Investigatory Project

On
Ohm’s Law
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
Grade 11 Internal Assessment in Physics for Academic Year 2023-24.

Done by:
Name: Aman Jovial
Grade and Section: 11 D
Roll Number:

Under the guidance of:

Mr. Jithin Sunny
Physics Mentor – Treamis World School
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Aman Jovial of Grade XI has

completed the physics project titled “Ohm’s Law” in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for Grade 11 Internal
Assessment in Physics for Academic Year 2023-24.

TEACHER IN CHARGE PRINCIPAL

DATE: ______________
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My sincere thanks to our physics mentor, Mr. Jithin Sunny for his
guidance and support throughout this project. Without his help this
project would not have been possible.
I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to our beloved
principal, Mrs. Jyothis Mathew, and school founder, Mr. Venkatesh
K.N., who gave us the opportunity to research and learn from this
project.
I would also like to thank my parents for providing all the items
necessary for this project and for their constant support and
encouragement.
 INDEX

S. No Topic Page No
1 Cover Page 1
2 Certificate 2
3 Acknowledgement 3
4 Index 4
5 Periodic Motion, Oscillations and 5-6
Simple Harmonic Motion
6 Simple Pendulum 6
7 Time Period and Frequency 7
8 Experiment 8-9
9 Bibliography 10
10 Experiments 10
What is Ohm’s Law :
1. Ohm's law is a fundamental law that connects an electric circuit's voltage, current, and
resistance.

2. It states that the voltage (V) across a resistor (R) is directly proportional to the current
(I) through it and inverse proportional to the resistance (R) of the resistor, while the
product of the current and resistance is constant:

V = IR

3. This means that if you know two of these values, you can calculate the third. For
example, if you know the voltage (V) and the resistance (R), you can find the current (I)
using the above formula.

4. Understanding how electricity flows through a circuit begins with comprehending

Ohm's law, which is a key idea in electronics. Ohms law is a fundamental principle in
circuit design that allows us to analyze and optimize the performance of a circuit.

5. German physicist Georg Simon Ohm was the first to experimentally verify Ohm's law.

Conditions For Applying Ohm’s Law:

Following are the three conditions that must be satisfied in order for Ohm's law to be
applicable:
1. The circuit must be simple: Ohm's law only applies to simple resistors in series or parallel.
It does not apply to more complex circuits with inductors, capacitors, diodes, or transistors.
2. The circuit must be linear: Ohm's law only applies to linear circuits, which means that the
relationship between the voltage and current must be a straight line on a volt-ampere (V-I)
graph. If the circuit is nonlinear, then Ohm's law does not apply.
3. The circuit must be stationary or constant: Ohm's law only applies to circuits that are not
changing over time. If the circuit is a time-varying circuit, then Ohm's law does not apply.
In other words, according to Ohm's law, at a constant temperature, the voltage across a
conductor is directly proportional to the current that flows through it. The conductor's
physical properties, such as temperature, must remain constant for the law to apply. Ohm's
law is no longer valid when temperature fluctuations affect a material's resistance.

Water Pipe Description Of Ohms Law :

Ohms law describes current flowing through a wire of some resistance where some potential
difference is applied in the form of voltage, in this wire electrons flow due to this potential
difference, however we can not see these electrons. Thus we use the water pipe analogy for
understanding Ohm’s Law in a better way.

Consider the following case:

In this case we can consider voltage as the water’s pressure, the current is the amount of
water which is flowing in the pipe and resistance can be considered as the size of the pipe.
More water will flow through the pipe (current) if more pressure is applied (voltage) when
the pipe is bigger (lesser resistance) as shown in the above diagram.

Ohm’s Law Applications:

The main applications of Ohm’s law are:
 Knowing the voltage and current in a circuit allows one to apply Ohm's law to determine
a resistor's resistance or to construct a circuit with the desired resistance.
 Ohm's law can be used to determine how much power is there in a circuit by multiplying
the voltage by the current. This is helpful for constructing power supply or figuring out
how much power a resistor dissipates.
 Ohm's law is a crucial tool in circuit analysis since it enables the use of Kirchhoff's
circuit rules to determine the currents and voltages in a circuit.

 Ohm's law is utilized in circuit design, especially when calculating power requirements
and selecting the ideal resistor values for a certain design.

 to figure out a circuit's voltage, resistance, or current.

 The desired voltage drop across the electrical components is maintained by Ohm's law.

 In DC ammeters and other DC shunts, the current is also redirected using Ohm's law.

Fig 1.2 Simple Pendulum setup

If the mass is displaced from the mean position, it will move back and forth, this back and
forth of the simple pendulum is called Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM).

Fig 1.3 mass ‘m’ is displaced from mean position

Time Period:
Time taken by the Simple Pendulum to complete one oscillation; it is denoted by ‘T’.
In Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM):
a ∝ -x
a ∝ (constant)-x
in case of SHM: constant = g/l

in case of Angular acceleration: constant = 4π ²/T ² (T is time period)

a = -(g/l) x …. eq (1)

a = -(4π ²/T ²) x …. eq (2)

comparing eq (1) and eq (2)

-(g/l) x = -(4π ²/T ²) x

(g/l) = (4π ²/T²)

T ²g = 4 π ²l

T = 2 π √(l/g)

Frequency: Fig 1.4 Mass ‘m’ in Simple Harmonic Motion

The number of oscillations completed in one second, it is denoted by ‘f’. Mathematically

Frequency ‘f’ is the reciprocal of Time Period ‘T’:
F = 1/T = 1/2 π√(g/l)
Note that Time Period ‘T’ and Frequency ‘f’ do not depend upon the mass of the object
rather they depend upon the length of pendulum.
Experiment:
Aim: Investigating the Relationship Between Pendulum Length and Period of Oscillation.
Objective: To demonstrate and investigate the relationship between the length of a
pendulum and its period of oscillation, thereby illustrating the principles of Simple Harmonic
Motion (SHM).

Materials Needed:
 A string or thread
 A small object with less weight
 A ruler or measuring tape
 A stopwatch or timer

Theory:
The motion of an object that repeats itself after equal intervals of time is considered as
periodic motion. This experiment is conducted to study the relation between the time period
of oscillation and the length of pendulum in Simple Harmonic Motion. Simple Harmonic
Motion is defined as the motion where force on oscillating object is directly proportional to
the displacement from its mean position or when the magnitude of acceleration (such that
acceleration is moving towards a fixed point) is directly proportional to the distance from a
fixed point.
With this experiment we verify and illustrate the following:
In Simple Harmonic Motion T ∝ √l … (From equation T = 2 π √(l/g))

Procedure:
 Attach the small object/ small weight to one end of the string to create a pendulum.
 Suspend the pendulum from a fixed point, such as that fixed point acts as support for
our pendulum system.
 Measure the initial length of the pendulum (starting from the point it is attached to the
centre of the weight) using a ruler or measuring tape and record this length as ‘L’.
 Displace the pendulum slightly from its equilibrium mean position and release it
allowing it to swing back and forth.
 Use a timer or a stopwatch to measure the time taken for 10 oscillations. Record this
time as ‘T’
 Repeat steps 3-5 for different length of pendulum, we change the length by changing
the attachment point of the string.

Result:
It is noted that as the length of the pendulum gets longer, the time period to complete a
specific number of oscillations (in this case 10 oscillations) increases. This illustrates and
verifies the principles of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM).
T ∝ √l … (where l is length of pendulum and T is time period of oscillation)
 Case 1:
Mass of Object = m
Length of Pendulum = l
T ∝ √l
f=1/T and f ∝1/√l

Fig 1.5 mass ‘m’ tied to pendulum with length ‘l’

Case 2:
Mass of Object = m
Length of Pendulum = 9l
T ∝ √9l ----> T∝ 3√l
F = 1/3T and f ∝ 1/3√l

Fig 1.6 mass ‘m’ tied to pendulum with length ‘9l’

Conclusion:
Through this experiment, we investigated the relationship between the length of a pendulum
and its time period in Simple Harmonic Motion. Through a series of repeated observations,
we noted how the varying length had an impact on the time period for each oscillation.
Our experiment consistently demonstrated a clear relationship: as the length of the pendulum
increased, the time period of oscillation also increased. This relation aligns with the
principles of Simple Harmonic Motion and is mathematically described by the formula:
T = 2π√(l/g) … (T ∝ √l)
Where:
T: represent the time period
l: represents the length of the pendulum, and
g: is the acceleration due to gravity.
Bibliography:
https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-motion
https://byjus.com/physics/periodic-motion/
https://byjus.com/physics/oscillatory-motion/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8rtCE7mGOs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzcnlKZq4is
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MixpCaqNQBE

Experiment Photos: