ELECTRONICS LECTURE

Electromagnetics
Atom
 Electricity
 Coulomb’s Law
 Electric Field
 Capacitor
 Magnetism
 Law of Magnetism
 Magnetic Field
 Inductors
 Electromagnetism

 Electricity Nucleus
- Is the movement of electrons from - Proton – Positive
one point to another. - Neutron – Neutral

Can we see electricity? NO Shells

- Electron – Negative
Etymology of Electricity
- Came from the Greek word Neutral Atom
“Elektron” which means “Amber” - # of electrons = # of protons
- As early as 600 B.C., Greek - Net charge = QT = 0
observed that after rubbing amber
with wool, the amber could attract Charged atom (IONS)
other objects. - # of electrons ≠ # of protons
- This is an “attraction” phenomenon
called the amber effect. # of electrons > # of protons
- Net charge = QT = “Negative”
(ANION)

# of electrons < # of protons

- Net charge = QT = “Positive”
(CATION)

# protons – element
# neutron – isotopes
# electrons – ions

- Heat – Thermionic Emission

- Light – Photoelectric Effect
- Friction – Triboelectric Effect
ELECTRONICS LECTURE

Electric Charge
- Charles – Agustin de Coulomb Triboelectricity
- Rober Milldam – measured
elementary charge
- An inherent physical property of
certain subatomic particles that is
responsible for electrical ang
magnetic phenomena.
- SI unit of measure is “Coulomb”

e = elementary charge
= charge of a single atomic
particle
−19
1.602 x 1 0 C
Charge of an electron = -e
Charge of a proton = +e

Types of Electricity

Static
- Accumulation of electric charges
- Also known as frictional electricity

Dynamic
- Flow of electric charges. It also
refers to the so called electric
current

Laws
1. Like charges repel; unlike charges
attract.
2. Law of Conservation of Charge

Nature seeks out balance. If there is a

great imbalance, it will find a way to
ELECTRONICS LECTURE

achieve equilibrium through  Electric Field

DISCHARGING - A region in which a force would be
Types of Materials exerted on other charged particles or
objects.

⃑
F Q V
⃑
E = =k 2 =
q d d

Electricity Flux Density

How is lightning possible?
- Insulators prevent the flow of
electrons unless high amount of
potential difference that the insulator
can’t handle anymore.

 Coulomb’s Law

First Law
Q
- The electrostatic force is directly ⃑
D= 2
proportional to the product of the 4π r
charges.
⃑
D=ε ⃑
E
F E ∝ q1 q2

Second Law Electric Flux

- The electrostatic force is inversely - Measure of flow of electric field
proportional to the square of the through a given area
distance between the charges.
1
FE ∝ 2
d

q1 q2
F e =k 2
d Ψ =Φ E=EAcos θ

Where,  Capacitors
k = 9 x 109
ELECTRONICS LECTURE

- Impedes the flow of ac charge

carriers by temporarily storing the
energy as an electric field
- The basic configuration is two
conductors carrying equal but
opposite charges.

Capacitance in Parallel

Charge
Q=CV

Work
1 2
W= CV
2

Capacitance Capacitors Applications

A - Decoupling (Bypass)
C=ε - Filtering
d
- Energy Storage

Decoupling (Bypass)
- Their job is to filter any noise in the
power supply, like voltage ripples.

Capacitance in Series
Filtering
ELECTRONICS LECTURE

- Because of their specific response - Similar to electric charges and their

time they are able to block low electric fields, magnets have field
frequency signals while allowing lines that are invisible.
higher frequencies to pass through. - These lines start from North to
South

Energy Storage
- However, unlike electric charges
- Although they can store considerably
which can be separated, magnetic
lower energy compared to a same
poles cannot be separated.
size battery, their lifespan is much
- When a magnet is broken, each piece
better and they are capable of
is found to have a north and south
delivering energy much faster.
pole

 Laws of Magnetism
1st Law

 Magnetism - Like poles of magnets repels each

- It is a property possessed by iron, other while opposite poles attract
steel and certain other magnetic each other
material, wherein these materials can
produce or conduct magnetic lines 2nd Law
of forces. - “A magnetic field always tends to
- This makes them interact with arrange itself so that the greatest
electric fields or other magnetic numbers of line of force are
fields. created.”

 Magnetic Field
- Is represented by invisible magnetic
flux lines (Φ)
Poles of a Magnet
ELECTRONICS LECTURE

1 line=1 Maxwell (Mx) - It is the ability of magnetic material

to support magnetic field
1 Wb=10 Mx
8
development.
- It indicates the ease with which an
Maxwell: cgs external magnetic field can create a
Weber: mks higher magnetic force of attraction in
the material.
Magnetic Flux Density
- The flux density is the number of Electric
magnetic lines of flux that pass L L
R=ρ =
through a certain point on a surface. A σA
- Earth’s magnetic field 5x10-5 T
- Fridge magnet 5 mT Resistance R – ρ resistivity
- Bar magnet 0.001 to 0.01 T Conductance G – σ conductivity
- Strong neodymium 1 to 2 T
- 1 Gauss = 1Mx/cm2 Magnetic
L L
R=ρm =
Φ A μA
B=
A
Reluctance 𝓡 or S – ρm reluctivity
1 Wb 4 Permeance P – μ permeability
1T= 2
=1 0 G
m
Permeability (Absolute)
μ=μ o μ r

Non – Magnetic
- Not capable of being magnetized

Classification of Materials
Diamagnetic
Permeability - Materials that are freely magnetized,
but the direction is opposite to that of
the magnetic field.
ELECTRONICS LECTURE

electrical energy in the form of

Paramagnetic magnetic energy.
- Materials that are weakly attracted
to magnets. Electromagnetic Induction
- Electric current will produce a
magnetic field around the
conductor.
- Magnetic field does not have specific
north or south poles.

Ferromagnetic Faraday’s Law

- Materials having high susceptibility - The voltage induced across of a coil
to magnetization. of wire equals the number of turns in
the coil times the rate of change of
the magnetic flux.

dØ
e ¿ =N
dt
Susceptability
- The amount by which relative Lenz’ Law
permeability differs from unity. - An induced effect is always such as
- Has no unit to oppose the cause that produce it
- Polarity of the induced back emf will
X m=μr −1 be reversed.
di
e ¿ =−L
dt

Work
1 2
W= LI
2

Inductance
Permeance
- A current generated in a conductor
- The property of a material to allow
by a changing magnetic field is
magnetic flux to be established in a
proportional to the magnetic field is
material
proportional to the rate of change of
the magnetic field.
1
P=
R 2
N A
L=μ
 Inductors l
- Are passing electronic component
Energy Stored
which is capable of storing
ELECTRONICS LECTURE

1 2
W= LI
2 Tuning
- Tuned circuits are used for
Inductance in Series transmitting or receiving radio or
microwave frequency signals.
- Inductors can be combined with
capacitors to create tuned LC circuits
such as oscillators.

Inductance in Parallel

Inductors Applications Solenoids

- Choking/Filtering - Magnetic field pattern is similar to
- Tuning that around a bar magnet.
- Solenoids - Has the effect of a bar magnet, but
with a variable field strength
Choking/Filtering
- Trace, blocks or impedes change in
current and functions as a low pass
filter.
ELECTRONICS LECTURE

Aiding
2
L1 L2−M
LT ( A ) =
L1 + L2−2 M

Opposing
2
L1 L2−M
L T ( O) =
L1 + L2 + 2 M

 Electromagnetism
- It is magnetism produced by an
electric current rather than by a
Mutual Inductance natural magnet.
- When coils are closer to each other - Discovered by Hans Christian
without shielding, it is possible for Oersted in 1819, through a magnetic
the two inductors to couple. needle that is deflected at right
angles to a wire carrying an electric
M =k √ L1 L2 current.
- In 1820, Faraday and Joseph Henry
Inductors in Series w/ Mutual showed that an electric current can
Inductance be produced in a circuit either by
moving a magnet near the circuit.
- Years later, theoretical work by
Maxwell showed that a changing
electric field creates a magnetic
field.

Aiding
LT ( A )=L1+ L2 +2 M

Opposing Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

LT ( O)=L1 + L2−2 M
Direction
- Magnetic Field around a current –
Inductors in Parallel w/ Mutual carrying wire
Inductance
Conventional Flow−¿ hand screw rule

Electron Flow−¿ screw rule

ELECTRONICS LECTURE

F=BILsinθ

Right hand – Generator – Motion create

Current
Left hand – Motor – Current create
Current

Ohm’s Law
Electric Circuits
V
I=
R

Magnetic Circuits
mmf
Φ=
R

Magnetomotive Force
- Is the external force required to
setup magnetic flux lines within a
magnetic material

mmf =¿

Forces 1 A−t=0.4 π Gb
- Force on a current – carrying
conductor in a magnetic field
ELECTRONICS LECTURE

Magnetic Field Strength

- The magnetomotive force per unit
length is called the magnetizing
force (H) or magnetic field strength

For coil:

mmf
H=
l

For straight wire:

I
H=
2 πr

Affects the magnetic flux density

B=μH