NAME : KHAMIS HUSSEIN SAID

REGISTRATION NUMBER : T/UDOM/2020/00260

PROGRAM COURSE: BSC COMPUTER SCIENCE

QOUESTIONS

1.MEANING OF NUMERICAL METHODS

2.MATHEMATICAL APPROACH TO NUMERICAL ETHODS

3.ADVANTAGE AND DISAVANTAGE OF BUILDING MATHEMATICAL MODELS

ANSWER FOR QUISTION NUMBER 1
Numerical methods is an area of mathematics and computer science that
creates, analyses and implements algorithms for obtaining numerical solutions
to problems in the real world. This problem may arise throughout natural
sciences, social sciences, engineering and business. The academic area of
numerical analysis ranges from theoretical mathematics to computer science
issues. This is concerned with all aspects of the numerical solution of a
problem, from the theoretical development and understanding of numerical
methods to their practical implementation as reliable and efficient computer
programs.
Numerical analysis software can be found in popular software packages e.g.
spread sheet programs where it allows a user to evaluate fairly detailed
models even when the user is unaware of the underlying mathematics. soft
wares to implement common numerical analysis procedures must be reliable,
accurate and efficient moreover it must be written so as to be easily portable
between different computers. Most popular programming language for
implanting numerical analysis methods is Fortran a language developed in the
1950’s that continue to be updated to meet changing needs ,other languages,
such as C,C++,and java.
Numerical algorithms are almost as old as human civilization. The Rhind
Papyrus (˜1650 BC) of ancient Egypt describes a root finding method for
solving a simple equation. Archimedes of Syracuse (287212 BC) created much
new mathematics, including the “method of exhaustion” for calculating
lengths, areas, and volumes of geometric figures. When used as a method to
find approximations, it is in much the spirit of modern numerical integration;
and it was an important precursor to the development of the calculus by Isaac
Newton and Gottfried Leibnitz. A major impetus to developing numerical
procedures was the invention of the calculus by Newton and Leibnitz, as this
led to accurate mathematical models for physical reality, first in the physical
sciences and eventually in the other sciences, engineering, medicine, and
business. These mathematical models cannot usually be solved explicitly, and
numerical methods to obtain approximate solutions are needed. Another
important aspect of the development of numerical methods was the creation
of logarithms by Napier (1614) and others, giving a much simpler manner of
carrying out the arithmetic operations of multiplication, division, and
exponentiation. Newton created a number of numerical methods for solving a
variety of problems, and his name is attached today to generalizations of his
original ideas. Of special note is his work on root finding and polynomial
interpolation. Following Newton, many of the giants of mathematics of the
18th and 19th centuries made major contributions to the numerical solution of
mathematical problems. Foremost among these are Leon hard Euler (1707-
1783), Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736-1813), and Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-
1855). Up to the late 1800’s.
ANSWER FOR QUESTION NUMBER TWO
The following is categorization of the mathematical theory underlying
numerical analysis
Numerical linear and nonlinear algebra. This refers to problems involving the
solution of systems of linear and nonlinear equations, possibly with a very
large number of variables. Many problems in applied mathematics involve
solving systems of linear equations, with the linear system occurring naturally
in some cases and as a part of the solution process in other cases. Linear
systems are usually written using matrix-vector notation, Ax = b, with the
matrix of coefficients for the system, x the column vector of the unknown
variables x1,...,xn, and a given column vector. For small to moderate sized
linear systems (say n ≤ 1000), the favourite numerical method is Gaussian
elimination and its variants. For larger linear systems, there are a variety of
approaches depending on the structure of the coefficient matrix A. Nonlinear
problems are often treated numerically by reducing them to a sequence of
linear problem. There are numerous other approaches to solving nonlinear
systems, most based on using some type of approximation using linear
functions
Approximation Theory. This category covers the approximation of functions
and methods based on using such approximations. When evaluating a function
f(x) with a real or complex number, keep in mind that a computer or calculator
can only do a finite number of operations. Moreover, these operations are the
basic arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division, together with comparison operations such as determining whether
x>yis true or false. With the four basic arithmetic operations, we can evaluate
polynomials and rational functions, which are polynomials divided by
polynomials. Including the comparison operations, we can evaluate different
polynomials or rational functions on different sets of real numbers x. The
evaluation of all other functions, e.g. f(x)=√x or 2x, must be reduced to the
evaluation of a polynomial or rational function that approximates the given
function with sufficient accuracy. All function evaluations on calculators and
computers are accomplished in this manner
Solving differential and integral equations;Most mathematical models used in
the natural sciences and engineering are based on ordinary differential
equations, partial differential equations, and integral equations. The numerical
methods for these equations are primarily of two types. The first type
approximates the unknown function in the equation by a simpler function,
often a polynomial or piecewise polynomial function, choosing it to satisfy the
original equation approximately. Among the best known of such methods is
the finite element method for solving partial differential equations. The second
type of numerical method approximates the derivatives or integrals in the
equation of interest, generally solving approximately for the solution function
at a discrete set of points. s. Most numerical methods for solving differential
and integral equations involve both approximation theory and the solution of
quite large linear and nonlinear systems.
Advantages of mathematical models
-use of models of constructing costly plants and warehouses in locations that
do not best meet the present and future needs of the customers.
-a model indicates gaps that are not immediately apparent, and after testing
the character of the failure might give a clue to the model’s deficiencies.
-models have the advantage of time, since results can be obtained within a
relatively short time
-because of the constant squeeze on profits, the cost and time saving that MS
models allow make them decision-making tools of great value to the manager

Disadvantages of mathematical models

Models are incomplete-Models are abstractions of reality. Real-world systems
are complex and composed of many interrelated components. A "good" model
must attempt to capture all the critical elements of the real-world system. This
is something that is virtually impossible to do in modelling social systems. Thus,
an important inherent limitation is made of what is left out.
Models are created to represent a system based on historical information. Yet,
models are used to forecast what will happen in the future. If there are
significant changes in the real-world system, the quality of the model suffers.
The operation status of a model may be unclear One of the major problems
facing potential users is determining the model's status. Models take months
and sometimes years to build, and many model builders frequently revise their
models. At any one time, several versions of a model may exist. Frequently, full
documentation does not exist because of the dynamic nature of model
development. Thus, a user is faced with the need to determine the exact
characteristics of the version of the model being used before the results can be
understood. While this seems obvious, it is not always simple to do, and thus it
is not always done.
Input data may be uncertain; Problems with data used in building models
were discussed above. Another type of data problem stems from exogenous
input to the model. Uncertainty surrounding the values of the exogenous input
variables compounds the difficulty of determining the accuracy of model
output. Future-year values of these variables are forecasts, often from other
models, and the accuracy of these values is uncertain