12th Maths Book-Chapter-7
12th Maths Book-Chapter-7
CHAPTER
7 Vectors
7.1 INTRODUCTION (iii) If terminal point B of a vector AB coincides with its initial point A, then magnitude
AB = 0 and AB = 0 , which is called zero or null vector.
In physics, mathematics and engineering, we encounter with two important quantities,
(iv) Two vectors are said to be negative of each other if they have same magnitude but
known as “Scalars and Vectors”.
opposite direction.
BA = - AB = - v
A scalar quantity, or simply a scalar, is one that possesses only magnitude. It can
If AB = v , then
be speciied by a number alongwith unit. In Physics, the quantities like mass, time, density,
and BA = - AB
temperature, length, volume, speed and work are examples of scalars.
A vector quantity, or simply a vector, is one that possesses
both magnitude and direction. In Physics, the quantities like displacement, velocity, 7.1.2 Multiplication of Vector by a Scalar
acceleration, weight, force, momentum, electric and magnetic ields are examples of vectors.
In this section, we introduce vectors and their fundamental operations we begin with We use the word scalar to mean a real number. Multiplication of a vector v by a scalar
a geometric interpretation of vector in the plane and in space. ‘k’ is a vector whose magnitude is k times that of v. It is denoted by kv .
(i) If k is +ve, then v and kv are in the same direction.
(ii) If k is -ve, then v and kv are in the opposite direction
i.e., AB = CD
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For the vector u = [x, y], x and y are called the components of u. 7.1.6 Properties of Magnitude of a Vector
Note: The vector [x, y] is an ordered pair of numbers, not a point (x, y) in the plane.
Let v be a vector in the plane or in space and let c be a real number, then
(a) Negative of a Vector (i) v ≥ 0, and v =
0 if and only if v = 0
In scalar multiplication (ii), if a = -1 and u = [x, y] then (ii) cv = c v
au = (-1) [x, y] = [-x, -y]
which is denoted by -u and is called the additive inverse of u or negative vector of u. Proof: (i) We write vector v in component form as v = [x, y], then
v= x 2 + y 2 ≥ 0 for all x and y.
(b) Diference of two Vectors
We deine u - v as u + (-v) Further v = x 2 + y 2 = 0 if and only if x = 0, y = 0
=
= u [ x, y ] and v [ x' , y′], then
In this case v = [0,0] = 0
( cx ) + ( cy )=
If
u - v = u + (-v) cv= cx, cy= c 2 x 2 + y=
2 2
= xi + y j
For any point P(x, y) in R2, a vector u = [x, y] is represented by a directed line segment
OP , whose initial point is at origin. Such vectors are called position vectors because
Thus each vector [x, y] in R2 can be uniquely represented by
xi + y j .
they provide a unique correspondence between the points (positions) and vectors.
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7.1.8 A unit vector in the direction of another given vector. Example 3: Find a unit vector in the direction of the vector
(i) v= 2i + 6 j (ii) v =[-2,4]
A vector u is called a unit vector, if u = 1
Now we ind a unit vector u in the direction of any other given vector v. Solution: (i) v= 2i + 6 j
We can do by the use of property (ii) of magnitude of vector, as follows: v= ( 2) + (6) = 4 + 36 =
2 2
40
v = [3, -4] = 3i - 4 j
Equating horizontal and vertical components, we have
Solution: -x = 3 ⇒ x = -3
v= 32 + (-4)=
2
25= 5 and -5 - y = 7 ⇒ y = -12
= = [3, -4]
Hence coordinates of D are (-3, 12).
1 1
Now u v (u is unit vector in the direction of v)
v 5
3 -4
7.1.9 The Ratio Formula
= ,
5 5
Let A and B be two points whose position vectors (p.v.) are a and b respectively. If a
3 -4
Veriication: u = + = + = 1
2 2
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qa + pb Now 2OC= a + b
r=
p+q ⇒ OC + OC = OA + OB
⇒ OC - OA = OB - OC
Proof: Given a and b are position vectors of the points A and B respectively. Let r be
⇒ OC + AO = OB + CO
the position vector of the point P which divides the line segment AB in the ratio p : q. That is
m AP : mPB = p : q
⇒ AO + OC = CO + OB
= ∴ AC =
m AP p
( ) ( )
So CB
Thus m AC = mCB
mPB q
⇒ q m AP = ⇒
( ) ( )
p mPB
C is equidistant from A and B, but A, B, C are collinear.
Thus q AP = p PB
Hence C is the mid point of AB.
⇒ q (r - a ) = p (b - r )
⇒ qr - qa = pb - pr Example 6: Use vectors, to prove that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
⇒ pr + qr = qa + pb
other.
⇒ r ( p + q ) = qa + pb
qa + pb
Solution: Let the vertices of the parallelogram be A, B, C and D (see igure)
⇒ r= = AB + AD , the vector from A to the mid point of diagonal AC is
q+ p
Since AC
( )
2
w= AD + AB - AD
1
2
= AD + AB - AD
7.1.10 Vector Geometry 1 1
( )
2 2
= AB + AD
Let us now use the concepts of vectors discussed so far in proving Geometrical 1
Theorems. A few examples are being solved here to illustrate the method. 2
=v
Since v = w , these mid points of the diagonals AC and DB are the same.
Example 5: If a and b be the p.vs of A and B respectively w.r.t. origin O, and C be a point
a+b
on AB such that OC =
Thus the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
, then show that C is the mid-point of AB.
2
= a = b and OC
= ( a + b)
1
Solution: OA , OB
2
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EXERCISE 7.1 (i) Point C with position vector 2i - 3 j and point D with position vector 3i + 2 j in
the ratio 4 : 3
Write the vector PQ in the form xi + y j . (ii) Point E with position vector 5 j and point F with position vector 4i + j in ratio 2 : 5
1.
(i) P(2,3), Q(6, -2) (ii) P(0,5), Q(-1, -6) 13. Prove that the line segment joining the mid points of two sides of a triangle is
2. Find the magnitude of the vector u: parallel to the third side and half as long.
(i) u= 2i - 7 j (ii) u= i + j (iii) u = [3, - 4] 14. Prove that the line segments joining the mid points of the sides of a quadrilateral
3. If u =2i - 7 j , v =i - 6 j and w =-i + j . Find the following vectors: taken in order form a parallelogram.
u+v-w 2u - 3v + 4w u+ v+ w
1 1 1
(i) (ii) (iii)
2 2 2
7.2 INTRODUCTION OF VECTOR IN SPACE
Find the sum of the vectors AB and CD , given the four points A(1, -1), B(2 ,0 ),
4. In space, a rectangular coordinate system is constructed
C(-1, 3) and D(-2, 2). using three mutually orthogonal (perpendicular) axes, which
Find the vector from the point A to the origin where AB= 4i - 2 j and B is the point
5. have orgin as their common point of intersection. When
(-2, 5). sketching igures, we follow the convention that the positive
6. Find a unit vector in the direction of the vector given below: x-axis points towards the reader, the positive y-axis to the
right and the positive z-axis points upwards.
v= 2i - j = i+ -v =- i
1 3 3 1
(i) (ii) v j (iii) j
2 2 2 2
7. If A, B and C are respectively the points (2, -4), (4, 0) and (1, 6). Use vector method
to ind the coordinates of the point D if: These axis are also labeled in accordance with the right
(i) ABCD is a parallelogram (ii) ADBC is a parallelogram hand rule. If ingers of the right hand, pointing in the direction
8. If B, C and D are respectively (4, 1), (-2, 3) and (-8, 0). Use vector method to ind of positive x-axis, are curled toward the positive y-axis,
the coordinates of the point: then the thumb will point in the direction of positive z-axis,
(i) A if ABCD is a parallelogram. (ii) E if AEBD is a parallelogram. perpendicular to the xy-plane. The broken lines in the igure
If O is the origin and OP = AB , ind the point P when A and B are (-3, 7) and (1, 0)
represent the negative axes.
9.
respectively.
10. Use vectors, to show that ABCD is a parallelogram, when the points A, B, C and D
are respectively (0, 0), (a, 0), (b, c) and (b - a, c).
A point P in space has three coordinates, one along
If AB = CD , ind the coordinates of the point A when points B, C, D are (1, 2), (-2, 5),
x-axis, the second along y-axis and the third along z-axis. If the
11.
distances along x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively are a, b,
(4, 11) respectively.
and c, then the point P is written with a unique triple of real
12. Find the position vectors of the point of division of the line segments joining the
numbers as P = (a, b, c) (see igure).
following pair of points, in the given ratio:
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7.2.1 Concept of a vector in space f) Magnitude of a vector: We deine the magnitude or norm or length of a vector u
in space by the distance of the point P(x, y, z) from the origin O.
∴ OP = u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
The set R3 = {(x, y, z) : x, y, z d R} is called the
3-dimensional space. An element (x, y, z) of R3 represents
a point P(x, y, z), which is uniquely determined by its Example 1: For the vectors, v = [2,1,3] and w = [-1,4,0], we have the following
coordinates x, y and z. Given a vector u in space, there (i) v + w = [2 - 1, 1 + 4, 3 + 0]= [l,5,3]
exists a unique point P(x, y, z) in space such that the
(ii) v - w = [2 + 1,1 - 4, 3 - 0]= [3, -3, 3]
vector OP is equal to u (see igure). (iii) 2w =2[-1, 4, 0] = [-2, 8, 0]
v - 2w = [ 2 + 2,1 - 8,3 - 0] = [ 4, -7,3] = ( 4) + ( -7 ) + ( 3) = 16 + 49 + 9 =
Now each element (x, y, z ) d P3 is associated to 2 2 2
(iv) 74
a unique ordered triple [x, y, z], which represents the
vector u = OP = [x, y, z].
We deine addition and scalar multiplication in R3 7.2.2 Properties of Vectors
Addition: For any two vectors u = [x, y, z] and v = [ x′, y′, z′] , we have
by:
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(ii) Since for any three real numbers a, b, c, 7.2.4 Distance Between two Points in Space
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) , it follows that
=
for any three vectors, u [ x= , y ], v [ x′, y′] and w [ x′′, y′′] in R 2 , we have
=
(u + v) + w = [ x + x′, y + y′] + [ x′′, y′′]
P1 ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 , z2 )
If OP1 and OP2 are the position vectors of the points
= [ x, y ] + [ x′ + x′′, y′ + y′′]
The vector PP1 2 , is given by
1 2 = OP2 - OP1 = [ x2 - x1 , y2 - y1 , z2 - z1 ]
=u + (v + w)
PP
= ( x2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y2 - y1 ) 2 + ( z2 - z1 ) 2
The proofs of the other parts are left as an exercise for the students.
7.2.3 Another notation for representing vectors in space This is called distance formula between two points P1 and P2 in R3,
As magnitude of i = 12 + 02 + 02 = 1
(b) Show that u, v, and w are parallel to each other.
magnitude of j = 02 + 12 + 02= 1
Solution: (a)
(i) u + 2v = 2i + 3 j + k + 2(4i + 6 j + 2k )
= 2i + 3 j + k + 8i + 12 j + 4k
=10i + 15 j + 5k
and magnitude of k = 02 + 02 + 12 = 1 So i, j and k are called unit vectors along
(ii) u - v - w
= (2i + 3 j + k ) - (4i + 6 j + 2k ) - (-6i - 9 j - 3k )
= (2 - 4 + 6)i + (3 - 6 + 9) j + (1 - 2 + 3)k
x-axis, along y-axis and along z-axis respectively. Using the deinition of addition and scalar
= 4i + 6 j + 2k
multiplication, the vector [x, y, z] can be written as
u = [ x, y , z ] = [ x,0,0] + [0, y,0] + [0,0, z ]
= x[1,0,0] + y[0,1,0] + z[0,0,,1] (b) v = 4i + 6 j + 2k = 2(2i + 3 j + k )
=xi + y j + zk ∴ v= 2u
⇒
Thus each vector [x, y, z] in R3 can be uniquely represented by xi + y j + zk .
u and v are parallel vectors, and have same direction
Again w=-6i - 9 j - 3k
= -3(2i + 3 j + k )
u [ x, y, z ] and v [ x′, y′, z′] is written as
In terms of unit vector i , j and k , , the sum u + v of two vectors
=
=
∴ w= -3u
u+v= [ x + x′, y + y′, z + z′] ⇒
= ( x + x′ ) i + ( y + y′ ) j + ( z + z′ ) k
u and w are parallel vectors and have opposite direction.
Hence u, v and w are parallel to each other.
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r =[ x, y, z ] =xi + y j + zk
Solution:
(ii) magnitude is 2 and is parallel to -i + j + k
If u = 2i + 3 j + 4k , , v =-i + 3 j - k and w =+
i 6 j + zk represent the sides of a triangle.
Let
∴ r= x +y +z =
8.
2 2 2
r Find the value of z.
The position vectors of the points A, B, C and D are 2i - j + k , 3i + j ,
x y z
= , , is the unit vector in the direction of the vector r = OP .
9.
2i + 4 j - 2k -i - 2 j + k
r
r r r
then
r and respectively. Show that AB is parallel
It can be visualized that the triangle OAP is a right triangle with ∠A = 900.
to CD .
10. We say that two vectors v and w in space are parallel if there is a scalar c such that
Therefore in right triangle OAP,
v = cw. The vectors point in the same direction if c > 0, and the vectors point in the
= a
=
OA x opposite direction if c < 0
Find two vectors of length 2 parallel to the vector v =2i - 4 j + 4k .
cos , similarly
OP r (a)
= cos b =
y
, cos g
z (b) Find the constant a so that the vectors v =-
i 3 j + 4k and w = ai + 9 j - 12k are
r r parallel.
The numbers cos a = , , cos b = and cos g = Find a vector of length 5 in the direction opposite that of v =-
i 2 j + 3k .
x y z
are called (c)
Find a and b so that the vectors 3i - j + 4k and ai + b j - 2k are parallel.
r r r
(d)
the direction cosines of OP .
x2 y 2 z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 r 2
∴ cos a + cos b + cos g = 2 + 2 + 2 =
2 2 2
= 2 =1
r r r r2 r
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11. Find the direction cosines for the given vector: 7.3.1 Deductions of the Important Results
(i) v = 3i - j + 2k (ii) 6i - 2 j + k
(iii) =
=
PQ , where P (2, 1, 5) and Q (1, 3, 1) . By Applying the deinition of dot product to unit vectors i, j , k , we have,
=
= =
=
12. Which of the following triples can be the direction angles of a single vector:
(a) i.i i i cos 0 1 (b) i. j i j cos 90 0
=
= =
=
(i) 450, 450, 600 (ii) 300, 450, 600 (iii) 450, 600, 600
j. j j j cos 0 1 j.k j k cos 90 0
7.3 THE SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS =
=k .k k k cos 0 1 =
=k .i k i cos 90 0
(c) u.v = u v cosq
We shall now consider products of two vectors that originated in the study of Physics = v u cos( - q )
= v u cosq
and Engineering. The concept of angle between two vectors is expressed in terms of a scalar
⇒ u.v =
product of two vectors.
v.u
Deinition 1:
Let two non-zero vectors u and v, in the plane or in space, have same initial point. The ∴ Dot product of two vectors is commutative.
dot product of u and v, written as u.v, is deined by
u.v = u v cosq
Deinition: Two non-zero vectors u and v are perpendicular if and only if u.v = 0.
p p
Since angle between u and v is and cos =0
p
2 2
where q is the angle between u and v and 0767p so u.v = u v cos
2
∴
Deinition 2:
(a) If+ u = a1 i b+1 j =
u.v = 0
and v a2 i b2 j .
are two non-zero vectors in the plane. The dot product u.v is deined by Note: As 0 . b = 0, for every vector b. So the zero vector is regarded to be perpendicular
u.v = a1a2 +b1b2
(b) If u = a1 i + b1 j + c1 k and v = a2 i + b2 j + c2 k .
to every vector.
are two non-zero vectors in space. The dot product u.v is deined by 7.3.3 Properties of Dot Product
u.v = a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
Let u, v and w be vectors and let c be a real number, then
u.v = 0 ⇒ u = 0 or v = 0
Note: The dot product is also referred to the scalar product or the inner product.
(i)
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[ x1 - x2 , y1 - y2 ]
if
v-w=
The proofs of the properties are left as an exercise for the students.
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⇒ (2i + a j + 5k ) . (3i + j + a k ) =
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
0
∴ cosq = ⇒ 6 + a + 5a =
a12 + b12 + c12 a2 2 + b2 2 + c2 2 ∴ -a =
0
1
Corollaries:
If q = 0 or p, the vectors u and v are collinear.
Example 6:
Show that the vectors 2i - j + k , i - 3 j - 5k and 3i - 4 j - 4k form the sides of a right
(i)
p
(ii) If q = , cosq =0 ⇒ u.v =0. triangle.
2 Solution:
Let AB =2i - j + k and BC =i - 3 j - 5k
The vectors u and v are perpendicular or orthogonal.
Now AB + BC = (2i - j + k ) + (i - 3 j - 5k )
Example 4: Find the angle between the vectors
u =2i - j + k and v =-i + j =3i - 4 j - 4k =AC
(third side)
∴ AB , BC and AC form a triangle ABC.
Solution: u . v= (2i - j + k ) . (-i + j + 0k )
=(2)(-1) + (-1)(1) + (1)(0) =-3 Further we prove that rABC is a right triangle
5p
6 2 2
∴q=
7.3.6 Projection of one Vector upon another Vector:
6
In many physical applications, it is required to know
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∴ Projection of v along u =
u.v (ii) a + b + c = 0
u ⇒ a = -b - c
= - ab cos(p - C) - ac cos(p - B)
v
Let OA and OB be the unit vectors in the xy-plane making angles a and b
⇒ OA OB cos(a=
- b ) cos a cos b + sin a sin b
i, j and k respectively.
∴ cos(a=
- b ) cos a cos b + sin a sin b ( )
∴ OA = OB = 1
Example 8: Prove that in any triangle ABC
(i) a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A (Cosine Law)
(ii) a = b cosC + c cosB (Projection Law)
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[ 3,=
5] , v [ 6, - 2] [ 2, 3, 1=
] , v [ 2, 4, 1]
(i)
(iii) - u = (iv) u -=
2. Calculate the projection of a along b and projection of b along a when:
(i) a-=i k+=
, b j k (ii) a =3i + j - k , b =-2i - j + k
3. Find a real number a so that the vectors u and v are perpendicular.
(i) u =2a i + j - k , v =i + a j + 4k
(ii) u= a i + 2a j + 3k , v= i + a j + 3k
4. Find the number z so that the triangle with vertices A(1, -1, 0), B(-2, 2, 1) and C(0, 2, z)
is a right triangle with right angle at C.
5. If v is a vector for which
=v.i 0,=
v. j 0,=
v.k 0, find v. .
6. (i) Show that the vectors 3i - 2 j + k , i - 3 j + 5k and 2i + j - 4k form a right angle. Right hand rule
(ii) Show that the set of points P = (1,3,2), Q = (4,1,4) and P = (6,5,5) form a right triangle. (i) If the ingers of the right hand point along the vector u and then curl towards the
7. Show that mid point of hypotenuse a right triangle is equidistant from its vertices. vector v, then the thumb will give the direction of n̂ which is u x v. It is shown in the igure (a).
8. Prove that perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent. (ii) In igure (b), the right hand rule shows the direction of v x u.
9. Prove that the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
10. Prove that the angle in a semi circle is a right angle. 7.4.1 Derivation of useful results of cross products
11. Prove that cos(a + b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin b (a) By applying the deinition of cross product to unit vectors i, j and k , we have:
12. Prove that in any triangle ABC. (a)=i × i i i=
sin 0 nˆ 0
=j× j j =
(i) b = c cos A + a cos C (ii) c = a cos B + b cos A
(iii) b2 = c2 + a2 - 2ca cos B (iv) c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C.
j sin 0 nˆ 0
=
k × k k k=
sin 0 nˆ 0
7.4 THE CROSS PRODUCT OR VECTOR =
(b) i × j i j=
sin 90 k k
PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS =j×k j k=
sin 90 i i
=k ×i k =
i sin 90 j j
The vector product of two vectors is widely used in Physics, particularly, Mechanics and
Electricity. It Is only deined for vectors in space. (c) u × v =u v sin q nˆ =v u sin(-q ) nˆ =- v u sin q nˆ
Let u and v be two non-zero vectors. The cross or vector product of u and v, written as ⇒ u × v =-v × u
u x v, is deined by (d)=
u × u u u=
sin 0 nˆ 0
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i j k
a1 b1 c1 = (b1c2 - c1b2 )i - (a1c2 - c1a2 ) j + (a1b2 - b1a2 )k
a2 b2 c2
Note: The cross product of i, j and k are written in the cyclic pattern. The
given igure is helpful in remembering this pattern. The terms on R.H.S of equation (i) are the same as the terms in the expansion of the above
determinant
i j k
Hence u × v =a1 b1 c1 (ii)
7.4.2 Properties of Cross product a2 b2 c2
⇒ u ×=
v (b1c2 - c1b2 )i - (a1c2 - c1a2 ) j + (a1b2 - b1a2 )k (i)
Example 1: Find a vector perpendicular to each of the vectors
a = 2i + j + k and b = 4i + 2 j - k
The expansion of 3 x 3 determinant
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∴ a × b =2 -1 1 =-i + 6 j + 8k
and OB = cos(- b )i + sin(- b ) j
2 -1
= cos b i - sin b j
4
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=
a c
(iii)
sin A sin C i j k
AB × AC = 1 - 2 = (2 + 4)i - (1 - 4) j + (2 + 4)k = 6i + 3 j + 6k
= =
a b c Now 2
-2
From (ii) and (iii), we get
sin A sin B sin C 2 1
7.4.5 Area of Parallelogram The area of the parallelogram with adjacent sides AB and AC is given by
AB × AC = 6i + 3 j + 6k = 36 + 9 + 36 = 81 = 9
If u and v are two non-zero vectors and q is the angle between
∴ Area of triangle = AB × AC = 6i + 3 j + 6k =
u and v, then u and v represent the lengths of the adjacent sides of a parallelogram, (see 1 1 9
2 2 2
igure)
AB × AC 1
A unit vector ⊥ to the plane ABC = = (6i + 3 j + 6k= (2i + j + 2k )
1
AB × AC 9
We know that: )
3
Area of parallelogram = base x height
= (base) (h) = u v sin q
∴ Area of parallelogram = u × v Example 6: Find area of the parallelogram whose vertices are P(0, 0, 0), Q(-1, 2, 4),
R(2, -1, 4) and S(1, 1, 8).
= 144 + 144 + 9
Not all pairs of vertices give a
Also ind a unit vector perpendicular to the plane ABC.
side e.g. PS is not a side, it is
= 297 diagonal since PQ + PR =
Solution: AB = (2 - 1)i + (1 + 1) j + (-1 - 1)k = i + 2 j - 2k
PS
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u = a1 i + b1 j + c1 k , v = a2 i + b2 j + c2 k and w = a3 i + b3 j + c3 k
(i) P(0, 0, 0) ; Q(2, 3, 2) ; R (-1, 1, 4)
(ii) P(1, -1, -1) ; Q(2, 0, -1) ; R (0, 2, 1) Let
4. ind the area of parallelogram, whose vertices are:
i j k
v×w =
(i) A(0, 0, 0) ; B (1, 2, 3) ; C (2, -1, 1) ; D (3, 1, 4)
(ii) A(1, 2, -1) ; B (4, 2, - 3) ; C (6, - 5, 2) ; D (9, - 5, 0) Now a2 b2 c2
(iii) A(-1, 1, 1) ; B (-1, 2, 2) ; C (-3, 4, - 5) ; D(-3, 5, - 4) a3 b3 c3
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⇒ v × w= (b2c3 - b3c2 )i - (a2c3 - a3c2 ) j + (a2b3 - a3b2 )k Note: (i) The value of the triple scalar product depends upon the cycle order of the
∴ u.(v × w
=) a1 (b2c3 - b3c2 ) - b1 (a2c3 - a3c2 ) + c1 (a2b3 - a3b2 )
vectors, but is independent of the position of the dot and cross. So the dot and cross, may
be interchanged without altering the value i.e;
(ii) (u × v) . w= u . (v × w)= [u v w]
(v × w) . =u v . ( w × u=
a1 b1 c1
⇒ u.(v × w) = ) [v w u ]
( w × u ) .=
v w . (u × v=
a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 ) [ w u v]
which is called the determinant formula for scalar triple product of u, v and w in (iii) The value of the product changes if the order is non-cyclic.
component form. (iv) u.v.w and u x (v.w) are meaningless.
a1 b1 c1
Now u.(v × w) =
a2 b2 c2 7.5.2 The Volume of the Parallelepiped
a3 b3 c3
The triple scalar product (u x v).w
a2 b2 c2
= - a1
represents the volume of the parallelepiped
b1 c1 Interchanging R1 and R2
having u, v and w as its conterminous edges.
a3 b3 c3
As it is seen from the formula that:
u v w cosq
(u × v).w =×
a2 b2 c2
= a3
Hence (i) u × v = area of the parallelogram
b3 c3 Interchanging R2 and R3
a1 b1 c1
∴ u.(v × w) = v.( w × u )
with two adjacent sides, u and v.
(ii) w cosq = height of the parallelepiped
u v w cosq =
(u × v).w =×
a2 b2 c2
v.( w × u ) =
(Area of parallelogram)(height)
Now a3 b3 c3
= Volume of the parallelepiped
a1 b1 c1
Similarly, by taking the base plane formed by v and w, we have
a3 b3 c3
= - a2
The volume of the parallelepiped = (v x w).u
b2 c2 Interchanging R1 and R2 And by taking the base plane formed by w and u, we have
a1 b1 c1 The volume of the parallelepiped = (w x u).v
a3 b3 c3 So, we have: (u x v).w = (v x w).u = (w x u).v
= a1 b1 c1 Interchanging R2 and R3
a2 b2 c2 7.5.3 The Volume of the Tetrahedron:
∴ v.( w × u )= w.(u × v)
u.(v × w) =v.( w × u )= w.(u × v)
Volume of the tetrahedron ABCD
Hence
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2 -4 5
= . u × v ( h) AB AC AD = 2 - 3 6 = 2(3 + 6) + 4(-2 - 0) + 5(-2 - 0)
1 1
0 -1 -1
3 2
= (Area of parallelogram with AB and AC as adjacent sides) (h)
1
6 = 18 - 8 - 10 = 0
= (V olume of the parallelepiped with u , v, w as edges)
1 As the volume is zero, so the points A, B, C and D are coplaner.
0 - 4 = [ 4(2 - 1) ] = =
Example 1: Find the volume of the parallelepiped determined by
u =i + 2 j - k , v =i - j + 3k , w =i - 7 j - 4k
1 1 1
= 0
1 1 4 2
2 -8
6 6 6 3
1
1 2 -1
Solution: V olume of the parallelepiped = u.v × w = 1 - 2
Example 4: Find the value of a, so that a i + j , i + j + 3k and 2i + j - 2k are coplaner.
3
1 -7 -4
⇒ Volume = 1 (8 + 21) - 2(-4 - 3) -1 (-7 + 2) Solution: Let u = a i + j , v =i + j + 3k and w =2i + j - 2k
= 29+ 14 + 5 = 48 Triple scalar product
a
[ u v w] =
1 0
1 3 = a (-2 - 3) - 1(-2 - 6) + 0(1 - 2)
Example 2: Prove that four points
A(-3, 5, -4), B(-1, 1, 1), C(-1, 2, 2) and D(-3, 4, -5) are coplaner.
1
2 1 -2
Solution: AB =-( 1 + 3)i + (1 - 5) j + (1 + 4)k =2i - 4 j + 5k
= -5a + 8
AC =-( 1 + 3)i + (2 - 5) j + (2 + 4)k =2i - 3 j + 6k
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Example 5: Prove that the points whose position vectors are A(-6i + 3 j + 2k ) ,
In igure, a constant force F acting on a body, displaces it from A to B.
B (3i - 2 j + 4k ) , C (5i + 7 j + 3k ) , D(-13i + 17 j - k ) are coplaner. ∴ Work done = (component of F along AB) (displacement)
== ( F cosq )( AB) F . AB
Solution: Let O be the origin.
∴ OA = -6i + 3 j + 2k ; OB = 3i - 2 j + 4k
∴ OC =+ 5i 7 j + 3k ; OD- = + 13i - 17 j k
Example 6: Find the work done by a constant force F= 2i + 4 j ,, if its points of application
∴ AB= OB - OA= (3i - 2 j + 4k ) - (-6i + 3 j + 2k )
to a body moves it from A(1, 1) to B(4, 6).
∴ =9i - 5 j + 2k (Assume that F is measured in Newton and d in meters.)
AC= OC - OA= (5i + 7 j + 3k ) - (-6i + 3 j + 2k )
Solution: The constant force F= 2i + 4 j ,
∴ = 11i + 4 j + k
The displacement of the body = d = AB
AD = OD - OA = (-13i + 17 j - k ) - (-6i + 3 j + 2k )
= (4 - 1)i + (6 - 1) j = 3i + 5 j
∴ =-7i + 14 j - 3k
-5 ∴ work done = F . d
+
= (2i 4 j )+. (3i 5 j )
9 2
AB.( AC × AD) = 11
⇒ d =2i + 4 j - k
(a) Work done.
∴
If a constant force F, applied to a body, acts at an
angle q to the direction of motion, then the work done
work done = F . d
=(i + 3 j + 5k ) . (2i + 4 j - k )
by F is deined to be the product of the component of
F in the direction of the displacement and the distance =2 + 12 - 5 =9 nt. m
that the body moves.
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2. Verify that
(b)
Moment of Force a . b × c= b . c × a= c . a×b
if a = 3i - j + 5k , b = 4i + 3 j - 2k , and c = 2i + 5 j + k
Let a force F ( PQ) act at a point P as shown in the igure,
then moment of F about O. 3. Prove that the vectors i - 2 j + 3k , - 2i + 3 j - 4k and i - 3 j + 5k are coplanar
= product of force F and perpendicular ON . nˆ 4. Find the constant a such that the vectors are coplanar.
=
= ( PQ)(ON )(nˆ ) ( PQ)(OP )sin q . nˆ (i) i- j+k , i - 2 j - 3k and 3i - a j + 5k .
= OP × PQ =r × F i - 2 a j - k , i - j + 2k ai - j + k
(ii) and
(iv) [i i k ]
5. (a) Find the value of:
2i × 2 j.k 3 j.k × i k i j
(b) Prove that u.( v × w ) + v.( w × u ) + w.( u × v=) 3 u.( v × w )
(i) (ii) (iii)
Example 8: Find the moment about the point M(-2 , 4, -6) of the force represented by
AB , where coordinates of points A and B are (1, 2, -3) and (3, -4, 2) respectively.
6. Find volume of the Tetrahedron with the vertices
(i) (0, 1, 2), (3, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1) and (5, 5, 6)
(ii) (2, 1, 4) and (3, 3, 10) .
AB = (3 - 1)i + (-4 - 2) j + (2 + 3)k = 2i - 6 j + 5k
(2, 1, 8), (3, 2, 9),
Solution: 7. Find the work done, if the point at which the constant force F = 4i + 3 j + 5k is applied
MA = (1 + 2)i + (2 - 4) j + (-3 + 6)k = 3i - 2 j + 3k to an object, moves from P1 (3,1, -2) to P2 (2,4,6) .
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