RESEARCH AND STATISTICS

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

PROF. RUSS G. GARIANDO, Ph.D.

PCU External Affairs & Corporate Planning Officer

Juris Doctor (In progress)

PCU College of Law
Post Graduate in Labor Relations Management
UP Diliman – School of Labor and Industrial Relations
Ph.D. in Development Administration
PCU Graduate School of Business & Management
RESEARCH AND STATISTICS

REVIEWING RESEARCH LITERATURE

TOPIC: LEADERSHIP
SERVANT LEADERSHIP
SERVANT LEADERSHIP VS. TRADITIONAL
LEADERSHIP
STEWARDSHIP OF PUBLIC TRUST
COMMITMENT TO PUBLIC GOOD
VALUES BASED LEADER
THE ROLE OF VALUES IN SERVANT
LEADERSHIP
REVIEWING RELATED LITERATURE
AND STUDIES
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

•also called conceptual literature. ✓The process of

compiling, classifying and evaluating what other
researchers have written on the certain topic.
•Explain in the Overview the background on how the
RRL chapter will be tackled and the wider context by
which it will be discussed. ✓ Discuss literature per
construct to be investigated. This is the subsection of
the RRL
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Layers knowledge in reviewing literature or studies:

• Primary studies that researchers conduct and publish.

• The reviews of those studies that summarize and offer new
interpretations built from and often extending beyond the original
studies.
• The perceptions, conclusions, opinions, and interpretations that are
shared informally that become part of the lore of the field.
•In composing a literature review, it is important to note
that it is often this third layer of knowledge that is cited
as "true" even though it often has only a loose
relationship to the primary studies and secondary
literature reviews.
•Given this, while literature reviews are designed to
provide an overview and synthesis of pertinent sources
you have explored, there are several approaches to how
they can be done, depending upon the type of analysis
underpinning your study.
 ARGUMENTATIVE REVIEW
• This form examines literature selectively in order to support or
refute an argument, deeply imbedded assumption, or philosophical
problem already established in the literature. The purpose is to
develop a body of literature that establishes a contrarian viewpoint.
Given the value-laden nature of some social science research
[e.g., educational reform; immigration control], argumentative
approaches to analyzing the literature can be a legitimate and
important form of discourse. However, note that they can also
introduce problems of bias when they are used to make summary
claims of the sort found in systematic reviews.
 INTEGRATIVE REVIEW
• Considered a form of research that reviews, critiques,
and synthesizes representative literature on a topic in
an integrated way such that new frameworks and
perspectives on the topic are generated. The body of
literature includes all studies that address related or
identical hypotheses. A well-done integrative review
meets the same standards as primary research in
regard to clarity, rigor, and replication.
 HISTORICAL REVIEW
•Few things rest in isolation from historical precedent.
Historical reviews are focused on examining research
throughout a period of time, often starting with the first
time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in
the literature, then tracing its evolution within the
scholarship of a discipline. The purpose is to place
research in a historical context to show familiarity with
state-of-the-art developments and to identify the likely
directions for future research.
 METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW
• A review does not always focus on what someone said [content],
but how they said it [method of analysis]. This approach provides a
framework of understanding at different levels (i.e. those of theory,
substantive fields, research approaches, and data collection and analysis
techniques), enables researchers to draw on a wide variety of knowledge
ranging from the conceptual level to practical documents for use in
fieldwork in the areas of ontological and epistemological consideration,
quantitative and qualitative integration, sampling, interviewing, data
collection and data analysis, and helps highlight many ethical issues which
we should be aware of and consider as we go through our study.
 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
•This form consists of an overview of existing evidence
pertinent to a clearly formulated research question,
which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to
identify and critically appraise relevant research, and to
collect, report, and analyze data from the studies that
are included in the review. Typically it focuses on a very
specific empirical question, often posed in a cause-and-
effect form, such as "To what extent does A contribute to
B?"
 THEORETICAL REVIEW
• The purpose of this form is to concretely examine the corpus of theory
that has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory,
phenomena. The theoretical literature review help establish what
theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree
the existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new
hypotheses to be tested. Often this form is used to help establish a
lack of appropriate theories or reveal that current theories are
inadequate for explaining new or emerging research problems. The
unit of analysis can focus on a theoretical concept or a whole theory or
framework.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
LITERATURE REVIEW
Neuman (2009) identifies major characteristics.
• A literature review must explain the body of
knowledge in area including the major issues about
the topic.
•A good literature review can increase the reader’s
confidence with regard to the competence, ability,
and academic preparation of the researcher.
•A good literature review must be able to sketch the
direction of the research.
•A good literature review must be able to produce a
good integration and synthesis of the different
research findings.
•A good literature review identifies unstudied areas
and proposes hypotheses that other researchers
can study as well.
 STEPS IN CONDUCTING LITERATURE
REVIEW
• Choose a topic. Define your research question
• Define and delimit the topic. - Topic must not be too specific or too
broad.
• The literature that you’re going to review should be related to the
research topic.
• Decide on the scope of your review. How many studies do you
need to look at?
• Select the databases you will use to conduct your searches.
Make a list of the databases you will search.
• Conduct your searches and find the literature.
• Review the literature.
•Design your literature search. - Consider the type of
resources that the researchers will be reviewing. - Must
decide on the way how he or she will record the relevant
information from different sources.
•Locate research reports. - List the sources that have
important information about the topic
•Write the literature review. - Always consider the purpose
of the review. - should discuss the strengths and
weaknesses of the literature reviewed in relation to the
research.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

•Foreign Literature •Decoded/Thematic

•Local Literature Format
•Meta-Synthesis
•Meta-Analysis