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Protocol Architecture

The document summarizes a lecture on communication protocols and network layers. It discusses how communication tasks are broken down into modules and layers, with each layer performing specific functions to enable data transfer and ensure reliability. It compares the OSI 7-layer model and the TCP/IP protocol suite, noting that TCP/IP is the most widely used in practice today. Key layers discussed include the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers.

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Mushood Amjad
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Protocol Architecture

The document summarizes a lecture on communication protocols and network layers. It discusses how communication tasks are broken down into modules and layers, with each layer performing specific functions to enable data transfer and ensure reliability. It compares the OSI 7-layer model and the TCP/IP protocol suite, noting that TCP/IP is the most widely used in practice today. Key layers discussed include the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers.

Uploaded by

Mushood Amjad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture by

Mehran Mamonai
Department of Telecommunication
• E.g. File transfer
• Source must activate comms. Path or inform network of
destination
• Source must check destination is prepared to receive
• File transfer application on source must check destination file
management system will accept and store file for his user
• May need file format translation
• Task broken into subtasks
• Implemented separately in layers in stack
• Functions needed in both systems
• Peer layers communicate
• Syntax
• Data formats
• Signal levels
• Semantics
• Control information
• Error handling
• Timing
• Speed matching
• Sequencing
• Task of communication broken up into modules
• For example file transfer could use three modules
• File transfer application
• Communication service module
• Network access module
• Network Access Layer
• Transport Layer
• Application Layer
• Exchange of data between the computer and the network
• Sending computer provides address of destination
• May invoke levels of service
• Dependent on type of network used (LAN, packet
switched etc.)
• Reliable data exchange
• Independent of network being used
• Independent of application
• Support for different user applications
• e.g. e-mail, file transfer
• Two levels of addressing required
• Each computer needs unique network address
• Each application on a (multi-tasking) computer needs a
unique address within the computer
• The service access point or SAP
• The port on TCP/IP stacks
• At each layer, protocols are used to communicate
• Control information is added to user data at each layer
• Transport layer may fragment user data
• Each fragment has a transport header added
• Destination SAP
• Sequence number
• Error detection code
• This gives a transport protocol data unit
• Required for devices to communicate
• Vendors have more marketable products
• Customers can insist on standards based equipment
• Two standards:
• OSI Reference model
• Never lived up to early promises
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• Most widely used
• Also: IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
• Open Systems Interconnection
• Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
• Seven layers
• A theoretical system delivered too late!
• TCP/IP is the de facto standard
• A layer model
• Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
• Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform more
primitive functions
• Each layer provides services to the next higher layer
• Changes in one layer should not require changes in other
layers
• Physical
• Physical interface between devices
• Mechanical
• Electrical
• Functional
• Procedural
• Data Link
• Means of activating, maintaining and deactivating a reliable link
• Error detection and control
• Higher layers may assume error free transmission
• Network
• Transport of information
• Higher layers do not need to know about underlying technology
• Not needed on direct links
• Transport
• Exchange of data between end systems
• Error free
• In sequence
• No losses
• No duplicates
• Quality of service
• Session
• Control of dialogues between applications
• Dialogue discipline
• Grouping
• Recovery
• Presentation
• Data formats and coding
• Data compression
• Encryption
• Application
• Means for applications to access OSI environment
• Developed by the US Defense Advanced Research
Project Agency (DARPA) for its packet switched network
(ARPANET)
• Used by the global Internet
• No official model but a working one.
• Application layer
• Host to host or transport layer
• Internet layer
• Network access layer
• Physical layer
• Physical interface between data transmission device (e.g.
computer) and transmission medium or network
• Characteristics of transmission medium
• Signal levels
• Data rates
• etc.
• Exchange of data between end system and network
• Destination address provision
• Invoking services like priority
• Systems may be attached to different networks
• Routing functions across multiple networks
• Implemented in end systems and routers
• Reliable delivery of data
• Ordering of delivery
• Support for user applications
• e.g. HTTP, SMTP
• Stallings chapter 2
• Comer,D. Internetworking with TCP/IP volume I
• Comer,D. and Stevens,D. Internetworking with TCP/IP
volume II and volume III, Prentice Hall
• Halsall, F. Data Communications, Computer Networks
and Open Systems, Addison Wesley
• RFCs

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