CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Cloud Storage

Nowadays, Cloud computing is adopted by every company, whether it is a MNC or a startup

and many are still migrating towards it because of the cost-cutting, lesser maintenance, and the
increased capacity of the data with the help of servers maintained by the cloud providers. One
more reason for this drastic change from the On-premises servers of the companies to the Cloud
providers is the ‘Pay as you go’ service provided by them i.e., you only have to pay for the
service which you are using. The disadvantage On-premises server holds are that if the server
is not in use the company still has to pay for it.
What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on remote servers that are
hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server. Cloud computing is
also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is a technology where the resource is provided
as a service through the Internet to the user. The data which is stored can be files, images,
documents, or any other storable document.
Some operations which can be performed with cloud computing are –
 Storage, backup, and recovery of data
 Delivery of software on demand
 Development of new applications and services
 Streaming videos and audio
Cloud Computing Architecture:
Cloud computing architecture refers to the components and sub-components required for cloud
computing. These components typically refer to:
1. Front end (fat client, thin client)
2. Back-end platforms (servers, storage)
3. Cloud-based delivery and a network (Internet, Intranet, Intercloud)
Why Cloud Computing?
Here are the top reasons why to switch to Cloud Computing instead of owning a database server.

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1. Reduces cost:
The cost-cutting ability of businesses that utilize cloud computing over time is one of the main
advantages of this technology. On average 15% of the total cost can be saved by companies if
they migrate to the cloud. By the use of cloud servers' businesses will save and reduce costs
with no need to employ technical support personnel to address server issues. There are many
great business modules regarding the cost-cutting benefits of cloud servers such as the Coca-
Cola and Pinterest case studies.
2. More storage:
For software and applications to execute as quickly and efficiently as possible, it provides more
servers, storage space, and computing power. Many tools are available for cloud storage such
as Dropbox, OneDrive, Google Drive, iCloud Drive, etc.

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 CHAPTER 2

2 Cloud Based Services

Cloud Computing can be defined as the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on
the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
Companies offering such kinds of cloud computing services are called cloud providers and
typically charge for cloud computing services based on usage. Grids and clusters are the
foundations for cloud computing.
Types of Cloud Computing
Most cloud computing services fall into five broad categories:

1. Software as a service (SaaS)

2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4. Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)
5. Function as a Service (FaaS)
These are sometimes called cloud computing stacks because they are built on top of one another.
Knowing what they are and how they are different makes it easier to accomplish your goals.
These abstract layers can also be viewed as a layered architecture where services of a higher
layer can be composed of services of the underlying layer i.e., SaaS can provide Infrastructure.

2.1 Software as a Service (SaaS)

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and applications over the Internet.
Instead of installing and maintaining software, we simply access it via the Internet, freeing
ourselves from the complex software and hardware management. It removes the need to install
and run applications on our own computers or in the data centers, eliminating the expenses of
hardware as well as software maintenance.
SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase on a pay-as-you-go basis from a
cloud service provider. Most SaaS applications can be run directly from a web browser without

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any downloads or installations required. The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-
based software, on-demand software, or hosted software.

2.2 Advantages of SaaS

1. Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
2. Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their web browser without
needing to download and install any software. This reduces the time spent on installation
and configuration and can reduce the issues that can get in the way of the software
deployment.
3. Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
4. Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software, customers rely on a SaaS
provider to automatically perform the updates.
5. Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and features on-demand.

The various companies providing Software as a service are Cloud9 Analytics, Salesforce.com,
Cloud Switch, Microsoft Office 365, Big Commerce, Eloqua, Dropbox, and Cloud Tran.
Disadvantages of Saas:
1. Limited customization: SaaS solutions are typically not as customizable as on-premises
software, meaning that users may have to work within the constraints of the SaaS provider’s
platform and may not be able to tailor the software to their specific needs.
2. Dependence on internet connectivity: SaaS solutions are typically cloud-based, which
means that they require a stable internet connection to function properly. This can be
problematic for users in areas with poor connectivity or for those who need to access the
software in offline environments.
3. Security concerns: SaaS providers are responsible for maintaining the security of the data
stored on their servers, but there is still a risk of data breaches or other security incidents.
4. Limited control over data: SaaS providers may have access to a user’s data, which can be a
concern for organizations that need to maintain strict control over their data for regulatory
or other reasons.

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2.3 Platform as a Service

PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and environment to allow
developers to build applications and services over the internet. PaaS services are hosted in the
A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure. As a result, PaaS
frees users from having to install in-house hardware and software to develop or run a new
application. Thus, the development and deployment of the application takes place independent
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications
and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment. To make it simple,
take the example of an annual day function, you will have two options either to create a venue
or to rent a venue, but the function is the same.
Advantages of PaaS
1. Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the infrastructure and other IT
services, which users can access anywhere via a web browser.
2. Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use basis thus eliminating the
expenses one may have for on-premises hardware and software.
3. Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support the complete web application
lifecycle: building, testing, deploying, managing, and updating.
4. Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with reduced complexity thus, the
overall development of the application can be more effective.
The various companies providing Platform as a service are Amazon Web services Elastic
Beanstalk, Salesforce, Windows Azure, Google App Engine, cloud Bees and IBM smart cloud.
Disadvantages of Paas
1. Limited control over infrastructure: PaaS providers typically manage the underlying
infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that users
have less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain customizations.
2. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the PaaS provider for the availability,
scalability, and reliability of the platform, which can be a risk if the provider experiences
outages or other issues.

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3. Limited flexibility: PaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain types of
workloads or applications, which can limit the value of the solution for certain
organizations.

2.4 Infrastructure as a Service

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers computer infrastructure on an

outsourced basis to support various operations. Typically, IaaS is a service where infrastructure
is provided as outsourcing to enterprises such as networking equipment, devices, database, and
It is also known as Hardware as a Service (Haas). IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis,
typically by the hour, week, or month. Some providers also charge customers based on the
It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security, networking, and servers for
developing such applications, and services, and deploying development tools, databases, etc.

2.6 Advantages of IaaS

1. Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost and IaaS customers
pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month.
2. Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive than traditional web
hosting.
3. Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better security than your existing software.
4. Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying data center or the introduction of
new releases of the development or underlying software. This is all handled by the IaaS
Cloud Provider.
The various companies providing Infrastructure as a service are Amazon web services, blue
stack, IBM, Open Stack, Rackspace, and VMware.
Disadvantages of laaS :
1. Limited control over infrastructure: IaaS providers typically manage the underlying
infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that users
have less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain customizations.
2. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and applications, which
can be a significant undertaking.

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3. Limited access: Cloud computing may not be accessible in certain regions and countries
due to legal policies.

Anything as a Service

It is also known as Everything as a Service. Most of the cloud service providers nowadays offer
anything as a service that is a compilation of all of the above services including some additional
services.

Advantages of XaaS
1. Scalability: XaaS solutions can be easily scaled up or down to meet the changing needs of
an organization.
2. Flexibility: XaaS solutions can be used to provide a wide range of services, such as
storage, databases, networking, and software, which can be customized to meet the
specific needs of an organization.
3. Cost-effectiveness: XaaS solutions can be more cost-effective than traditional on-premises
solutions, as organizations only pay for the services.
Disadvantages of XaaS
1. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the XaaS provider for the
availability, scalability, and reliability of the service, which can be a risk if the provider
experiences outages or other issues.
2. Limited flexibility: XaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain types of
workloads or applications, which can limit the value of the solution for certain
organizations.
3. Limited integration: XaaS solutions may not be able to integrate with existing systems and
data sources, which can limit the value of the solution for certain organizations.
Function as a Service:
FaaS is a type of cloud computing service. It provides a platform for its users or customers to
develop, compute, run and deploy the code or entire application as functions. It allows the user
to entirely develop the code and update it at any time without worrying about the maintenance
of the underlying infrastructure. The developed code can be executed in response to the specific
event. It is also the same as PaaS.

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FaaS is an event-driven execution model. It is implemented in the serverless container. When
the application is developed completely, the user will now trigger the event to execute the code.
Now, the triggered event makes response and activates the servers to execute it. The servers are
nothing but Linux servers or any other servers which are managed by the vendor completely.
Customer does not have clue about any servers which is why they do not need to maintain the
server hence it is serverless architecture.
Both PaaS and FaaS provide the same functionality but there is still some differentiation in
terms of Scalability and Cost.

FaaS, provides auto-scaling up and scaling down depending upon the demand. PaaS also
provides scalability but here users have to configure the scaling parameter depending upon the
demand.

In FaaS, users only have to pay for the number of execution time happened. In PaaS, users have
to pay for the amount based on pay-as-you-go price regardless of how much or less they use.

Advantages of FaaS

 Highly Scalable: Auto scaling is done by the provider depending upon the demand.
 Cost-Effective: Pay only for the number of events executed.
 Code Simplification: FaaS allows the users to upload the entire application all at once. It
allows you to write code for independent functions or similar to those functions.
 Maintenance of the code is enough and there is no need to worry about the servers.
 Functions can be written in any programming language.
 Less control over the system.
The various companies providing Function as a Service are Amazon Web Services –
Firecracker, Google – Kubernetes, Oracle Fn, Apache Open Whisk – IBM, Open Faas,

Disadvantages of Faas
1. Cold start latency: Since Faas functions are event-triggered, the first request for a new
function may experience increased latency as the function container is created and
initialized.

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2. Limited control over infrastructure: Faas providers typically manage the underlying
infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that users
have less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain
customizations.
3. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and applications,
which can be a significant undertaking.
4. Limited scalability: Faas functions may not be able to handle high traffic or large number
of requests.

Figure2.1 cloud service

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 CHAPTER 3

3 Cloud Storage Services

With countless amounts of data being handled by various organizations worldwide, it is vital to
have proper storage and access mechanisms. That is where Cloud Storage Services come into
play. A cloud is a group, or a collection of servers distributed across different places and used
to store and access data. It hosts a wide range of software and infrastructure. Apart from storage
purposes, it also allows backup and recovery, testing and development, networking, etc. Third-
party providers provide various cloud services such as platforms, software, and
infrastructure. Since all these are available on the internet, it allows customers to leverage
powerful computing resources without having to purchase or maintain hardware and software.

On-demand availability of computer resources over the internet is referred to as cloud

computing. The 4 types of clouds include private clouds, public clouds, hybrid clouds, and
multi-clouds.
What is Cloud Storage?
The amount of data continues to increase and on the other hand, the demand for online access
to resources is also rising. The in-house computing servers find it challenging to handle data
over a particular limit. Cloud storage services overcome such difficulties and allow the
management of data in large amounts. Cloud computing enables companies to access and
manage resources and applications online over the internet just like we check our emails through
online browsers.
Cloud storage allows the user to save data and files through the internet. Cloud eliminates the
need for physical servers, the data is stored on the servers within the data centers. The servers
are usually rented out to store particular users’ data and the billing is based on usage.

Benefits of Cloud Services

 Cloud makes it easy to test new ideas and applications and it is faster.
 It is more flexible and scalable.
 The cloud data can be accessed from anywhere, anytime.
 Cloud has disaster recovery features and thus prevents data loss.
 It can also strengthen the security infrastructure.

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Best Cloud Storage Services
Various organizations provide cloud services. Amazon Drive, Apple iCloud, Dropbox, and
Google Drive are the most common examples of Cloud Storage Services. The following are the
best cloud storage services one can prefer in 2023.

1. Microsoft OneDrive

Microsoft OneDrive is a cloud service by Microsoft. It allows the users to store, share and sync
their files. The stored files, photos, and documents can be accessed from any device anywhere
with OneDrive. It also makes collaborations easier, that is the users can work together on the
office files from different locations. The files are safely backed up and protected. Even when
the device fails, the files are saved in the OneDrive Cloud and are not lost. OneDrive has got
a Personal Vault feature with an additional layer of protection to secure your files. Microsoft
offers a free version to try out the basic features. The pricing of advanced plans starts from Rs.
1400 per year.

2. Google Drive

Google provides file storage and synchronization services through Google Drive. It provides
encrypted and secured access to the file. The files can be synchronized across all devices and
accessed from anywhere. You can also share files online for your partner or co-worker to view
and edit, thus it becomes easy to manage and collaborate with the team members. The files
stored may be photos, documents, spreadsheets, or slides. The free version lets the user store
up to 15GB of data in their drive. Google Workspace Essentials Starter can work with Microsoft
Office files to directly edit, comment and collaborate in them using Google Docs, Sheets, and
Slides.

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3. Dropbox

Dropbox Inc. is an American company that hosts file services. The services provided by
Dropbox include cloud storage, personal cloud, file synchronization, etc. The files are safe and
secure with Dropbox. It lets the users store up to 5TB of data with standard plans and up to 2
GB of data with basic plans. A free version is also available with limited storage space. Dropbox
can serve the best for computer backups and photo libraries. It also provides various
functionalities. For example, Dropbox Sign allows you to sign legally binding documents.
Further, Dropbox Advanced can help in detecting threats to your team’s content.

4. PCloud

PCloud is one of the fairly priced cloud storage services. It provides up to 10 GB of storage
space for free. It is also said to be safe and secure as it offers encryption to the files. The highest
level of security provided by PCloud makes it the most secure storage service to keep your
confidential files. PCloud allows sharing large files with ease. It also lets you collaborate and
work together on a file. PCloud synchronization works well with multiple devices from
anywhere. Its Lifetime Plan is said to be one of the best investments if you are looking forward
to accessing a cloud service in the long run.

5. iCloud

Cloud Storage Service provided by Apple Inc. is the iCloud service. iCloud allows the storage
and synchronization of data across multiple devices. Just like Google syncs all calendars, notes,
and photos when logged in, iCloud syncs Apple Mail, Apple Calendar, Apple notes, and
contacts. You can simply use your Apple ID to log in across various devices. The basic storage
is free, and a subscription is required for more storage. iCloud is best used to keep personal
information safe and up to date. iCloud+ provides additional storage and features like iCloud
Private Relay which is designed to protect privacy.

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6. Mega

MEGA Limited is an American-based company that offers cloud services. It offers cloud
service through web-based applications. Mega comes with end-to-end encryption making the
files stored safe and secure. This is platform-independent and thus allows the upload of files
from Windows, Linux, Mac, Android, etc. Along with its security measures, mega provides a
large amount of free space. A free account can make use of up to 20 GB of storage space. A
wide range of competitive plans up to 16TB of storage space could be availed based
on Business or Pro Flexi plans. Sharing options are more flexible with Mega such that it even
allows sharing with a non-account holder.

7. Amazon S3

Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) is a storage service by Amazon Web Services.
It can be used to store and retrieve any amount of data at any time, from anywhere. One of the
highlighting features of Amazon S3 is that the data stored are encrypt ted by default. It supports
three types of driver-side encryption. Thus, the security of the data is never compromised.
Amazon S3 is a durable, high-speed, web-based cloud storage service specially designed for
online backup services. Unlike other cloud services whose billing depends on limits of storage,
Amazon S3 lets you pay monthly bills based on your usage.

8. Sync.com

Sync.com provides cloud storage and file-sharing services. It best serves small and midsize
businesses. It not only provides a cloud-based solution but also gives on-site deployment
options. It offers both synced and Un synced storage options. The former is for distribution
across devices and the latter is mostly used for backup purposes. Sync.com features mobile
applications for both Android and iPhones. It is secure and lays out a safe space to store, share
and collaborate. The web interface is easy and simple to use. Each free account gets 5GB of
storage space. Pricing options to get more storage are also reasonable with sync.com.

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9. Box

Box is a cloud storage service provided by Box Inc. It allows the users to store, share, edit, and
collaborate content. Quick access to any files from anywhere is possible with Box. It also offers
built-in workflows and e-signature editing options. Box has got advanced security
features making it trustworthy for business and storing sensitive information. It is flexible
for integration with other third-party systems, making it appear as a part of the system rather
than an add-on. Box has AES 256-bit encryption as standard, thus providing a secure space. It
provides 10GB of storage space for free. Further, pricing options according to business and
personal use are available.

10. IDrive

IDrive Inc. offers cloud storage and backup solutions for individuals and businesses. The
service is available on Windows, Mac, Android, Linux, and iOS. The iDrive interface is said to
be attractive, and clear to identify each section easily. It also saves a lot of bandwidth for large
backups. It is affordable and supports file sharing too. iDrive also keeps the data protected as it
makes use of AES 256 encryption. It has furthermore featured like the iDrive Express for quick
backup and retrieval of data, versioning to retain up to 30 previous versions of all files backed
up, Google Workspace and Microsoft Office 365 backup, etc.
Conclusion

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Figure3.1:cloud storage services

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 CHAPTER 4

4 Benefits of Transitioning to Cloud Computing:

A transition to Cloud would provide the University with the following direct and indirect
benefits.

Direct Benefits Cloud Capabilities Features:

 High Availability
Infrastructure will be highly available in the Cloud with fewer outages experienced and
less downtime. Applications will exist across a number of disparate Cloud Data Centers
and can auto recover or terminate and restart if performance drops enabling continued
quality of services.
 Flexibility
The University will have access to the full range of programming models, operating
systems, databases and architecture with which they are familiar as well as new services
available in the marketplace. The University will not be locked into infrastructure
purchases and will have more freedom of choice.
 Self Service Self Provisioning
A Cloud environment will allow for greater adoption of self-service and provisioning,
particularly in the research space. Graphical user interfaces and Cloud tools can be set up
to allow users to run their own workloads and have visibility of the costs and metrics
associated.
 Automation and Ease of Management
Platform and application automation will enable greater ease of management across
patching, security, provisioning, testing, deployment and logging. These operational
areas become integrated into the service that the University consumes allowing quicker
deployment of services.
 Scalability
Movement of workloads to Cloud will allow the University to instantly scale up or down
in line with student and researcher demands. This will allow the University to maintain

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 quality services as it grows and accounts for volatile or seasonal application usage (e.g.,
peak enrolment periods).
 Greater Security Controls
Cloud environments keep track of all changes made through logging and can make use
of the latest firewalls and security features to reduce the likelihood and impact of cyber-
attacks and internal mistakes.
Indirect Benefits Cloud Consumption Enables
 Greater Agility and Time to Market
Ease of development and provisioning in the Cloud will enable the University to quickly
spin up new ideas and test them. This way of operation lends itself to greater agility
through learning fast and taking ideas to market or further iterating upon them.
 Reduced Environmental Impact
The University will not need to disrupt its natural environment to build a new Data
Centre and will contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions through the use of more
efficient facilities.
 public Cloud providers
Cost Avoidance and Cost Savings Through not building a Data Centre, the University
will achieve upfront cost avoidance. Whilst this will be partially offset by the need to
increase investment in Cloud migration, it will drive a reduction in costs long term
through a reduction in IT overheads.
 Focus on Value-Adding Activities
The University can free up its resources to focus on more growth and transformation
activities. This will give staff more time to uplift the environment, develop new service
offerings and improve the student and researcher experience rather than keeping the
lights on.
 Improved Brand Perception
The movement to a full Cloud environment will enhance the University’s brand and
reputation as a forward-thinking University. In addition, the Cloud Platform can become
a selling point to attract technology students and researchers to collaborate.
 Creation of New Revenue Streams
The University can capture additional revenue streams by providing researchers with

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Cloud services through a portal that is managed by IT. As a result, researchers will no
longer need to procure their own hardware to run research workloads and the University
will be able to capture this expenditure

Figure 4.1: cloud storage services cloud storage serv

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 CHAPTER 5

5 Cloud Computing Security

Cloud computing, which is one of the most demanding technologies of the current time,
starting from small to large organizations have started using cloud computing services. Where
there are different types of cloud deployment models available and cloud services are
provided as per requirement like that internally and externally security is maintained to keep
the cloud system safe. Cloud computing security or cloud security is an important concern
which refers to the act of protecting cloud environments, data, information and applications
against unauthorized access, DDOS attacks, malware, hackers and other similar attacks.
Community Cloud: These allow a limited set of organizations or employees to access a shared
cloud computing service environment.

Planning of security in Cloud Computing

As security is a major concern in cloud implementation, an organization has to plan for
security based on some factors like below represents the three main factors on which planning
of cloud security depends.

 Resources that can be moved to the cloud and test its sensitivity risk are picked.
 The type of cloud is to be considered.
 The risk in the deployment of the cloud depends on the types of cloud and service
models.
Types of Cloud Computing Security Controls:
There are 4 types of cloud computing security controls i.e.

1. Deterrent Controls: Deterrent controls are designed to block nefarious attacks on a cloud
system. These come in handy when there are insider attackers.
2. Preventive Controls: Preventive controls make the system resilient to attacks by
eliminating vulnerabilities in it.
3. Detective Controls: It identifies and reacts to security threats and control. Some
examples of detective control software are Intrusion detection software and network
security monitoring tools.
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 4. Corrective Controls: In the event of a security attack these controls are activated. They
limit the damage caused by the attack.
Importance of cloud security
For the organizations making their transition to cloud, cloud security is an essential factor
when choosing a cloud provider. The attacks are getting stronger day by day and so the
security needs to keep up with it. For this purpose, it is essential to pick a cloud provider who
offers the best security and is customized with the organization’s infrastructure. Cloud
security has a lot of benefits –

 Centralized security: Centralized security results in centralizing protection. As managing

all the devices and endpoints is not an easy task cloud security helps in doing so. This
results in enhancing traffic analysis and web filtering which means less policy and
software updates.
 Reduced costs: Investing in cloud computing and cloud security results in less
expenditure in hardware and also less manpower in administration
 Reduced Administration: It makes it easier to administer the organization and does not
have manual security configuration and constant security updates.
 Reliability: These are very reliable, and the cloud can be accessed from anywhere with
any device with proper authorization.
When we are thinking about cloud security it includes various types of security like access
control for authorized access, network segmentation for maintaining isolated data, encryption
for encoded data transfer, vulnerability check for patching vulnerable areas, security
monitoring for keeping eye on various security attacks and disaster recovery for backup and
recovery during data loss.

There are different types of security techniques which are implemented to make the cloud
computing system more secure such as SSL (Secure Socket Layer) Encryption, Multi Tenancy
based Access Control, Intrusion Detection System, firewalls, penetration testing, tokenization,
VPN (Virtual Private Networks), and avoiding public internet connections and many more
techniques.

But the thing is not so simple how we think, even implementation of a number of security
techniques there is always are involved for the cloud system. As cloud systems are managed
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and accessed over the internet, a lot of challenges arise during maintaining a secure cloud.
Some cloud security challenges are
 Control over cloud data
 Misconfiguration
 Ever changing workload
 Access Management
 Disaster recovery

Figure 5.1:Cloud security

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 CHAPTER 6

6 Future of Cloud Computing

Almost everything in the digital world is connected to clouds in some way or other unless it’s
specifically kept in local storage for security reasons. Let’s take a look at the advantages
of Cloud Computing before discussing the future of clouds.
 One of the greatest advantages is accessibility of resources. Users can access their data from
any place, at any time, and from any type of device as long as they are connected to the
internet.
 Services become completely flexible (pay-per-use model) and can be adjusted at any time
which is referred to as scalability in terms of Cloud Computing.
 Cloud Service Provider (CSP) takes care of all maintenance work, which allows us to
concentrate more efficiently on our tasks, which in turn helps us in optimizing productivity.
 Cloud Computing provides increased security when compared with traditional and internal
infrastructures in company. It guarantees safety by providing the best security systems and
services with proper auditing, passwords, and encryptions.
Cloud Computing has many features that make its future brighter in mostly all sectors of the
world. But it will not be alone. and Big Data will add more to it. Let’s explore articles to
understand the future of clouds.
Cloud with Operating System: Operating systems allow users to run programs, store and
retrieve data from one user session to the next. Through virtualization, most server operating
systems now support and will continue to support hypervisors that allow multiple (and possibly
different) operating systems to run simultaneously. Virtualized servers will continue to play a
huge role in driving operations of cloud. Many organizations are opting for on-demand model
operating systems, in which servers download user’s operating system applications and
environment settings to any computer user logs in to. With the advent of more programs that
run within browser, there may be much less need for powerful desktop operating systems, such
as Windows and Mac OS
Cloud with Internet of Thing : 1. Cloud-based location-tracking applications – A location-
tracking application utilizes data from capabilities built into mobile devices to integrate
individuals’ location into processing it performs. As GPS capabilities are built into more

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devices, applications will begin to deliver more location tracking solutions. Using cloud and
location-tracking solutions, you will be able to track not only packages you ship, but also stolen
cars, lost luggage, misplaced cell phones, missing pets, and more. 2. Cloud-based smart fabrics
and paints – Ability to connect devices to cloud from any place, at any time will open door to
wide range of cutting-edge applications. Devices that once had to be read by utility or city
employees, such as electric meters and parking meters, will connect to the web and create
reports. Intelligence will be built into fabrics of our clothes, bedding, and furniture. These
intelligent fabrics will provide wide range of services including following:
 Automatically adjust room temperature when body temperature becomes too warm or too
cold.
 Notify rooms when we enter or leave so that lights, music, and other devices are
automatically controlled.
 Monitor body functions such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, stress, and more, and
notify people and adjust environment to affect those functions.
 Notify others when an elderly person has fallen.
 Provide deterrence against mosquitoes and other insects.
Similarly, new paints being developed change form based on environmental conditions.
Currently, paints can change color on roads to indicate the presence of ice. In the future,
intelligent paint may report driving conditions back to cloud. 3. Cloud TV Few companies are
changing the way consumers watch TV. With greater bandwidth available everywhere, DVD’s
have fallen by the wayside. TV viewers will not just watch shows on-demand in their homes,
in their cars, and on airplanes but also new breeds of projection devices will make any flat
surface TV screen. 4. Cloud based smart devices Cloud’s ability to provide internet access and
at any time makes such processing reality. Some devices may initially be intelligent with
reference to their ability to regulate power consumption, possibly avoiding power use during
peak times and costs. Using the cloud for communication, devices can coordinate activities. For
example, your car may notify your home automation system that you are down blocking and
instruct it to light house, turn on your favorite music and prompt refrigerator for list of ready to
cook meals.
Home based Cloud Computing: Today most households have wireless network capabilities that
allow family members to connect to the Web and access sites and contents they desire. With

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the arrival of smart devices, intelligent fabrics, and greater use of frequency identification
devices (RFID), relations will expect on-demand personalized technology solutions. Families
will use cloud devices to customize their environments and experiences. Within such an
environment, families will want to restrict processing to within the home, meaning that they
will not want neighbors to receive signals generated by their devices and clothing. That implies
the ability to encrypt a wide range of signals within the home. To that end, you should expect
to see cloud-based in-home devices that store family files and maintain appliance settings.
download and store movies and TV shows, and more.
Modular Software: With cloud computing, companies no longer have to raise the capital
required to fund large data centers. Instead, they can leverage PaaS solution. Furthermore,
companies no longer have to pay expensive licensing fees for various software tools such as
database management systems. Instead, they can leverage pay-on-demand solutions. Hence
developers will release software solutions at a faster rate, bringing solutions to a market that
expects high functionality and demands lower cost. 85% of Software developed since 2012 is
cloud-enabled and the increase in future data requirements will enable more services through
Cloud. All-State and Center will have its own Cloud Platform for providing basic services in
health, agriculture and social, etc. Aadhaar Card is major example of Cloud Computing projects,
and all banking platforms are moving towards serving 7 billion people in world. All Stock
exchanges have to move towards cloud computing to provide efficient and real-time stock
details. Conclusion: Cloud computing is beginning to transform the way enterprises buy and
use technology resources and will become even more prominent in coming years. In the next
generation, cloud computing technology role is going to be integral element in life of each
human being because Cloud is only place where all software and hardware and all devices can
connect at single place.

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 CHAPTER 7

7 Cloud Deployment Models

In cloud computing, we have access to a shared pool of computer resources (servers, storage,
programs, and so on) in the cloud. You simply need to request additional resources when you
require them. Getting resources up and running quickly is a breeze thanks to the clouds. It is
possible to release resources that are no longer necessary. This method allows you to just pay
for what you use. Your cloud provider is in charge of all upkeep.

What is a Cloud Deployment Model?

Cloud Deployment Model functions as a virtual computing environment with a deployment
architecture that varies depending on the amount of data you want to store and who has access
to the infrastructure.

Types of Cloud Computing Deployment Models

The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment based on
ownership, scale, and access, as well as the cloud’s nature and purpose. The location of the
servers you’re utilizing and who controls them are defined by a cloud deployment model. It
specifies how your cloud infrastructure will look, what you can change, and whether you will
be given services or will have to create everything yourself. Relationships between the
infrastructure and your users are also defined by cloud deployment types. Different types of
cloud computing deployment models are described below.

 Public Cloud
 Private Cloud
 Hybrid Cloud
 Community Cloud
 Multi-Cloud
7.1 Public Cloud
The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services. The public
cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone. The public cloud is one in which cloud
infrastructure services are provided over the internet to the general people or major industry

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groups. The infrastructure in this cloud model is owned by the entity that delivers the cloud
services, not by the consumer. It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers and users to
easily access systems and services. This form of cloud computing is an excellent example of
cloud hosting, in which service providers supply services to a variety of customers. In this
arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given for free, as a subscription, or on a
per-user basis. For example, Google App Engine etc.

Figure 7.1: Public Cloud

Advantages of the Public Cloud Model

 Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no substantial upfront
fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require immediate access to resources.
 No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud service providers,
thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
 Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does not necessitate
infrastructure management.
 No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider (not users).
 Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand resources are
accessible.

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Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model
 Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public so there is no guarantee of
high-level security.
 Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be customized according to
personal requirements.
7.2 Private Cloud
The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud deployment
model. It’s a one-on-one environment for a single user (customer). There is no need to share
your hardware with anyone else. The distinction between them is in how you handle all of the
hardware. It is also called the “internal cloud” & it refers to the ability to access systems and
services within a given border or organization. The cloud platform is implemented in a cloud-
based secure environment that is protected by powerful firewalls and under the supervision of
an organization’s IT department. The private cloud gives greater flexibility of control over
cloud resources.

Figure 7.2:Private Cloud

Advantages of the Private Cloud Model

 Better Control: You are the sole owner of the property. You gain complete command over
service integration, IT operations, policies, and user behavior.

27
  Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing corporate information to which only
authorized staff have access. By segmenting resources within the same infrastructure,
improved access and security can be achieved.
 Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to work with legacy systems that are
unable to access the public cloud.
 Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private cloud allows a company to
tailor its solution to meet its specific needs.
Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model
 Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a certain range as there is less number of
clients.
 Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide personalized facilities.
7.3 Hybrid Cloud
By bridging the public and private worlds with a layer of proprietary software, hybrid cloud
computing gives the best of both worlds. With a hybrid solution, you may host the app in a safe
environment while taking advantage of the public cloud’s cost savings. Organizations can move
data and applications between different clouds using a combination of two or more cloud
deployment methods, depending on their needs.

Figure 7.2: Hybrid Cloud

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Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
 Flexibility and control: Businesses with more flexibility can design personalized solutions
that meet their particular needs.
 Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only be responsible for paying for
the extra capacity if you require it.
 Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances of data theft by attackers are
considerably reduced.
Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
 Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as they are a combination of
both public and private clouds. So, it is complex.
 Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud takes place through the
public cloud so latency occurs.
7.4 Community Cloud
It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations. It is a distribution
system that is created by integrating the services of different clouds to address the specific needs
of a community, industry, or business. The infrastructure of the community could be shared
between the organization which has shared concerns or tasks. It is generally managed by a third
party or by the combination of one or more organizations in the community.

Figure 7.4: Community Cloud

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Advantages of the Community Cloud Model
 Cost Effective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is shared by multiple organizations
or communities.
 Security: Community cloud provides better security.
 Shared resources: It allows you to share resources, infrastructure, etc. with multiple
organizations.
 Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for both collaboration and data sharing.
Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model
 Limited Scalability: Community cloud is relatively less scalable as many organizations
share the same resources according to their collaborative interests.
 Rigid in customization: As the data and resources are shared among different
organizations according to their mutual interests if an organization wants some changes
according to their needs they cannot do so because it will have an impact on other
organizations.
7.5 multi-cloud
We’re talking about employing multiple cloud providers at the same time under this paradigm,
as the name implies. It’s similar to the hybrid cloud deployment approach, which combines
public and private cloud resources. Instead of merging private and public clouds, multi-cloud
uses many public clouds. Although public cloud providers provide numerous tools to improve
the reliability of their services, mishaps still occur.

Figure 7.5: Multi-Cloud

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Advantages of the Multi-Cloud Model
 You can mix and match the best features of each cloud provider’s services to suit the
demands of your apps, workloads, and business by choosing different cloud providers.
 Reduced Latency: To reduce latency and improve user experience, you can choose cloud
regions and zones that are close to your clients.
 High availability of service: It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds would have an incident
at the same moment. So, the multi-cloud deployment improves the high availability of
your services.
Disadvantages of the Multi-Cloud Model
 Complex: The combination of many clouds makes the system complex, and bottlenecks
may occur.
 Security issue: Due to the complex structure, there may be loopholes to which a hacker
can take advantage, hence, making the data insecure.
What is the Right Choice for Cloud Deployment Model?
As of now, no such approach fits picking a cloud deployment model. We will always consider
the best cloud deployment model as per our requirements. Here are some factors which should
be considered before choosing the best deployment model.

 Cost: Cost is an important factor for the cloud deployment model as it tells how much
amount you want to pay for these things.
 Scalability: Scalability talks about the current activity status and how much we can scale
it.
 Easy to use: It tells how much your resources are trained and how easily you can manage
these models.
 Compliance: Compliance talks about the laws and regulations which impact the
implementation of the model.
 Privacy: Privacy talks about what data you gather for the model.
Each model has some advantages and some disadvantages, and the selection of the best is only
done on the basis of your requirements. If your requirement changes, you can switch to any
other model.

Overall Analysis of Cloud Deployment Models

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TABLE 7.5.1: The overall Analysis of these models with respect to different factors is
described below.

Factors Public Cloud Private Cloud Community Cloud Hybrid Cloud

Complex, Complex, Complex,

requires a requires a requires a
Initial Setup Easy
professional professional professional
team to setup team to setup team to setup

Scalability
and High High Fixed High
Flexibility

Between public
Cost- Distributed cost
Cost-Effective Costly and private
Comparison among members
cloud

Reliability Low Low High High

Data Security Low High High High

Models of Cloud Computing

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Cloud Computing helps in rendering several services according to roles, companies, etc. Cloud
computing models are explained below.

 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

 Platform as a service (PaaS)
 Software as a service (SaaS)

1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) helps in delivering computer infrastructure on an external

basis for supporting operations. Generally, IaaS provides services to networking equipment,
devices, databases, and web servers.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) helps large organizations, and large enterprises in managing
and building their IT platforms. This infrastructure is flexible according to the needs of the
client.

Advantages of IaaS
 IaaS is cost-effective as it eliminates capital expenses.
 IaaS cloud provider provides better security than any other software.
 IaaS provides remote access.
Disadvantages of IaaS
 In IaaS, users have to secure their own data and applications.
 Cloud computing is not accessible in some regions of the World.

2. Platform as a service (PaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a type of cloud computing that helps developers to build
applications and services over the Internet by providing them with a platform.
PaaS helps in maintaining control over their business applications.

Advantages of PaaS
 PaaS is simple and very convenient for the user as it can be accessed via a web browser.
33
  PaaS has the capabilities to efficiently manage the lifecycle.
Disadvantages of PaaS
 PaaS has limited control over infrastructure as they have less control over the environment
and are not able to make some customizations.
 PaaS has a high dependence on the provider.

3. Software as a service (SaaS)

Software as a Service (SaaS) is a type of cloud computing model that is the work of delivering
services and applications over the Internet. The SaaS applications are called Web-Based
Software or Hosted Software.
SaaS has around 60 percent cloud solutions and due to this, it is mostly preferred by companies.

Advantages of SaaS
 SaaS can access app data from anywhere on the Internet.
 SaaS provides easy access to features and services.
Disadvantages of SaaS
 SaaS solutions have limited customization, which means they have some restrictions
within the platform.
 SaaS has little control over the data of the user.
 SaaS are generally cloud-based, they require a stable internet connection for proper
working

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 CHAPTER 8

8 Cloud Computing Infrastructure:

Cloud Computing is one of the demanding technologies of current scenarios and which has been
proved as a revolutionary technology trend for businesses of all sizes. It manages a broad and
complex infrastructure setup to provide cloud services and resources to the customers. Cloud
Infrastructure which comes under the backend part of cloud architecture represents the hardware
and software component such as server, storage, networking, management software,
deployment software and virtualization software etc. In backend, cloud infrastructure enables
the complete cloud computing system.

Why Cloud Computing Infrastructure:

Cloud computing refers to providing on demand services to the customer anywhere and anytime
irrespective of everything where the cloud infrastructure represents the one who activates the
complete cloud computing system. Cloud infrastructure has more capabilities of providing the
same services as the physical infrastructure to the customers. It is available for private cloud,
public cloud, and hybrid cloud systems with low cost, greater flexibility and scalability.
Cloud Computing is one of the demanding technologies of current scenarios and which has been
proved as a revolutionary technology trend for businesses of all sizes. It manages a broad and
complex infrastructure setup to provide cloud services and resources to the customers. Cloud
Infrastructure which comes under the backend part of cloud architecture represents the hardware
and software component such as server, storage, networking, management software,
deployment software and virtualization software etc. In backend, cloud infrastructure enables
the complete cloud computing system.

Cloud infrastructure components:

Different components of cloud infrastructure support the computing requirements of a cloud
computing model. Cloud infrastructure has a number of key components but not limited to only
server, software, network and storage devices. Still cloud infrastructure is categorized into three
parts in general i.e.

1. Computing
2. Networking

35
 3. Storage
The most important point is that cloud infrastructure should have some basic infrastructural
constraints like transparency, scalability, security and intelligent monitoring etc.

The below figure represents components of cloud infrastructure

Figure 8.1: Components of Cloud Infrastructure

1. Hypervisor
Hypervisor is a firmware or a low-level program which is a key to enable virtualization. It is
used to divide and allocate cloud resources between several customers. As it monitors and
manages cloud services/resources that’s why hypervisor is called as VMM (Virtual Machine
Monitor) or (Virtual Machine Manager).

2. Management Software
Management software helps in maintaining and configuring the infrastructure. Cloud
management software monitors and optimizes resources, data, applications and services.

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3. Deployment Software

Deployment software helps in deploying and integrating the application on the cloud. So,
typically it helps in building a virtual computing environment.

4. Network
It is one of the key components of cloud infrastructure which is responsible for connecting
cloud services over the internet. For the transmission of data and resources externally and
internally network is must require.

5. Server
Server which represents the computing portion of the cloud infrastructure is responsible fo r
managing and delivering cloud services for various services and partners, maintaining security
etc.

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 CHAPTER 9

9 Characteristics of Cloud Computing:

There are many characteristics of Cloud Computing here are few of them:
1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services do not require any human
administrators, users themselves are able to provision, monitor and manage computing
resources as needed.
2. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided over standard
networks and heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to scale
out and in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user requires services, it is
provided to him, and it is scaled out as soon as its requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling: The IT resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) present are shared across multiple applications and occupant in an uncommitted
manner. Multiple clients are provided services from the same physical resource.
5. Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application and occupant; it
will provide both the user and the resource provider with an account of what has been
used. This is done for various reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of
resources.
6. Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants (users or
organizations) on a single set of shared resources.
7. Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology to abstract
underlying hardware resources and present them as logical resources to users.
8. Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed with redundancy
and fault tolerance in mind, which ensures high availability and reliability.
9. Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing models, including pay-
per-use, subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing users to choose the option that best
suits their needs.
10. Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect their users’ data
and ensure the privacy of sensitive information.

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11. Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated, allowing users to
deploy and manage resources with minimal

12. Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable practices, such as
energy-efficient data centers and the use of renewable energy sources, to reduce their
environmental impact.

Figure 11: Characteristics of Cloud Computing

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 Conclusion

Cloud computing will affect a large part of the computer industry including Software companies
and Internet service providers. Cloud computing makes it very easy for companies to provide their
products to end-users without worrying about hardware configurations and other requirements of
servers. The cloud computing and virtualization are distinguished by the fact that all of the control
plane activities that center around creation, management, and maintenance of the virtual
environment, are outsourced to an automated layer that is called as an API and other management
servers for the cloud management.

In simple words, virtualization is a part of cloud computing where manual management is done
for interacting with a hypervisor. On the other hand, in cloud computing, the activities are self-
managing where an API (Application Program Interface) is used so that the users can self-consume
the cloud service.

Cloud computing is novel technology that provides easy computing and access to high
performance computing, networking, storage and infrastructure through the internet. Cloud
computing is an increasing part of IT, and many gigantic organizations are going to implement
cloud computing. A number of them provide IaaS, PaaS and some others provide SaaS.
Amazon.com, Sun, IBM give storage services while Google Apps provides software as a service.
In the near future working on data science, artificial intelligence and machine learning service
inside cloud provider to protect the customer sensitive data such as login credential through
encryption techniques and other password

Cloud computing is useful in providing easy-to-access high-performance computing,

networking, and storage via the net. Future work should be geared toward working on data
science/AI/ML services to protect user data to make data more secure. What are the three service
models of the cloud? How do they differ for the consumer? Identify.

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