Polymers

15
Chapter

1 CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS Uses: It is used in making sheets, bristles for brushes and in
m Classification based on source textile industry
a. Natural polymers : These polymers are found in plants and animals. Examples are proteins, starch, rubber etc. m Nylon 6:
b. Semi-synthetic polymers : Cellulose derivatives as cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate are semi-synthetic polymers. H
N O
c. Synthetic polymers : These are man made polymers examples are Buna-S, nylon 6,6, polythene etc. O 533-543 K H
H2O
–[C–(CH2–)5N–]n
2 TYPE OF POLYMERISATION REACTION Nylon 6
Caprolactam
A. A d d i t i o n p o l y m e r i s a t i o n o r c h a i n g r o w t h l High density polythene:
polymerisation TiCl4,(C2H5)3Al Use: It is used in manufacture of tyre cords, fabrics and ropes.
nCH2 = CH2 –(CH2 – CH2–)n
l The molecules of the same monomer or different (333-343) K (6-7) atm ii. Polyesters: These are condensation products of
High density polythene
monomers add together on a large scale to form a dicarboxylic acids and diols.
polymer. l Catalyst TiCl4, (C2H5)3Al is called Ziegler-Natta catalyst
COOH
l The polymer obtained has high density due to close C C
l Monomers used are unsaturated compounds, e.g.
alkenes, alkadienes and their dirivatives packing.
nHOCH2 – CH2OH + –[OCH2 – CH2 – O – C C–]n
l Chain growth can take place through the formation of l These are also called linear polymers.

either free radicals or ionic species. l It is also chemically inert, more tough and hard. (Ethylene glycol) Terylene (dacron)
COOH
l The addition polymers formed by the polymerisation ii. Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon) (Terephthalic acid)
of a single monomeric species are known as Catalyst Use: It is used in blending with cotton and wool fibres.
homopolymers. nCF2 =CF2 –[CF2 – CF2–]n
high pressure
Teflon iii. Phenol formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite)
Example : Polythene Uses: It is used in making oil seals, gaskets and non-stick OH OH OH OH
l The polymers made by addition polymerisation from surface coated utensils.
two different monomers are termed as copolymers. + CH2O
H+ or
–
OH + OH + HO OH
iii. Polyacrylonitrile: OH
Example : Buna-S CN
Polymerization OH OH
n CH2 = CH – CH = CH2 + n C6H5CH = CH2 nCH2 = CHCN [–CH2 – CH–]n
1,3-Butadiene Styrene Peroxide catalyst
OH OH OH OH
Uses: It is used as a substitute for wool in making H2C CH2
commercial fibers as orlon or acrilan. n OH +
C6H5 H

B. Condensation polymerisation or step growth

–(CH2 – CH = CH – CH2 – CH – CH2– )n polymerisation Novolac
Butadiene-styrene copolymer (Buna-S)
l It generally involves a repetitive condensation reaction l Novolac on heating with formaldehyde undergoes cross
l Preparation and uses of important addition polymers between two bi-functional or tri-functional monomeric linking to form bakelite
i. Polythene: There are two types of polythene units. l Bakelite is thermosetting polymer which can not be reused or
Low density polythene: l This is also called step growth polymerisation. remoulded
l It is obtained by the polymerisation of ethene under
OH OH OH
Preparation and uses of some polymers obtained by H2 C
high pressure of 1000 to 2000 atmospheres at a condensation polymerisation. CH2
temperature of 350 K to 570 K in presence of a
peroxide initiator. i. Polyamides: These polymers possess amide
(Bakelite)
linkages and are called nylons. H2 C
l It is obtained through free radical addition and H-
l Nylon 6,6:
CH2
atom abstraction. n COOH(CH 2)4COOH + n NH 2(CH2)6NH2
l It has highly branched structure. OH OH OH
553 K High Pressure O
l They are chemically inert, tough but flexible and
O
Uses: It is used for making combs, electrical switches and
poor conductor of electricity –[NH – (CH 2–)6NH – C(CH 2)–4 C–]n + nH2O handles of various utensils.

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 136 Polymers NCERT Maps

iv. Melamine-formaldehyde polymer 3 BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

m Poly b-hydroxybutyrate – co – b-hydroxy valerate (PHBV)
H2N N NH2 H2N N NHCH2OH N
HN NH OH
Polymerisation
+ HCHO CH2 COOH + O–CH – CH2 – C – O – CH – CH2 – C
N N N N n COOH
formaldehyde N N 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid OH CH3 O CH2 O n

NH2 NH2 3-Hydroxypentanoic acid

Melamine Resin intermediate
NH2 CH3
PHBV
Melamine polymer
Uses: It is used in orthopaedic devices and in controlled release of drugs.
Use: It is used in the manufacture of unbreakable crockery m Nylon 2-nylon 6
m Copolymerization:
O O
l Here a mixture of more than one monomeric species are allowed to polymerise and form a
nH2N – CH2 – COOH + nH2N(CH2)5COOH NH – CH2 – C – NH(CH2)5 – C n
copolymer
Glycine Caproic acid nylon 2-nylon 6
l The copolymer can be made both by chain growth and by step growth polymerisation.
4 POLYMERS OF COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE

n CH2 = CH – CH = CH 2 + n –[CH2 – CH = CH – CH 2 – CH – CH 2–]n m Some commercially important polymers along with their structures and uses are given below in
table.
1,3-butadiene styrene Butadiene-styrene copolymer

Name of polymer Monomer Structure Uses

Uses: It is used in manufacture of autotyres, floortiles, cable insulation etc.
CH3
m Rubber (Elastomer) Polypropene Propene Manufacture of ropes,
–(CH2 – CH–)n toys, pipes, fibres, etc.
i. Natural rubber: It is a linear polymer of isoprene (2. methyl - 1, 3 - butadiene) and is also
called as cis-1, 4- polyisoprene Polystyrene Styrene C6H5 As insulator, wrapping
material, manufacture
H3C H CH2 CH2 H3C H –(CH2 – CH–)n
C=C C=C C=C of toys, radio and
H2C CH2 H3C H CH2 CH2
television cabinets.
Vulcanisation of rubber: This process consists of heating a mixture of raw rubber with
sulphur and appropriate additive at 273 K to 415 K. Polyvinyl chloride Vinyl chloride Cl Manufacture of rain
(PVC) coats, hand bags,
l Sulphur forms cross links at the reactive sites of double bond. –(CH2 – CH–)n
vinyl flooring, water
l Due to valucanisation rubber gets stiffened pipes.
ii. Synthetic rubbers Urea-formaldehyde (a) Urea For making
–(NH – CO – NH – CH2–)n
l Neoprene Resin (b) Formaldehyde unbreakable cups and
Cl Cl laminated sheets.
Polymerisation
n –[CH2 – C = CH – CH 2–]n Glyptal (a) Ethylene glycol –(OCH2–CH2OOC )n Manufacture of paints
CO–
Chloroprene Neoprene (b) Phthalic acid and lacquers.
Uses: It is used for the manufacture of conveyor belts, gaskets and hoses.
m Buna-N CN Bakelite (a) Phenol O–H O–H For making combs,
Copolymerisation (b) Formaldehyde CH2 electrical switches,
n CH2 = CH – CH = CH 2 + n CN –[CH2 – CH = CH – CH 2 – CH2 – CH–]n CH2
n handles of utensils
1,3-Butadiene acrylonitrile Buna-N
and computer discs.
Uses: It is used in making oil seals, tank lining etc.

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NCERT Maps Polymers 137

1. Which among the following is/are 5. Polyamide among the following is 8. Which polymer is used in the manufacture
homopolymer(s)? [NCERT Pg. 435] [NCERT Pg.438] of paints and lacquers?
(1) PVC (2) Buna-S (1) Terylene (2) Bakelite [NCERT Pg. 443]
(3) Buna-N (4) Both (2) and (3) (3) Glyptal (4) Nylon 6 (1) Glyptal (2) PVC
2. An elastomer among the following is 6. Monomers of PHBV are (3) Polystyrene (4) Acrilan
[NCERT Pg. 441] [NCERT Pg. 442] 9. Ziegler – Natta Catalyst is
(1) Nylon 6,6 (2) Neoprene [NCERT Pg.436]
(3) Glyptal (4) Polythene (1) Benzoyl peroxide (2) Et4Pb
(1)
3. Monomer of orlon is (3) Et3Al + TiCl4 (4) BuLi + PbCl2
[NCERT Pg. 436] 10. Number of nitrogen atoms present in
melamine is [NCERT Pg.439]
(1) (2) (2)
(1) 3 (2) 4
(3) 6 (4) 8
(3) (4) (3)
11. Incorrect statement among the following is
[NCERT Pg.442, 440]
4. Consider the following statements
(4) (1) Nylon 2-Nylon 6 is a biodegradable
[NCERT Pg.437] polymer
a. Fibres posses high tensile strength (2) Buna-N is a copolymer of 1,3-butadiene
7. Incorrect statement among the following is
b. Thermosetting polymers are cross and acrylonitrile
linked polymers [NCERT Pg. 440, 438]
(3) In manufacture of tyre rubber, 5% of
c. Monomers of nylon 6,6 are hexame- (1) Natural rubber becomes brittle at low Sulphur is used as a crosslinking agent.
thylenediamine and terephthalic acid temperature (< 283 K)
(4) Natural rubber is an example of
The correct statements are (2) Monomer of natural rubber is 2-methyl- crosslinked polymer
1,3-butadiene
(1) a and b only 12. Synthetic polymer among the following is
(3) Bakelite is an example of thermoplastic
(2) b and c only [NCERT Pg. 434]
polymer
(3) a and c only (1) Starch (2) Glycogen
(4) Monomers of Bakelite are phenol and
(4) a, b, and c formaldehyde (3) Cellulose (4) Nylon 6

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 138 Polymers NCERT Maps
13. Which among the following is/are branched 16. Polymer which is used for non-stick surface 18. Novolac can be obtained from the reaction
chain polymer? coated utensils is [NCERT Pg. 436] of [NCERT Pg. 438]
[NCERT Pg. 435, 440] (1) Teflon (2) PAN (1) Phenol and methanal
(1) LDP (2) Natural rubber (3) Nylon6, 6 (4) PHBV
(2) Benzoic acid and methanol
(3) HDP (4) Both (1) and (3) 17. Consider the following statements
(3) Benzaldehyde and methanal
14. Terylene is condensation polymer of [NCERT Pg. 435-436]
(4) Phenol and chloroform
[NCERT Pg. 437] a. LDP is obtained by the polymerization
of ethene under high pressure and high 19. Monomer of Teflon is
(1) Hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid temperature in presence of peroxide
[NCERT Pg. 436]
(2) Ethylene glycol and Benzene-1, 4- initiator
dicarboxylic acid b. HDP is obtained by the polymerization (1) Propene (2) Vinyl chloride

(3) Glycine and amino caproic acid of ethene in presence of (3) Tetrafluoroethene (4) Vinyl cyanide
triethylaluminium and titanium
(4) Ethylene glycol and 3-Hydroxybutanoic 20. Which among the following is adipic acid?
tetrachloride
acid
c. LDP is used in the manufacture of [NCERT Pg. 437]
15. Chain growth polymer among the following squeeze bottles
is [NCERT Pg. 435]
The correct statement(s) is/are (1) (2)
(1) LDP
(1) a and b only
(2) Bakelite (2) b and c only
(3) Glyptal (3) a and c only (3) (4)
(4) Urea-formaldehyde resin (4) a, b and c

1. Addition polymers formed by the 3. Novolac is used in _____ 6. Nylon 6 is obtained by heating _______
polymerization of a single monomeric with water. [NCERT Pg. 437]
[NCERT Pg. 438]
species are known as _____. 7. _____ are the polycondensation products
[NCERT Pg. 435] 4. _____ polymers are also known as step
of dicarboxylic acids and diols
growth polymers [NCERT Pg. 437]
2. Rubber is a natural polymer and possesses [NCERT Pg. 438]
_____ properties. 5. _____ is used as a substitute for wool
8. Catalyst used in the manufacture of
[NCERT Pg. 440] [NCERT Pg. 436] terylene is _____. [NCERT Pg. 438]

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NCERT Maps Polymers 139

9. Novolac on heating with _____undergoes 13. On vulcanization of rubber, _____ forms 16. PHBV undergoes_______ degradation in
cross linking to form an infusible solid mass cross links at reactive sits of double bond environment [NCERT Pg. 442]
called bakelite [NCERT Pg. 438] 17. _____ is an example of semi- synthetic
[NCERT Pg. 441]
polymer [NCERT Pg. 434]
10. Melamine polymer is used in the
14. Neoprene is formed by polymerisation of 18. Polymers made by addition polymerization
manufacture of _____ [NCERT Pg. 439]
chloroprene by _____ mechanism from two different monomers are termed as
11. ____ is also called as cis-1,4- _____ [NCERT Pg. 435]
[NCERT Pg. 441]
polyisoprene [NCERT Pg. 440] 19. Benzoyl peroxide is a ______generating
15. _____ is used in controlled release of initiator [NCERT Pg. 434]
12. Natural rubber is soluble in _______
drugs [NCERT Pg. 442] 20. _____ is the structure of neoprene
solvents [NCERT Pg. 440]
[NCERT Pg. 441]

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