Slower to
access than the hard disk

• In which two respects are a digital camera better than a conventional film
camera?
Ans: - Digital photographs are easy to edit before printing.
- High Storage.

• Describe in brief the three steps involved in the processing of an exposed

film. What is the final step in colour negative film processing? State its
purpose.
Ans: It’s worth noting the Bromide ion has a bigger volume than the Silver ion.
And more importantly that real life crystals, made of well-ordered stacks of
Silver Bromide pairs, are not perfect stacks. They contain imperfections, cracks,
shears but also impurities made of foreign atoms or molecules.
1. First during the exposure i.e. when the shutter opens up to let a certain
quantity of light or photons go through. It’s the moment when the latent
image is being formed in the film emulsion.

2. Then during the development when the latent image is “amplified” by the
developing agent.

3. Lastly this developed latent image is fixed, it’s the fixing process, to become
insensitive to light. It is the well-known negative obtained as a result of a film
being entirely processed.
• Write five points for the care and maintenance of videocassettes.
Ans: Cleaning the videocassette recorder becomes less critical than with
reel-to-reel VTR s. Nevertheless, occasionally the unit should be cleaned
as tape deposits will eventually build up on the head drum surface and the
tape path guides.

Procedure for Using the Cleaning Cassette

Step 1 Insert the cleaning cassette into the VCR.

Step 2 Reset the tape counter to 000.
Step 3 Press the FWD button and watch the tape counter.
Step 4 Press STOP when the counter reaches 010. This should
correspond to 30 seconds.
Step 5 Remove the cleaning cassette,
NOTE: Do not rewind the cleaning cassette after each 30 second use;
wait until it reaches the end of the tape. It can be rewound and used
over many times, but after prolonged use it will require replacement.

CAUTION: Do not overuse the cleaning cassette as it uses abrasives

and may decrease the life of the machine,

• Write two conditions for a gas to behave as an ideal gas.

Ans: Generally, a gas behaves more like an ideal gas at higher temperature and
lower pressure, as the potential energy due to intermolecular forces becomes
less significant compared with the particles' kinetic energy, and the size of the
molecules becomes less significant compared to the empty space between
them.
• What is the nature of motion when a swimmer completes one (return)
trip from one end of a river to the other and back?
Ans: When the swimmer completes one trip from one end of a river to the
other and back this is called DISPLACEMENT.
DISPLACEMENT: it is the directed line segment joining the initial and final
positions of a moving body.

• Dish antennas are curved. Why?

Ans: Dish antenna is curved so as it can receive parallel signal rays coming from
same direction. These parallel signal rays reflect from parabolic dish, and
gathered at main antenna part. This increases directivity of antenna, and gives
sufficient amplitude signal.

• In a junction diode how much is junction current at equilibrium without

any applied external voltage?
Ans: Ideally there is no current under equilibrium condition with no
external bias. As you mentioned that there is no external excitation ,so when
you connect the ammeter to measure the current in the diode , the metallic
wires from the ammeter terminal & the semiconductor body as come in
contact, it causes a built-in potential at this metal -semiconductor contact
(Schottky Junction) and these built in potentials will cancel the built-in
potential due to p-n junction. This cancellation causes no current in the loop as
there is no voltage source.

From conservation of energy point of view:

As there is no external supply and in such a case, if there is presence of current
i.e. electric power. It violates the law of conservation of energy. Hence there
will be no current.
• Give two conditions/situations under which the weight of a person can
become zero.
Ans: In free fall and in space the weight of person becomes zero. In free fall
and in space because when there is no gravity, weight become zero.

• Calculate the force required to increase the length of a steel wire of cross-
sectional area 0 1 2 × mm by 50%. (Given, Y for steel = 2 ´ 10 11 N m-2)
Ans: Length should be increased by 50%
e = L/2

F = Y Ae / L
= (2 × 10^11 × 0.1 × 10^-6 × L/2) / L
= 10^11 × 10^-7 N
= 10^4 N
= 10 k N

Force required is 10 k N

• An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCDA as shown in P-V diagram
given below. Find the work done during the cycle.
Ans: Work done is given by area between the pv graph

area=(2p-p) x (2v-v)
area =p v
as it is clockwise
work done is negative

work done=-p v

• Find the ratio of the intensities at two points X and Y on a screen in

Young’s double-slit experiment, where waves from S1 and S2 have path
differences of (a) 0 and (b) 𝝀 / 4.
Ans:
• Two lines marked A and B in the figure given below show the plot of de
Broglie wavelength l vs. 1 V , where V is the accelerating potential for two
nuclei 1 2H and 1 3H. (a) What does the slope of the lines represent and
(b) which one of the two lines represents the particle of smaller mass?
Give reason for your answer.

Ans: No graph has been supplied in the question. However, if given any graph,
deduce as below.
Assumption: the graph has DBW on the y-axis, and 1/√V on the x-axis.
We know, that the de Broglie wavelength for a particle of charge q,
accelerated from rest through a potential difference V, and of mass m, is given
by:

Therefore, the graph drawn between and must be a straight line, with
slope proportional to and .
Given, that the two particles have the same charge, we only consider the
proportionality of , and hence, the graph with higher slope shall correspond
to the particle having lesser mass.
• A diode used in a circuit has a constant voltage drop of 0× 5 V at all
currents and a maximum power rating of 100 m W. Find the value of the
resistance R connected in series with the diode for obtaining maximum
current.

Ans: The resistor value of R is 5 ohm which is in series with diode.

Solution:
The diode with constant voltage drops at all current and has maximum
power rating as 100 m W. The resistance at maximum current will be
calculated by –

Given: Voltage drop = 0.5 V

Power rating max = 100 m W = 0.1 W
Emf E = 1.5 V
Thereby as we know that P=
I = P/Vd
I = 0.1/0.5
I = 0.2A
V = E – Vd
V = 1.5 – 0.5
V = 1V
V=I×R
R = V/I
R = 1/0.2
R = 5 ohm.

• Define (a) scalar product and (b) vector product of two vectors. Give two
examples of physical quantities of each that can be expressed as scalar
and vector product. When is the magnitude of the resultant of two equal
vectors equal to either of them?
Ans: Definition: The scalar or dot product of two vectors is defined as the
product of magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angles
between them. If a and b are two vectors and θ is the angle between the two
vectors then by the definition scalar product of two vectors.

- Scalar quantity - MASS, TIME

- Vector quantity - ACCELERATION, FORCE
- Unit vector - Any vector with magnitude one. For e.g. Force of 1 N,
Momentum of 1 Ns
- A physical quantity which is expressed as vector product of two vectors. -
TORQUE
• A railway carriage of mass 9000 kg moving with a speed of 36 km h -1
collides with a stationary carriage of the same mass. After the collision,
the carriages get coupled and move together. Calculate their common
speed after collision. What is the nature of this collision? Give reason for
your answer.
Ans: Use conservation Law of linear momentum,
Pi = Pf
Pi = initial momentum = mV
Pf = final momentum = (m + m)
V1
so, mV = (m + m) V1
V1 = V/2 = 36/2 = 18 km/h
speed after collision = 18 km/h
this is an example of inelastic collision in this collision, energy not conserved,
e.g., loss

• Answer the following:

(a) A body is rotating with a uniform angular velocity w about an axis. Derive
an expression for the kinetic energy of rotation. Define ‘moment of inertia’ of
the body with respect to the axis of rotation on this basis and write its SI
unit.
(b) Define ‘radius of gyration’ of a body rotating about an axis. Give two
factors on which it depends.

OR

A projectile is fired horizontally with a velocity v. Show that its trajectory is a

parabola. Derive expressions for (a) time of flight and (b) horizontal range.
Ans: a) We know, translation kinetic energy, ,
when a body of mass ‘m’ moves with uniform angular velocity, and position of
body from the axis of rotation r. Then, linear velocity of body

So, rotational kinetic energy of body is given by

or,

or,
we know, moment of inertia is the product of mass and square of separation
between position of particle and axis of rotation. E.g.,

So, it is the expression for kinetic energy of a rotating body with

uniform angular velocity.
- Moment of inertia can be defined w.r.t. rotation axis, as a quantity that
decides the amount of torque required for a desired angular acceleration or
a property of a body due to which it resists angular acceleration.
(kg. m2) in SI unit.

b) Radius of gyration is defined as the distance between the centre of

gravity and the axis about which body is rotating. Generally, radius of
gyration is denoted by K. It is given by the formula, K = √I/m where, I =
moment of inertia = Mass of the body.
Radius of Gyration depends upon the following factors:
1) Moment of inertia of the body
2) Mass of the body.
OR
Ans:
• What are ‘cohesive’ and ‘adhesive’ forces? Define the term ‘surface
tension’ and give its SI unit. Explain surface tension on the basis of
molecular theory and mention the effect of increase of temperature on
the surface tension.
Ans: Cohesion is the property of like molecules (of the same substance) to stick
to each other due to mutual attraction. Adhesion is the property of different
molecules or surfaces to cling to each other. ... This is due to the adhesive
force between the water molecules and the molecules of the container.
Surface tension is measured as forces per unit length on the surface of a liquid.
SI unit is newton per meter.
Surface tension depends mainly upon the forces of attraction between the
particles within the given liquid and also upon the gas, solid, or liquid in
contact with it. An increase in temperature lowers the net force of attraction
among molecules and hence decreases surface tension.
• What are beats? Write the essential condition for the formation of beats.
Explain the formation of beats by graphical method. How will you find the
unknown frequency of a tuning fork using this method?
Ans: Beats are generated when two sounds have similar frequency. The effect
is that the sound’s amplitude or volume oscillates or beats. The beat
phenomenon is caused by constructive and destructive interference. The
picture below shows the beat generated by two tuning forks with very close
frequencies.

The beat frequency is equal to the absolute value of the difference in

frequency of the two waves. The number of beats per second is equal to the
difference in frequency. According to these interferences, sound will be soft or
loud. Actually, beat frequency is the absolute value of the difference in wave
frequencies.

• Answer the following:

(a) How do dia - and ferro-magnetic materials behave when kept in a
uniform external (magnetic) field? Give one example of each of these
materials.
(b) State the principle of working of a step-up transformer. Deduce the
expression for the secondary to primary voltage in terms of the number
of turns in the two coils.
Ans: a)

b) Step-up Transformer A transformer in which the output (secondary)

voltage is greater than its input (primary) voltage is called a step-up
transformer. The step-up transformer decreases the output current for
keeping the input and output power of the system equal. Considered a
step-up transformer shown in the figure below. The E1 and E2 are the
voltages, and T1 and T2 are the number of turns on the primary and
secondary winding of the transformer. Step-down-transformer.

The number of turns on the secondary of the transformer is greater than that
of the primary, i.e., T2 > T1.Thus the voltage turn ratio of the step-up
transformer is 1:2. The primary winding of the step-up transformer is made up
of thick insulated copper wire because the low magnitude current flows
through it. Applications – Step-up transformer is used in transmission lines for
transforming the high voltage produced by the alternator. The power loss of
the transmission line is directly proportional to the square of the current flows
through it.

Power= I2R
The output current of the step-up transformer is less, and hence it is used for
reducing the power loss. The step-up transformer is also used for starting the
electrical motor, in the microwave oven, X-rays machines, etc.

• You are given three lenses L1, L2 and L3, each of focal length 20 cm. An
object is kept at 40 cm in front of L1 as shown below. The final real image
is formed at the focus of L3. Find the separation between L1 and L2.

Ans: F1=f2=f3=10cm
1/f1= 1/v1-1/u1
1/v1=1/f1 +1/u1
= 1/10-1/15
= 1/30
v1=30cm
Now image by L3 is formed at focus.
Thus, object for L3 is placed at infinity and hence image firmed by L2 is at
infinity.
Thus u2= 10cm
object for L2 is placed at 10cm left from L2 which is 30cm right from L1 as
image of L1 is formed at30cm right of L1so X1 = distance between L1 and
L2=v1+ u2=30+10= 40cm.
Therefore, L2 makes image at infinity, any distance between L2 and L3 will
make the object for L3 as infinity. L2 and L3 = any length.

• For an n-p-n transistor in the common-emitter (CE) configuration, draw a

labelled circuit diagram of an arrangement for measuring ‘collector
current’ as a function of ‘collector-emitter voltage’ for at least two values
of the base current. Draw the shapes of the curves obtained. Define the
terms (a) output resistance and (b) current amplification factor.
Ans:
The output characteristics are drawn by
plotting collection current IC versus
collector emitter voltages VCE keeping the
base current IB constant.

Output resistance:
It is defined as the ratio of the collector emitter
voltage to the corresponding change in collector
current at constant base current IB.
rout = [∆ VCE / ∆ IC] IB
Current application factor:
It is defined as the ratio of the change in collector
current to the change in base current.
β = [∆ IC / ∆ IB] ICB
• Answer the following:
(a) Derive Boyle’s law on the basis of the kinetic theory of gases.
(b) A thermally insulated vessel contains 100 g of water at 0 °C. When air
above the water is pumped out, some of the water freezes and some
evaporates at 0 °C. Calculate the mass of the ice formed, if no water is left in
the vessel. [Latent heat of vaporisation of water at 0 2 10 10 6 1 ° = × ´ - C J kg
and latent heat of fusion of ice at 0 °C = × ´ - 3 36 10 5 1 J kg]
Ans: a) Boyle's Law from Kinetic theory of gases
From kinetic theory of gases, we have

P=13MVc^¯2
or, PV=13Mc^¯2
Since C^¯2∝T, if the temperature of the gas is kept constant, for given mass of
a gas (i.e. M = constant),

PV=constant
i.e. p∝1V
It means pressure of the given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to it's
volume at constant temperatures which is Boyle's law.

Charlee’s Law from Kinetic theory of gases

From kinetic theory of gases, we have

P=13MVc^¯2
or, V=13MPc^¯2
Since C^¯2∝T, if the pressure of the gas is kept constant, for given mass of a
gas, we have
V ∝T
It means volume of the given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature at a constant pressure which is Charlee's law.
Law of pressure from Kinetic theory of gases
here,
P=13MVc¯^2
Since C¯^2∝T and at constant volume of a gas, the above equation becomes
P∝T
It means pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature at constant volume which is law of increase of pressure.
Perfect Gas Equation from Kinetic theory of gases
From kinetic theory of gases, we have

P=13MVc¯^2
or, V=13MPc¯ ^2…(i)
Since C¯2∝T so, equation (i) becomes,

PV∝T
or, PV=RT
Where R is the constant foe one mole of an ideal gas. This equation is the
perfect gas equation.
b) Latent heat of vapourisation of water at 0 degree Celsius
L1= 2.10×10^6 j/kg
=2.10×10^3 j/g Latent heat of fusion of ice
L2
=3.36×10^5 j/kg=3.36×10^2 j/g
Let mass of ice formed = m gram
Then mass of water evaporated = (100-m) gram
As no water left in the vessel
Heat gained by water in evaporation = heat lost by water in freezing
or (100-m) L1 = m L2
or (100-m) ×2.10×10^3 = m × 3.36×10^2

• Define electric field at a point. Is it a scalar or a vector quantity? Why

should the test charge q0 be infinitesimally small for finding the electric
field at a point? Show that the electric field due to a small electric dipole
at a point on the perpendicular bisector or broad-side on position, is
inversely proportional to the third power of the perpendicular distance
between the point and the line joining the charge.
Ans: Electric field is defined as the electric force per unit charge. The direction
of the field is taken to be the direction of the force it would exert on a positive
test charge. The electric field is radially outward from a positive charge and
radially in toward a negative point charge. It is a vector Quantity.
The reason is because you do not want the field strength/direction to change
over the size of the charge. As you are trying to find the field at a single point,
you want the test charge to be at that point, and not spread out over a large
number (technically infinite) of points around the point that concerns you.
Consider an electric dipole consisting of two equal but opposite charges -q and
+q separated by vector distance 2I.
Let P be a point at a distance r from the centre of the dipole O.
The electric intensity at P due to the dipole is the vector sum of the field due to
the charge -q at A and +q at B.
The resultant intensity is the vector sum of EA and EB.
EA and EB can be resolved into two components.
The y-components of the field cancel each other because,
EA sin𝜃 = EB sin𝜃, oppositely directed.
The x components add up to give the resultant field E.
Magnitude of E is,
|E⃗| = EA cos𝜃 + EB cos𝜃
E = 1/4𝜋 ∈0. q/ (r2 + I2) cos𝜃 + 1/4𝜋 ∈0. q/ (r2 + I2) cos𝜃
E = 2 × 1/4𝜋 ∈0. q/ (r2 + I2) cos𝜃
For the right-angled triangle OPB,
Cos𝜃 = OB/PB = 1/ (r2 + l2) ½
The dipole moment,
P = 2lq
E = 1/4𝜋 ∈0. p/ (r2 + l2) ½
E is directed along PC. The direction of E can be found out by drawing the line
of force passing through the point P.
The direction of e at P is opposite direction of the dipole moment p.
That is, parallel to the line joining the two charges and directed from +q and -q.
When r>> 1, then I2 is very small as compared to r2.
Then,
Eeq = 1/4𝜋 ∈0. p/ (r2) 3.2
= 1/4𝜋 ∈0. p/ r3
• Name two merits of Wheatstone bridge method for the measurement of
low resistances. Using Kirchhoff’s law, calculate the current shown by
milliammeter of 20 Ώ W resistance.

OR
When 100 V d.c. is applied across a coil, a current of 1A flows through it.
When 100 V A.C. of 50 Hz is applied to the same coil, only 0.5A flows through
it. Calculate the resistance (R), impedance (Z) and inductance (L) of the coil.

Ans: Merits:
1. The Wheatstone bridge was the only practical way to make resistance
measurements for years.
2. It is very easy to introduce the concept of linearity with the school
version, the metre bridge. And the ratio metric principle, reading the
scale on a wooden ruler to measure an electric principle.
3. The balance bridge is an important circuit principle in analogue circuits.
It is, for example, used extensively in strain gauges.
OR

In the problem we are given that:

DC voltage V dc :100DC.
DC current through the solenoid I dc :1A.
Therefore, according to Ohm’s law:
We know that:
V dc = I dc R
R=V dc /I dc
R=100/1=100Ω
We are also given that:
The AC voltage V ac =100AC.
The AC current I ac =0.5AC.
Frequency (v)of AC source =50Hz.
From the formula of an RLC circuit,
We know that:
Z=V 0 / i 0 =√ [R 2 +(X L – X C) 2]
Since in this numerical we do not have capacitance, X C =0.
The formula therefore becomes:
Z=√ (R 2 +X L 2)
Where,
Z=impedance (i.e., the total effective resistance of the RL circuit)
R=resistance of DC source.
X L =Inductive reactance.
R here is 100Ω. (as calculated from above)
Z=V AC /I AC=100/0.5=200Ω………………………………………. (I AC = 0.5A given)
We know that:
X L= ω L
=2πvL……………………………………... (where ω = 2πv, and v is the frequency which
is given as 50 Hz)
= 2*3.14*50*L
=314L
X L 2 = 314 2 *L 2 = 98596L 2
R 2 = 100 2 = 10000Ω………………….. ( value of R is calculated above as 100Ω)
Z 2 = 40000Ω
Putting the value of Z, R 2, X L 2 in the equation of the R-L circuit we get,
200 = √ (10000+98596L 2)
Squaring both sides, we get,
40000 = 10000 + 98596 L 2
30000 = 98596L 2
L = 0.55H

• Sketch the energy level diagram for the hydrogen atom. Mark the
transitions corresponding to the Lyman and Balmer series. What is meant
by radioactive decay? A radioactive nucleus is represented by the symbol
bar. How is this nucleus represented after the decay of (a) a-particle, (b) b-
particle and (c) g-rays? Explain how a nuclear chain reaction can occur in a
fissionable material.

Ans:
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive
disintegration or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable
atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation.
(a + b)
A a Atomic number a = p = e
Atomic mass = p + n
=a+b
(i) when α – particle is emitted
Atomic mass decreases by 2 i.e., 2 protons are decreased
Mass number decreases by 4 i.e., (2p + 2n) are decreased in B
Nucleus has a – 2 protons
And b – 2 neutrons
(a + b – 2 – 2)
B (a – 2) → (a + b – 4)
B (a – 2)

(ii) (a + b – 4) B (a – 2)
when emits β-particle
Atomic number increases by 1 i.e., there are (a – 2 + 1) p
Mass number remains the same 1 neutron gets converted into proton.
0n
1
→ 1p1 + -1e0
Mass number {(a – 1) p + (a + b – 3) n} = 2a + b - 4

Therefore, (a – 1) p and (a + b – 3) n in the nucleus.

2a + b - 4
B (a – 2) → (2a + b – 4) C (a – 1) + 0-1 e

(ii) There is no change of nucleus C.

• Write the basic difference between burglar alarm and fire alarm.
Ans: A fire alarm is for detecting fires. They consist of devices such as smoke
detectors, heat detector, manual pull stations and CO2 detectors. Burglar
alarms are for detecting intruders and consist of devices such as door contacts,
motion detectors, glass break detector and pressure sensors.

• What are control systems? Write two basic characteristics of the process
related to control.
Ans: A control system manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behaviour
of other devices or systems using control loops. It can range from a single
home heating controller using a thermostat controlling a domestic boiler to
large Industrial control systems which are used for controlling processes or
machines.
Characteristics: -
1. Accuracy:
Effective controls generate accurate data and information. Accurate
information is essential for effective managerial decisions.

2. Timeliness:
If information about such problems does not reach management in a timely
manner, then such information may become useless and damage may occur.

• Draw block diagrams for (a) basic analogy transmitter and (b) practical AM
transmitter. Which type of modulation is used in the TV transmission for
(i) audio and (ii) video?
Ans: In TV Transmission the use of FM is made for Audio transmission and AM
for Video transmission. Vestigial Sideband modulation (VSB) is used for the
following reasons:
1. Video signal exhibits a large bandwidth and significant low-frequency
content which suggests the use of VSB 2.
• Name five layers of the atmosphere and role played by them in
communication. Describe ionospheric propagation with the help of a
diagram.
Ans: The five layers of the atmosphere:
a) Troposphere, b) Stratosphere, c) Mesosphere, d) Thermosphere, e)
Exosphere

Explanation:
The TROPOSPHERE is the lowest layer of our atmosphere extending up to
about 15 kilo meters above the surface of the earth. This is the Lower
Atmosphere.

The STRATOSPHERE is the layer above the troposphere, extending from about
15 to 50 kilo meters up. The much talked about OZONE LAYER lies in this region
of the atmosphere.

The next layer is the MESOSPHERE extending from about 50 kilo meters to 80
kilo meters up. "Meso" in Greek means "middle". Again, the temperature
decreases as we go higher in this region of the atmosphere.

Next comes the THERMOSPHERE, extending from about 80 kilo meters to

about 500 kilo meters. Strangely, the temperature here is quite high - as we
can understand from the name - it can reach up to 2000°C in this region.

The topmost layer of the upper atmosphere is the EXOSPHERE, from where the
lighter atoms and molecules escape into space. EXO in Greek is "outside" or
"beyond". This layer, being the outermost, starts at around 500 kilo meters up
and extends up to almost 10,000 kilo meters into space.

Skywave propagation refers to the propagation of radio waves reflected or

refracted back toward Earth from the ionosphere, an electrically charged layer of
the upper atmosphere. Since it is not limited by the curvature of the Earth,
skywave propagation can be used to communicate beyond the horizon, at
intercontinental distances. It is mostly used in the shortwave frequency bands.
• The acceleration of a body depends upon:
Ans: (C) as

Acceleration=Force/Mass

• If work done in compressing a spring by a distance x is W, work done in

compressing it by distance 2x from beginning will be:
Ans: Let Work done in compressing it by distance 2 x be W {2}

Applying the same formula for work done as written above, which is

Work done = Force × Displacement

• A floating body displaces the liquid:

Ans: (A) When any boat displaces a weight of water equal to its own weight, it
floats. This is often called the "principle of flotation": A floating object
displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight.
• The ratio of the frequency of the fundamental notes produced by an open
pipe and a closed pipe of the same length is:
Ans: (A) - A pipe open at both ends produces the same fundamental as a pipe
closed at both ends. A pipe open at one end produces a note at half the
frequency of the other two, for the same length of pipe.

• Electric forces between two stationary charges become 1/10th when space
between them is filled by a dielectric medium. Relative permittivity of the
medium is:
Ans: (B)

• Variation of A.C. Voltage (V) and Current (I) with time (t) through an
electric component is given as:
V = 312 sin (314t); I = 312 sin (314t + 𝝅/2). This component is
Ans: (C)

• The refractive index of a material depends upon the:

Ans: (B) - The refractive index of a medium depends on the wavelength of the
light. If the wavelength of light is less the refractive index will be high. Secondly
it depends on the density of the substance. The intermolecular force between
the molecules of the substance will affect the refractive index. The index is also
influenced by the permeability of the material.

• A light beam consisting of wavelengths 4000 A0, 4200A0, 4400a0, and

4600A0 are scattered by a medium. Maximum scattering occurs for
Ans: For 4000 A° Wavelength
Explanation -Rayleigh scattering is the elastic scattering of light from particles
approximately one-tenth wavelength of light.
- According to this, scattering of light is inversely proportional to 4th power of
light wavelength for equal incident intensity. Therefore, maximum scattering
occurs for minimum wavelength i.e. 4000 A°.

• If the activity of a radioactive sample drops to 1/16th of its initial value in 3

hours, its half-life is:

Ans: Using radioactive decay equation,

here it is given that a radioactive same drop to 1/16 of its initial value in 3
hours.
i.e., , t = 3hours
so,
or,
or,
taking log base e both sides,
or,
or, .... (1)
half - life of radioactive substance is given by,
From equation (1),

=
= hour.
• Combination of three NAND gates as shown in the figure is equivalent to

Ans: - (B) – OR Gate

• Define the term impulse. Write its S.I unit. Is it a vector or a scaler?
Ans: The impulse of force is defined as the product of the average force
multiplied by the time it is exerted. Impulse is a vector quantity since force is a
vector quantity. The SI unit of impulse is the newton second (Ns)

• State the first law of thermodynamics. Give one application of the law.
Ans: The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be converted from
one form to another with interaction of heat, work and internal energy but it
cannot be created nor destroyed under any circumstances. The applications of
this law are refrigerators, deep freezers, blowers, fans etc.

• With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the rise of water in a capillary
tube.
Ans: The rise of water in a thin tube inserted in water is caused by forces of
attraction between the molecules of water and the glass walls and among the
molecules of water themselves. These attractive forces just balance the force
of gravity of the column of water that has risen to a characteristic height.
• Find equivalent resistance between A and B in the combination shown in
the figure

Ans: We know that 12ohm and 4ohm resistors are in parallel

So, 1/12 + 1/4 = 1/3 the equivalent resistance
12 ohm and 4ohm resistors is 3ohm.
Then equivalent resistance between A to B will be 2 + 5 + 3 = 10 ohm.
The equivalent resistance from A to B is 10ohm.

• A force acts on a charged particle in a magnetic field but this force does
not change the speed of the particle. Explain.
Ans: The magnetic force cannot do work on a charged particle since it acts
perpendicular to the motion of the particle so that no displacement occurs
along the direction of the force and thus its speed remains constant and its
kinetic energy does not change.

• State Brewster’s law and give its one application.

Ans:
Brewster’s law states that "The tangent of the angle of polarisation for a given
medium is numerically equal to the refractive index of the medium". The
angle of incidence at which the reflected light from a transparent surface is
completely plane polarized is called polarising angle (Brewster's angle). i e
tan i = n Where 'i' is the polarising angle and 'n' the refractive index of the
material of the reflecting surface. He also found out that at the polarising
angle, the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other.
Application of Brewster's law and Brewster's angle:
It is a glass window which transmits 100% of light. Brewster's windows are
used in gas lasers and in solid state lasers. In solid state lasers, the ends of the
laser medium is cut at Brewster’s angle to make a Brewster window. Polarized
sunglasses use the principle of Brewster's angle to reduce glare from the sun
reflecting off horizontal surfaces such as water or road.

• Explain how decay constant is related to half-life of a radioactive

substance.
Ans: Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic
nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or
'decays' into a different atomic nucleus, with a mass number that is reduced by
four and an atomic number that is reduced by two. An alpha particle is
identical to the nucleus of a helium-4 atom, which consists of two protons and
two neutrons. It has a charge of +2 e and a mass of 4 u. For example, uranium-
238 decays to form thorium-234. Alpha particles have a charge+2 e, but as a
nuclear equation describes a nuclear reaction without considering the
electrons – a convention that does not imply that the nuclei necessarily occur
in neutral atoms – the charge is not usually shown.

• What is rectifier? Draw the circuit diagram of a fall-wave rectifier using

two diodes.
Ans: A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC),
which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only
one direction.
The basic full wave rectifier circuit can be seen to use two diodes and a centre
tapped transformer. Looking at the circuit it can be seen that on one half of the
cycle, current passes in one half of the transformer and passes through the
diode. The other diode is reverse biased and does not conductor.

• Distinguish between continuous and digital signals.

Ans:
Analog signals:
Analog signals are continuous wave signals that change with time period
Analog signals are represented with the sine waves.

Digital signals:
Digital signals are represented with square waves.
Digital is a discrete signal is a nature.
• A trolley of mass m = 5kg is connected to a block of mass m = 2kg with the
help of massless inextensible spring passing over a light frictionless pulley
as shown in the figure. Find the tension in the string.
(Assume no friction, g = 10ms-2 sin530 = 4/5 and cos530 = 3/5)

Ans: We know the smaller mass (80 kg) and the larger mass (140 kg).

We want to find the acceleration of the smaller mass (which, as we saw has the
same magnitude as the acceleration of the larger mass), and the tension in the
rope.

We know
m = 80 kg
M = 140 kg
We want to know
a =?
T =?

The smaller mass is subject to two forces: T (directed upward) and mg

(directed downward), where T is larger in magnitude. Therefore, the resultant
force (r) will be directed upward, and have the magnitude equal to the
difference between T and mg:

r = T − mg (1)

The larger mass is also subject to two forces: T (directed upward) and Mg
(directed downward), where Mg is larger in magnitude. Therefore, the
resultant force (R) will be directed downward, and have the magnitude equal
to the difference between Mg and T:

R = Mg − T (2)

We now have two equations with 3 unknowns: r, R, T.

We can reduce the number of unknowns to 2 by remembering that the two

masses have accelerations equal in magnitude. Indeed, applying Newton's 2nd
Law, the magnitudes of the two resultant forces can be expressed as:

r = ma
R = Ma

So, we can substitute r and R in Eq. (1) and Eq. (2):

r = T − mg
R = Mg − T
↓
ma = T − mg (3)
Ma = Mg − T (4)

We now have two equations with 2 unknowns (a and T), so we can solve them.

Let's solve Eq. (3) for T:

ma = T − mg
ma + mg = T
T = ma + mg (5)

Next, let's substitute T with ma + mg in Eq. (4):

Ma = Mg − T
Ma = Mg − (ma + mg)
Ma = Mg − ma − mg

And solve this equation for a:

Ma + ma = Mg − mg
a (M + m) = g (M − m)
M−m
a= g
M+m
140 kg − 80 kg
a= (9.8 m/s2)
140 kg + 80 kg

60 kg
a= (9.8 m/s2)
220 kg

a = 2.7 m/s2

Finally, we can find the magnitude of the tension T using Eq. (5):

T = ma + mg
T = m (a + g)
T = (80 kg) (2.7 m/s2 + 9.8 m/s2)
T = 1.0 × 103 N

• Define viscosity and coefficient of viscosity. Derive the unit and

dimensional formula of coefficient of viscosity.
Ans: Coefficient of viscosity is the degree to which a fluid resists flow under a
force that is applied and it's expressed as the ratio of the shearing stress to the
gradient's velocity.

Viscosity in liquid decreases as temperatures increase because molecular

bonds are weakened by increase in temperature.

The SI unit for viscosity is: N.s/m2

Η=F × r ÷A vf =tangential force, r=distance between the layer, v=velocity
dimensional formula for force = M¹ L¹T⁻²
dimensional formula for area = M⁰L²T⁰
dimensional formula for distance = M⁰L¹T⁰
dimensional formula for velocity = M⁰L¹T⁻¹η= M¹L¹T⁻²ₓ M⁰L¹T⁰÷M⁰L²T⁰ₓ
M⁰L¹T⁻¹=M¹L⁻¹T⁻¹
dimensional formula for coefficient of viscosity =M¹L⁻¹T⁻¹and
SI unit of coefficient viscosity η=pascal second.

• With the help of the indicator diagram, briefly explain the four operations
of a Carnot cycle.
Ans: A Carnot cycle is defined as an ideal reversible closed thermodynamic
cycle in which there are four successive operations involved and they are
isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, and
adiabatic compression.
The Carnot cycle consists of the following four processes:
A reversible isothermal gas expansion process. In this process, the ideal gas in
the system absorbs in amount heat from a heat source at a high temperature
Th, expands and does work on surroundings.
A reversible adiabatic gas expansion process. In this process, the system is
thermally insulated. The gas continues to expand and do work on
surroundings, which causes the system to cool to a lower temperature, Tl.

A reversible isothermal gas compression process. In this process, surroundings

do work to the gas at Tl, and causes a loss of heat, qout.
A reversible adiabatic gas compression process. In this process, the system is
thermally insulated. Surroundings continue to do work to the gas, which
causes the temperature to rise back to Th.

• Describe an experiment to demonstrate existence of nodes and antinodes

in an organ pipe.
Ans: An interference phenomenon. It is formed as the result of the perfectly
timed interference of two waves passing through the same medium. A
standing wave pattern is not actually a wave; rather it is the pattern resulting
from the presence of two waves of the same frequency with different
directions of travel within the same medium.
One characteristic of every standing wave pattern is that there are points along
the medium that appear to be standing still. These points, sometimes
described as points of no displacement, are referred to as nodes. There are
other points along the medium that undergo vibrations between a large
positive and large negative displacement. These are the points that undergo
the maximum displacement during each vibrational cycle of the standing wave.
In a sense, these points are the opposite of nodes, and so they are
called antinodes. A standing wave pattern always consists of an alternating
pattern of nodes and antinodes. The animation shown below depicts a rope
vibrating with a standing wave pattern. The nodes and antinodes are labeled
on the diagram. When a standing wave pattern is established in a medium, the
nodes and the antinodes are always located at the same position along the
medium; they are standing still. It is this characteristic that has earned the
pattern the name standing wave.

• Obtain the expression for energy stored in a capacitor ‘C’ when it is

connected to an electric supply of ‘V’ volts.
Ans:
The equation for a capacitor is

q=CU

The charge is = qC

The capacity is =CF

The voltage is =UV

U= qC

Therefore,
𝑊 𝑄
∫0 𝑑𝑊 = ∫0 𝑈𝑑𝑄

𝑄𝑞
W = ∫0 𝑑𝑞
𝐶

W = 1/C. ½ [q]20

W = ½ q2/C

= ½ CU2
• Define angle of minimum deviation. For a prism of angle, A = 600, the
angle of minimum deviation is 300. Calculate its refractive index of the
material of the prism.
OR
Define dispersive power of a prism. Calculate the dispersive power of a prism
for the following data:

Ans: Minimum angle of deviation. The smallest angle through which light is
bent by an optical element or system. In a prism, the angle of deviation is a
minimum if the incident and exiting rays form equal angles with the prism
faces.
Refractive index = [sin (A + ∆m)/2 ÷ sin A/2]
The value of A = 600
Minimum angle of deviation = 300
= sin (60 + 30)/2 ÷ sin600/2
n = sin450 / sin300
n = 1/√2 × 2

n = √2

OR

The power of a transparent medium to separate different colors of light by

refraction as measured by the difference in refractivity for two specified widely
differing wavelengths divided by the refractivity at some specified
intermediate wavelength.
• With the help of the circuit diagram, explain the working of a p-n junction
diode in forward biasing and draw the typical VI characteristics curves.
Ans:

When a diode is connected in a Forward Bias condition, a negative voltage is

applied to the N-type material and a positive voltage is applied to the P-type
material. If this external voltage becomes greater than the value of the
potential barrier, approx. 0.7 volts for silicon and 0.3 volts for germanium, the
potential barriers opposition will be overcome and current will start to flow.

This is because the negative voltage pushes or repels electrons towards the
junction giving them the energy to cross over and combine with the holes
being pushed in the opposite direction towards the junction by the positive
voltage. This results in a characteristics curve of zero current flowing up to this
voltage point, called the “knee” on the static curves and then a high current
flow through the diode with little increase in the external voltage.
• Answer the following:
a) Show that the work done by a force on a body is equal to the change in its
kinetic energy.
b) In a hydroelectric power station, 1000 × 103kg water falls through a
height of 51m in one second. Calculate i) work done by falling water
and
ii) power generated under ideal conditions. (g = 10ms-2)
OR
a) Show that the mechanical energy during the free fall of a body remains
conserved.
b) A ball mass 1kg is at a height of 20m above the ground. In free fall, find
i) speed of the ball when it reaches the ground and ii) work done by
the gravitational force. (Take g = 10m-2).
Ans:
a) Energy that depends on speed of a particle is known as kinetic energy or KE.
Kinetic energy = (1/2) *m*v^2
where, m = mass and v = velocity
Change in kinetic energy (d E) = (1/2 )*m*(V^2 -U^2) ………….(*)
where, V = final velocity and U = initial velocity.
Also, V^2 - U^2 = 2*a*s ……… (**) {This expression comes from the laws of
motion}
where, a = acceleration and s = distance covered.
So, from (*) and (**)
d E = (1/2) *mass*(2*a*s) = (m*a) *s = F*s {since, Force(F) = m*a}
Thus, d E = F*s = W {since, work done(W) = Force(F) *distance(s)}
Therefore, work done is the change in kinetic energy. P.S. This is also called
work-energy theorem.
c)
i)Work done: 51000*10^4J
Power generated: 51000*10^4Watt
Explanation: Initial potential energy possessed by water: mass*g*height
= 1000*10^3 * 10 * 51 J
decrease in potential energy = increase in kinetic energy transformation:
Potential energy->Kinetic energy->Electrical energy.
Therefore, work done by Water in one second = 51000*10^4 J power =
work done/time= 51000*10^4/1 Watt=51000*10^4 Watt

OR
a) It may be shown that in the absence of external frictional force the total
mechanical energy of a body remains constant.
Let a body of mass m falls from a point A, which is at a height h from the
ground as shown in fig.
At A, Kinetic energy k E = 0
Potential energy Ep = mgh
Total energy E = Ep + Ek = mgh + 0= mgh
During the fall, the body is at a position B. The body has moved a distance x
from A.
At B,
velocity v2 = u2 + 2asapplying, v2 = 0 + 2ax
= 2axKinetic energy Ek = 1/2 mv2 = 1/2 m x 2gx = mgx
Potential energy Ep = mg (h – x)
Total energy E = Ep + Ek = mg (h-x) + mgx = mgh – mgx + mgx= mgh
If the body reaches the position C.
At C,
 Potential energy Ep = 0Velocity of the body C is
v2 = u2 + 2as
u = 0, a = g, s = h
applying v2 = 0 + 2gh = 2ghkinetic energy Ek =1/2 mv2=1/2 m x 2gh= mgh
Total energy at C
E = Ep + Ek
E = 0 + mgh
E = mgh
Thus, we have seen that sum of potential and kinetic energy of freely falling
body at all points remains same. Under the force of gravity, the mechanical
energy of a body remains constant.

b) work done= mgh

=1kg*20m*10m/sq. = 200joule.

from work and energy theory.

velocity =√2gh=√2*10*20=√400=20m/s.

• State Kirchhoff’s rules for electrical network? Calculate the current

through each resistor using Kirchhoff’s rules.
Ans: Explanation of Kirchhoff's Law:
Kirchhoff's 1st Law: - Kirchhoff's first law defines as in a circuit, the algebraic
sum of the current, which is meeting at any junction or terminal is equal to
zero. Refer to the attachment. as there 5 junctions were distinguished.
Meeting at the terminal O. Let here

is the current which passes through the conductor.

Hence we know that by Kirchhoff's law: -
The current which entering in a terminal = Current leaves the terminal.

Kirchhoff's 2nd Law: -Refer to the second attachment, Simply it is applicable

for the conservation of energy at any closed circuit.as V=IR Kirchhoff's voltage
law is define as for the algebraic sum for product of current & resistance in any
closed circuit is equal to the algebraic sum of electromagnetic force (emf) or (
∑V = 0)

The following equation is clearly determined, if you see as the closed loop
ABEFA. It is the combination of all the loops. Also, the negative sign indicate
here that the current is in the anti-clockwise direction.
• Answer the following:
a) Describe Young’s double slit experiment to produce interference and
hence derive an expression for the width of the interference fringes.

b) What would happen to the interference pattern obtained in Young’s

double slit experiment when
i) One of the slits is closed
ii) The distance of the screen from the slits is increased.
Ans: a) Young double slit experiment:
A train of plane light waves is incident on a barrier containing two narrow slits
separated by a distance 'd'. The widths of
the slits are small compared with
wavelength of the light used, so that
interference occurs in the region where
the
light from S1 overlaps that from S2.

At the point where two wave crests or troughs superimpose, the intensity is
maximum and at the point where the crest of one wave superimpose the
trough of other wave the intensity is minimum. A series of alternately bright
and dark bands can be observed on a screen placed in this region of overlap.
The variation in light intensity along the screen near the centre O shown in the
figure

Here all bright and dark fringes are of equal width.

b)
i) When one of the slits is covered, the fringes disappear and there is uniform
illumination on the screen. This shows clearly that the bands are due to
interference. In such condition, the double slit experiment becomes single slit
experiment.
ii) The fringe separation Δx is increased if distance to the screen D is
increased. Each point on the wall has a different distance to each slit; a
different number of wavelengths fit in those two paths. If the two path lengths
differ by a half a wavelength, the waves will interfere destructively.

• Answer the following:

i) With the help of a circuit diagram, explain how a transistor can be used as
an amplifier in common-emitter configuration.
ii) Why CE configuration is preferred over another configuration for transistor
amplifier?
iii) In a transistor, 50𝝁A base current is required to change the collector
current by 1 mA. Calculate current gain β.
Ans:
 i) A transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device, and the terminals
are E(Emitter), B (Base) & C (Collector). The transistor can work in three
different regions like active region, cutoff region & saturation region.
Transistors are turned off while working in the cut-off region and turned
on while working in the saturation region. Transistors work as an
amplifier while they work in the active region. The main function of a
transistor as an amplifier is to enhance the input signal without changing
much. Here this article discusses how a transistor works as an amplifier.

 Transistor as an Amplifier
Amplifier circuit can be defined as, a circuit which is used to amplify a signal.
The input of the amplifier is a voltage otherwise current, where the output will
be an amplifier input signal. An amplifier circuit which uses a transistor
otherwise transistors is known as a transistor amplifier. The applications of
transistor amplifier circuits mainly involve in audio, radio, optical fiber
communication, etc.

Transistor as an Amplifier Circuit

A transistor can be used as an amplifier by enhancing the weak signal’s
strength. With the help of the following transistor amplifier circuit, one can get
an idea about how the transistor circuit works as an amplifier circuit.

For accurate amplification, always remember that the input is connected in

forward-biased whereas the output is connected in reverse-biased. For this
reason, in addition to the signal, we apply DC voltage (VEE) in the input circuit
as shown in the above circuit.
Generally, the input circuit includes low resistance as a result; a little change
will occur in signal voltage at the input which leads to a significant change
within the emitter current. Because of the transistor act, emitter current
change will cause the same change within the collector circuit.

ii) The CE configuration provides both High Current and Voltage gain unlike
other configurations like CC (High current gain but voltage gain less than unity
i.e., 1) and CB (High voltage gain but current gain less than unity).
Thus, CE configuration is best for amplification because of its high-power gain
(due to its both high voltage and current gain) and hence most widely used.

• The forces of action and reaction are equal and opposite. Despite this,
object moves on application of force because:
Ans: - (B)

• An electron is accelerated through a potential V, its de-Broglie wavelength

is λ. If accelerating voltage is decreased to V/2, its de-Broglie wavelength
will become.
Ans: - (D)

• Variation of viscous force on a small sphere falling through a medium with

the radius of the sphere, is represented as:
Ans: (C)
The force on a small sphere falling through a medium can be calculated using
Stokes Law:
where Force (F) = 6πηrv
where;
π = pi or 22/7 or 3.14η
= viscosity of medium r = radius of sphere
v = velocity of falling sphere
Hence, radius can be represented as
r = F / 6πηv
• The length of the pipe open from both ends is 1m. if speed of sound is
320m/s in air, fundamental frequency of standing wave in pipe is:
Ans: (B)

• Power delivered by a force of 5N to a body moving with velocity 2 m/s is.

Ans: (C)
Power of body is given by product of force acting on body and velocity of body
power = 10×2=20Nm/s

• S.I unit of self-inductance of a solenoid is:

Ans: (B)
S.I unit of self-inductance of a solenoid is Henry(H).1 Henry = 1 Weber per
ampere (Wb/A).
• The refracting angle of a prism is ½0 and its refractive index is 1.5 for
yellow colour. Deviation of yellow light passing through it is:
Ans: (D)

Refracting angle of prism is 1/2 °.

angle made by two refracting surfaces of the prism is known as refracting angle
of prism.
it is simply called angle of prism

so, angle of prism, A = 1/2°

refractive index of yellow colour, = 1.5
so, deviation of yellow colour is
= (1.5 - 1) × 1/2°
= 0.5 × 1/2°
= 1/4°
hence, deviation of yellow colour passing through prism is 1/4°

• Balmer series of spectral lines is obtained when an electron in hydrogen

atom jumps from higher orbits to the:
Ans: (B)

• An electron is accelerated through a potential V, its de-Broglie wavelength

is λ. If accelerating voltage is increased to 4V its de-Broglie wavelength
will become
Ans: (B)
lambda inversely proportional to square root of v. if v increases to 4v means,
square root of 4 becomes 2...so answer will be 2 lambdas.
 • In a transistor least doped region is:
Ans: (B)

• Radiation power of 3.31 Watt is falling on a surface. If 20% of light is

absorbed and remaining is reflected back, calculate the number of
photons reflected per second. Take the frequency of each photon 1012Hz.
And h = 6.62 x 10-34 J-s.

Ans:
Explanation:
Given:

• Radiation power, P = 3.31 W.

• Frequency of each photon,

The radiation power which is falling on the surface is equal to the energy
transmitting to the surface per unit time.

The energy of one photon is given by

h is the Planck's constant, having value

If there are n number of photons falling on the surface, then the total energy
transmitting to the surface is given by

Since, the radiation power is the energy transmitting to the surface per unit
time and only 20% of light is absorbed and remaining is reflected back,
therefore, 80% of the light is reflected. The power of the reflected light is
given as

P = 80% of Et/t

80/100 x Et/t

0.8 x nhv/t

n/t = P/0.8 hv
3.31/0.8 x 6.626 x 10-34 x 1012

6.244 x 1018 photons per second.

• State Newton’s law of cooling. Draw graph between temperature and

time for a body cooling in air.

Ans: Newton's Law of cooling:

According to Newton's law of cooling, the rate of loss of heat from a body is
directly proportional to the difference in the temperature of the body and its
surrounding.
dQ/dt= K (T2-T1) -----------------(1)
Procedure:
The calorimeter is filled with two third of liquid and heated up to temperature
of 80 °C. This, liquid will act as hot body which will be cooling. Thermometer is
inserted in the calorimeter. When the temperature reaches to 70°C stop watch
will be started to note down time. Time should be noted for every 5°C fall of
temperature up to room temperature.
Observation: Readings are tabulated: **********
S.no Time Temperature (sec) °c

1.2.3.4.5.*************** *
Draw the graph between temperature on Y axis and time along X axis. calculate
the slope to tangents drawn at various temperature.
Slope dQ /dt=------------
• Two bodies initially at temperature T1 and T2 when kept in thermal
contact, do not necessarily settle to mean temperature (T1 + T2)/2 always.
Why is it so?
Ans:
(a) when two bodies of different temperatures T1 and T2 are brought in
thermal contact then heat flows from the body of higher temperature to lower
temperature until temperature become equal. final temperature of the bodies
can be the mean temperature. i.e., (T1 + T2)/2 is the final temperature of the
bodies.
(b) The coolant in chemical on a nuclear plant is utilized to absorb the heat
energy produced in the plant to prevent the different parts of a plant from
getting too hot.
Also, we know,
The heat energy absorbed by coolant is directly proportional to specific heat (Q
= mS ∆T, here Q is heat absorbed by coolant and S is specific heat capacity)
So, to absorb more heat energy the specific heat of the coolant should be high.
(c) temperature of tyres as well as air inside it increases during driving due to
the friction between tyres and road. But we know, according to Charlee' s Law,
Pressure is directly proportional to temperature. So, air increases in tyres
during driving.
(d) relative humidity is more than in a desert town. So, the climate of a harbour
town is more temperature than that of a town in a desert at the same latitude.
• A battery of e.m.f 10V and internal resistance 3Ώ is connected to a
external resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5A. calculate the
i) External resistor and
ii) terminal voltage of the battery
Ans: Given,
EMF of battery, ɛ = 10V
Internal resistance of battery, r = 3 Ώ
Current flowing in the circuit, I = 0.5 A
Using formula, I = ɛ / R + r
Where, R is the external resistance.
Therefore, R = 10/0.5 – 3 = 17 Ώ is the required resistance.
V = IR
Terminal voltage, = 0.5 x 17
= 8.5 V

• An electron is projected at right angle to a uniform magnetic field (B) with

velocity v. Derive the expression for the radius of circular path described
by the electron. Take ‘m’ as mass of electron and ‘e’ its electric charge.
Ans: Explanation:
It is given that; an electron is projected at right angle to a uniform magnetic
field (B) with velocity v. The magnetic force acting on it is given by:
.......(1)
On the circular path, the centripetal force is also acting on it as:

........................(2)
m is the mass of electron
v is the speed of electron
r is the radius of circular path
From equation (1) and (2):
So, the radius of circular path depends on
1. Mass
2. Velocity
3. Charge
4. Magnetic field

• Draw a graph showing variation of angle of deviation with angle of

incidence i) of rays passing through a prism. Name the two factors on
which angle of minimum deviation depends.
Ans:

i)
ii) The splitting of light is incident on a glass prism, the emergent light splits
into seven colours called VIBGYOR.
Reason for dispersion: The colours in the spectrum have different wavelengths.
The wavelength of violet light is smaller than that of red light. The refractive
index of a material in terms of the wavelength of the light is given by the
Cauchy’s expression.
Thus, the refractive index is different for different colours and hence,
dispersion occurs.

iii)

Therefore, minimum value of the refractive index of the glass is 1.41.

• Find the number of photons in 6.62 J of radiant energy of frequency
1012Hz. (Take h = 6.62 x 110-34 J-s)

Ans:

Explanation:
Radiant energy = hν =
Given energy is 6.62 J
The number of photons =

• Why is depletion region named so in a semiconductor diode? What is total

charge of depletion region in a dipole in forwarding biasing?
Ans: When diode is in reverse bias condition, charge carriers (holes and
electrons) tends to move away from the p-n-junction, leaving behind immobile
ions at the junction. This formation of junction is called depletion region as it
has negligible charge carriers or is depleted of free charge carriers.
Because the charges don't have enough energy to cross the barrier and
neutralize each other. Once you apply a forward bias voltage then the charges
get enough energy because of the applied electric field to cross the barrier.

• Answer the following:

i) Make truth table of following combination of logic gates.
ii) Name the basic gate equivalent to this combination.
Ans:
i)

ii) NAND Gate

• A Carnot engine is working source temperature 2270C and sink

temperature 1270C keeping the sink temperature same, find temperature
of the same, find temperature of the source to be changed to double the
efficiency.
Ans: n = Tn – TL / Tn
= 400 – 300 / 400
= 100/400
n (%) = 25%

• Briefly explain the term critical velocity of flow of a fluid? How is

Reynold’s number related to critical velocity of fluid passing through
cylindrical pipe?
Ans: Critical velocity is defined as the speed at which a falling object reaches
when both gravity and air resistance are equalised on the object. It is the
opposite of laminar flow which is defined as the flow of fluid in parallel layers
without disruptions of the layers.
The Reynold’s number is used to describe fluid flow. Flow can be laminar,
turbulent or between these two states. It is found by dividing the fluid’s interial
force by its viscous force. The Reynold’s number is unitless. It indicates laminar
flow, meaning it is smooth and constant. High Reynold’s numbers indicate
turbulent flow, meaning it is chaotic. Values in between indicate transient
flow, meaning the flow changes with time. It can be used for a number of fluid
flow situations, as well as objects moving through fluids.
R = Reynold’s number (unitless)
P = the density of the fluid (kg/m3)
v = the velocity
L = “the characteristic length” or diameter of the fluid flow (m)
𝜇 = the viscosity of the fluid

For a pipe, the characteristics length is the diameter of the pipe. The
boundaries between the types of flow are:
Laminar flow when R < 2300
Transient flow when 2300 < R < 4000
Turbulent flow when R > 4000

• With the help of the indicator diagram, explain working of Carnot engine.
If temperature of source and sink are 2270C and 270C respectively,
calculate efficiency of Carnot engine.
Ans:

Here,
Source temperature is (327+273=600k)
Sink temperature is (27+273=300k)
Work delivered by engine is 300 kJ.
We know that
Carnot efficiency = (Higher temp — Lower term)/Higher temperature
Carnot efficiency = (600-300)/600Carnot efficiency=50%

• What are beats? Use graphic method to show formation of beats. A tuning
fork (A) of unknown frequency gives 4 beats per second with another
tuning fork (B) of 280Hz frequency. What is maximum possible frequency
of the tuning fork (A)?
Ans:
Case 1: - before filling prongs
frequency of tuning fork D,
running fork C produces 8 beat per second with running fork D,
so, frequency of tuning fork C, = (340 ± 8) Hz

so, frequency of tuning fork C before filing the prongs = 332Hz or 348 Hz
Case 2: - after filling prongs
number of beats per second = 4
so, frequency of tuning fork C after filling prongs = (340 ± 4) Hz = 344Hz or 336
Hz
we know, when prongs are filled in tuning fork, frequency of tuning fork
increases.
if we choose frequency of tuning fork C 348HZ then after filling prongs
Frequency should be more than 348Hz but here given 344 or 336 Hz hence,
frequency of tuning fork C ≠ 348 Hz
so, frequency of tuning fork C = 332Hz

• Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field intensity due to an
electric dipole of moment 10-10 C – m at a point 20cm from each charge.
Dipole length is 10cm.
Ans: A beat is an interference pattern between two sounds of slightly different
frequencies, perceived as a periodic variation in volume whose rate is the
difference of the two frequencies.
a) 6.25 × 10^7 N/C
Explanation:
Length if dipole = 10cm
Distance from point of axis = 20cmCharge = 500 μC
The electric field intensity due a dipole at a point on the axial line is given as
- E = 2kpr/(r²-l²)2
where p is the dipole moment of dipole, r is the separation between
midpoint of dipole to the observation point.
500 μC on each pole of dipole and separation between two dipoles will be
2l = 10cm
Dipole moment, p = 500 × 100cm
 = 500 × 10^-6 C × 0.1 m
= 5 × 10^-5 cm
Distance between the observation point to one charge, d = 20cm
Distance between observation points to midpoint of dipole moment, r = (d
+ x/2) = 20cm + 5cm = 25cm = 0.25m
E = 2 × 9 × 10^9 × 5 × 10^-5 × 0.25/ (0.25² - 0.05²) ²
= 90 × 10⁴ × 0.25/ (0.30) ² (0.20) ²
= 2.25 × 10^5/ (0.09 × 0.04)
= 2.25/ (36) × 10^9 = 225/36 × 10^7
= 6.25 × 10^7 N/C
Thus, one of the charges in air, is 6.25 × 10^7 N/C.

• Define mass defect associated to a nucleus. Show that 1a.m.u is

equivalent to 931.5 Mev of energy.
OR
In a Young’s double slit experiment, the fringe width is found to be 4.2 mm. if
complete apparatus is immersed in a transparent oil of refractive index 1.4,
calculate new fringe width.
Ans: Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to split an atom's nucleus
into protons and neutrons. Mass defect is the difference between the
predicted mass and the actual mass of an atom's nucleus. The binding energy
of a system can appear as extra mass, which accounts for this difference.
Explanation:
Using Einstein mass-energy equivalence.
E = mc^2
We know that 1 amu = 1/12th mass of an atom of carbon-12.
1 amu = 1.67 x 10^-27 Kg
Now substitute this in mass-energy equivalence equation.
E = 1.67 x 10^-27 Kg x (3 x 10^8) ^2 J
E = 1.67 x 10^-27 Kg x (3 x 10^8) ^2 / 1.6 x 10^-19
E = 931 Mev
1 eV = 1.6 x 10^-19 j
Hence proved that 1 amu=931.5 MeV
OR
Fringe width α λ α 1/𝜇
Therefore fringe (β) width α 1/𝜇
∴ β new = 0.4 x 3 / 4
= 0.3mm.

• State the law of radioactive decay. Using law, obtain expression for
number of radioactive atoms(N) at time t i.e., N = N0 exp-λx
λ = decay constant and N0 is number of radioactive atoms at time t = 0.
Ans: The radioactive decay law states that the probability per unit time that a
nucleus will decay is a constant, independent of time. ... The radioactive decay
of certain number of atoms (mass) is exponential in time. Radioactive decay
law:
N = N.e-λt.
The rate of nuclear decay is also measured in terms of half-lives.
• Answer the following:
a) Define kinetic and potential energy of a body. Give their S.I units.
b) A block of mass 10kg is released from height 10m from rest state. It
falls freely. Taking floor as reference position for potential energy,
calculate its kinetic and potential energy when it is at height 4m from
the floor. (Take g = 9.8ms-2)
Ans:
a) Kinetic energy of a body is defined as the energy possessed by a object by
virtue of its motion. Its unit is Joule (J).
Potential energy of a body is defined as the energy possessed by an object by
virtue of its position. Units of potential energy is also Joe(J).
b) kinetic energy= the energy possessed by an object when it is in motion
potential energy= the energy possessed by an object when it is at rest.
kinetic energy=m(v²-u²) /2potential energy=mgh
potential energy=10×10=100

• Answer the following:

a) State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
b) What are Eddy currents? Give two important properties of these
currents.
c) How are energy losses due to Eddy current minimized?
Ans:
a) Faraday's law states that a current will be induced in a conductor which
is exposed to a changing magnetic field. ... During Faraday's experiment,
he discovered how EMF is induced in a coil when the flux passing
through the coil changes.

b) Eddy currents (also called Foucault's currents) are loops of electrical

current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the
conductor according to Faraday's law of induction. The current flowing
through the resistance of the conductor also dissipates energy as heat in
the material.
 c) Eddy current losses can be reduced by making the core of a stack of
plates electrically insulated from each other, rather than a solid block; all
transformers operating at low frequencies use laminated or similar
cores.

• Answer the following:

a) Distinguish between the polarised and unpolarised light. Explain, how
can polarised light be experimentally detected?
b) State Brewster’s law. The polarising angle of a medium is 600. Calculate
its refractive index.
Ans:
a)
Detection of circularly polarised light: the beam of light is allowed to fall on a
Nicol prism. when rotation of Nicol prism, the intensity of
emitted light remains same, then light is either circularly polarised or
unpolarised. Thus, on rotating the Nicol, the light can be extinguished at two
plates.

b) Brewster’s Law: As the Brewster's Law states that we can achieve the
maximum polarization of light by allowing the ray to fall on a
transparent medium's surface so that the refracted ray becomes
perpendicular to the reflected ray. It develops a relationship between
the polarizing angle ip and the refractive index.

Refractive index = [sin (A + ∆m)/2 ÷ sin A/2]

The value of A = 600
Minimum angle of deviation = 300
= sin (60 + 30)/2 ÷ sin600/2
n = sin450 / sin300

n = 1/√2 × 2
n = √2

• Answer the following:

a) With the help of circuit diagram, explain how a combination of two
diodes can be used as rectifier.
b) What is a Zener diode? With the help of circuit diagram explain how it
can be used as voltage regulator.
Ans:
a) Explanation:
Diode Rectifier Circuits Include: A two diode circuit is able to provide full wave
rectification when used with a centre tapped transformer. This two-diode
format for the full wave rectifier uses a centre tapped transformer and was
widely used when thermionic valves / vacuum tubes were used.
b) A Zener diode is a type of diode that allows current to flow in the
conventional manner - from its anode to its cathode i.e. when the anode
is positive with respect to the cathode. ... Zener reverse breakdown is
due to electron quantum tunnelling caused by a high-strength electric
field.
Working:
- The unregulated d.c voltage is connected to the Zener diode through a
series resistance Rs such that the Zener diode is reverse bias. If the input
voltage increases the current through Rs and Zener diode is also increase.
This increases the voltage drop across Rs without any change in the voltage
across the Zener diode. This is because in the break down region Zener
voltage remain constant. Even those the current through Zener diode
changes.

- Similarly, if the input voltage decreases the current through Rs and Zener
diode is also decreasing. The voltage drops across Rs decrease without any
change in the voltage across the Zener diode.

- Thus, any increase or decrease in the input voltage results in increase or

decrease of the voltage drop across Rs without any change in the voltage
across Zener diode. Thus, the Zener diode acts as a voltage regulator.

• Two identical parallel plate capacitors A and B are connected to a battery

of V volts with the switch S closed. The switch is now opened and the free
space between the plates of the capacitors is filled with a dielectric of
dielectric constant K. find the ratio of the total electrostatic energy stored
in both capacitors before and after the introduction of the dielectric.
Ans:
Given: CA = CB = C, Emf = V volts
Dielectric constant = K
We know that:
 • Calculate the current drawn from the battery in the given network.
Ans:

• In the given circuit, assuming point A to be at zero potential, use

Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the potential at point B.
Ans:

• In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of 60.0 cm from A.

if now a resistance of 5Ώ is connected in series with S, the null point
occurs at 50 cm.
Determine the values of R and S.
Ans:
• Define the current sensitivity of a galvanometer. Write its S.I unit.

Figure shows two circuits each having a galvanometer and a battery of 3 V.

When the galvanometers in each arrangement do not show any deflection,
obtain the ratio R1/R2.
Ans:
• Find the condition under which the charged particles moving with
different speeds in the presence of electric and magnetic field vectors can
be used to select charged particles of a particular speed.
Ans: