CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEWS

This chapter describes the related research for development and analysis of
various controllers based automatic street light control systems. Their related theory
and methods are also described. Five research papers have been reviewed in this
section.

2.1. Study on a Previous Works

Thesis with the title of “Automatic Street Light Control System Using
PLC” and it has been submitted to Intelligent Systems and Applications, 2014, 01,
64-72 Published Online December 2013 in MECS and it has been written by Dr.
D.V.Pushpa Latha, Department of Electrical Engineering, GokarajuRangaraju
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
This thesis has been submitted to the International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology (IJMET) (ISSN 0976 – 6340 – 6359) Volume 5, Issue 9,
September (2014),. The title of this thesis is “Smart Street Lighting System based on
Sensors using PLC and SCADA”, submitted by Hemanth Kumar.
This thesis has been submitted to the International Journal of Engineering and
Techniques - Volume 1 Issue2, Mar – Apr 2015, entitled with “Street Light
Monitoring and Control System Street Light Monitoring and Control System Using
GSM” and has been written by Abdul Latif Saleem Department of Computer Science
and Engineering, NIE Institute of Technology, Mysore, India.
This thesis with the title of “Design and Implementation of Automatic Street
Light Control System using Light Dependent Resistor” and it has been submitted to
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 35
Number 10 - May 2016 and is written by Ramya.K. Assistant Professor, Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, K.S.S.E.M, Bengaluru, Karnataka state, India.
Thesis with the title of “Street Light Energy Conservation System using PIR
Sensor” and it has been submitted to GRD Journals- Global Research and
Development Journal for Engineering (ISSN: 2455-5703) Volume 1, Issue 5, April
 8

2016 and it has been written by Mr. Nagnath. C. Savant, Student, Department of
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Karmayogi Engineering College
Shelve, Pandharpur.

2.2. Automatic Street Light Control System Using PLC

Nowadays computer control and information system technology is applied
widely in most of the process industry, because it may produce significant technical
and economic benefits. Process control information systems assist operating personnel
in producing the required output of products with minimum quality variations, least
consumption of the raw material and energy, and maximum efficiency. Centralization
process control combined with increased mechanization has resulted in improved
productivity. Now a day’s advanced control systems like PLCs are extensively used in
the industries. Different control techniques have been proposed for street lighting
controller during seasonal variation. It is common to use relays to make simple logical
control decisions. The relays allow power to be switched on and off without a
mechanical switch. The development of low cost computer has brought the most
recent revolution, the PLC. With the advent of the PLC, it has become the most
common choice for manufacturing controls. A PLC is a digital operating electronic
apparatus which uses a programmable memory for internal storage of instruction for
implementing specific function such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and
arithmetic to control through analog or digital input/output modules various types of
machines or process. There are different types of PLC’S used for various applications.
In the present work, an XD 26 PLC is used to control the Street Lighting System.
Street light controlling using PLC is a novel concept using XD26 PLC controller. In
this system manual work is not required. Automatic switch ON and OFF of light in
response based on sunlight is done by using LDR which plays a major role. Effect of
seasonal variations; increased energy efficiency; low maintenance costs are
advantages of this method. This testing and analytics of this project with accurate
operation of the street light is done involving Crouzet Millennium software [13Pus].
Smart street lighting includes a total system with dimmable luminaires,
advanced lighting control solutions, communication systems and administrative
tools. The solution focuses on low energy consumption and high functional
standard. It also, in most contexts, automatically declines the maintenance costs
for the operator in combination with increased safety for the street user. In most
 9

cases Smart street lighting in its practical design is similar to adaptive lighting
[13Pus].
2.3. Smart Street Lighting System Based on Sensors Using PLC and SCADA
Street lighting control at most of the places is only by manual control, a
control switch set in each of the street lights, it is the so-called first generation of the
original street light control, which is inefficient and a waste of manpower, and
cumbersome to operate street light opening and closing time. Or using optical-control
method, set up optical control circuit, changes the resistance by using of light-
sensitive device to control street lights. Which light up automatically in the evening
after dark, turn off automatically after dawn in the morning, but the low reliability of
the method, vulnerable to interference, night street lighting is too bright and is a waste
of energy and other issues. The other is time-control method that is from time to time
opening and closing control and time-optical-control that is from time to time with
light intensity control. This three street light control method can be attributed to the
second generation of street light control. The second generation street light control
method achieved automatic control of street light. Thereby reducing the labour
intensity and lowering labour costs and improving the efficiency of street lighting
control. But it also exposed a problem that it cannot meet the needs of the growing
street light information and intelligent management. The time of lighting is not only
lack of precision, many street lights are controlled by using the mid-night lights
strategy, energy-saving effect is poor. In short the current street lighting strategy is
simple and crude, lack of humane care of the car and human, cannot achieve the sleep
and wake-up call of the lamps in time. An urgent need to develop a high degree of
information, to facilitate the realization of network-based, highly intelligent automatic
control system of street lighting, which is the third generation of intelligent street light
control systems. There are some attempts in which the energy wastes of the street
lights are reduced. A sensor light, which is controlled by a brightness sensor and a
motion sensor, is sometimes used to reduce loss of energy. It only turns on for a while
when the motion is detected in front of the sensor and when it is dark. Ideally, it is
desirable that smart street lights look like usual street lights; no one notices that smart
streetlights are usual street lights. Smart street lights have turned on whenever anyone
notices them. Smart street lights have been researched by many researchers. Smart
street lights that cooperate with each other to shine a light on pedestrians are
 10

proposed. This kind of smart streetlights exchange information of detecting moving

objects and turn on so that neighborhood of the moving objects lightens. The method
of pedestrian tracking is proposed for smart street light systems. Detection of
existence of pedestrians or vehicles is important for street light systems. Image
processing is used to decrease electric power of street lights; the method proposed
obtains the pictures of street lights at night by security cameras and adjusts brightness
of street lights by the pictures. Photovoltaic panels are attached to smart street lights
to save energy. This research revises street lights themselves but does not focus on
smart street light systems. There are many researches of smart streetlights but few
researches focus on smart street light system that behaves looking like usual street
lights based on sensor networks. Centralization process control combined with
increased mechanization has resulted in improved productivity. Nowadays advanced
control systems like PLCs are extensively used in industries [14Hem].

2.3.1. Safety
Usual smart street lights do not always turn on and therefore public safety may
get worse. The aim of the smart street lights is to keep public safety and to save
energy. Therefore, street lights whose areas are within the views of the pedestrians or
vehicles must turn on and street lights that are related with safety of the pedestrians or
vehicles must also turn on.
Smart street lighting includes a total system with dimmable luminaries,
advanced lighting control solutions, and communication systems. The solution
focuses on low energy consumption and high functional standard. It also in most
contexts automatically declines the maintenance costs for the operator in combination
with increased safety for the street user. Over the last years new technology has been
developed and implemented in multiple systems that can help to save even more
energy.
Networking and automation technology allows for the adjustment of light
levels to the exact need to keep the roads safe based on weather conditions, traffic
density and other external factors. LED lighting also has great potential to save energy
in outdoor lighting. In this paper taking the entire above mentioned criterion into
account, a PLC is proposed for the automatic street lighting control system [14Hem].
 11

2.3.2. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

SCADA is an acronym that denotes Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition. SCADA is a control system with applications in managing large scale,
automated industrial operations. In industries to control any distributed machine or
process, there is a requirement to see and control from a central place. This can be
solved using SCADA system. Thus we can get all the readings of process parameters
which are in distributed condition on the screen. The system give control commands
to process through PLC or through some other controlling device if it is available.
SCADA is known as Man Machine Interface (MMI). The block diagram of SCADA
system is as shown in the Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1. Block Diagram of SCADA System [14Hem]

In the present work Proficy iFIX SCADA is used to control and monitor the
smart street lighting system. Proficy iFIX instantly collects and delivers critical
information to the desktops of operators, supervisors and managers throughout the
organization, and presents the data in the graphical format that are easy to understand
[14Hem].

2.4. Street Light Monitoring and Control System Using GSM

GSM based smart street light monitoring and control system, it is an
automated system designed to increase the efficiency and accuracy of an industry by
 12

automatically timed controlled switching of street lights they are basically two
modules which include the client side and another one is server side. The client side
consists of GSM modem which is further connected to the microcontroller. The server
side consists of java based web server. A well-designed, street lighting system should
permit users to travel at night with good visibility, in safety and comfort, while
reducing many malfunctions occurs during night and enhancing the appearance of the
neighborhood. Conversely, poorly designed lighting systems can lead to poor
visibility which may not be helpful for any pedestrian and who are passing by that
street [15Abd].
Conventional street lighting systems in areas with a low frequency of passers
are by online most of the night without purpose. The consequence is that a large
amount of power is wasted meaninglessly. With the broad availability of flexible-
lighting technology like light-emitting diode lamps and everywhere available wireless
internet connection, fast reacting, reliably operating, and power-conserving street
lighting systems become reality. The purpose of this work is to describe the Intelligent
Street Lighting (ISL) system, a first approach to accomplish the demand for flexible
public lighting systems. GSM based RFID approach to automatic street lighting
system; this system proposes a new way of reduced power utilization. With this
system, recovering from power failure period can be reduced. Street light
maintenance, load maintenance and if there is any complaints concerning power it can
be warm through GSM. Om future, the Electricity department can adopt this system
in order to save power as well as time. This system can be extended in such a way that
time in use for processing any new power connection request can be minimized by
using RFID [15Abd].
The application is designed in such a way that we place light sensors in all the
street lights circuit and which are responsible to switch on and off automatically.
Once the lights are switched on, current sensors placed at every light poles are
responsible to report problem status to the centralized system with the help of GSM
module attached with the circuit. With the status available in the centralized system,
the workman now can easily locate the particular light to be taken care which
minimizes the time to search it and repair. The system also collects useful information
from each street light at the end of each day. The information is stored in the database
such as power consumption, total number of burning hours, and total number of
interruptions, tally the actual power consumption with the power supplied, details of
 13

fault detection i.e., actual location of street light. Once the lights are switched on
current sensors placed at every street light circuits are responsible to report problem
status to the centralized system with help of GSM module attached with the circuit.
The status is available in the centralized system, the work man now can easily locate
the particular light to take care which minimizes the time to search it and repair. The
system also maintains database to store useful information from each street light like
power consumption, total number of burning hours, total number of interruptions,
tally the actual power consumption with the power supplied and details of fault
detection. Hence maintaining the system with optimal power consumption giving
commercial benefits to business and the prosperity of the city as a whole [15Abd].

2.5. Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light Control System Using
Light Dependent Resistor
The street lights are the major requirements in today’s life for safety purposes
and avoiding accidents during night. Providing street lighting is one of the most
important and expensive responsibilities of a city. Lighting can account for 10-38% of
the total energy bill in typical cities worldwide. Street lighting is a particularly critical
concern for public authorities in developing countries because of its strategic
importance for economic and social stability. The fixtures of street lights indirectly
have assisted the public and government in reduction of crime rate and accidents in
the area. It also encourages social inclusion by providing an environment in which
people feel they can walk in hours of darkness. Despite that in today’s busy lifestyle
no one bothers to switch it OFF/ON when not required. Inefficient lighting wastes
significant financial resources each year, and poor lighting creates unsafe conditions.
Energy efficient technologies and design can cut street lighting costs dramatically
[16Ram].
The main consideration in the present field technologies are Automation,
Power consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man
power with the help of intelligent systems. Power saving is the main consideration
forever as the sources of the power are getting diminished due to various reasons.
Designing a cost efficient system is very important as the requirement is more. In
order to overcome this problem, automatic street light control methods is introduced.
The main objective of our project is to provide a better solution to minimize the
electrical wastage in operating street lights, in this era of automation humans are
 14

restless and are not in a position to regulate the manual operations in any field, a rapid
advancement in embedded systems has paved path for the design and development of
microcontroller based automatic control systems. Our project presents an automatic
street light controller using LDR [16Ram].
By using this system manual works are removed. The street lights are
automatically switched ON when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our
eyes. It automatically switches OFF the street lights under illumination by sunlight. It
is a simple and powerful concept, to switch ON/OFF the street light system
automatically. It automatically switches ON the streetlight when the sunlight goes
below the visible region of our eyes and switches OFF the streetlight when ample
amount of sunlight is available. The component used for light sensing is a LDR. By
using the LDR, user can operate the streetlight automatically, when ample amount of
light is available the streetlight will be in the OFF state and when it is dark the light
will be in ON state, it means LDR resistance is inversely proportional to light falling
on it. When the light falls on the LDR it sends the commands to the control circuit
that it should be in the OFF state and the streetlight turns OFF. This thesis exploits the
working of the transistor in saturation region and cut-off region to switch ON and
switch OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help of an electromagnetically
operated switch. In today’s world, streetlights are very much required in populated
regions. Due to busy lifestyle of humans, switching operations on streetlights are not
carried out on time, and a huge amount of electricity is being wasted. In the present
system it is observed that streetlights are not turned OFF even when there is ample
amount of light after sun rise and are turned ON even before sunset. Even in timer
based street light control systems, the ON and OFF time differ noticeably during
sunny and rainy days. To overcome these problems, an automatic streetlight controller
is to be designed [16Ram].

2.6. Street Light Energy Conversation System Using PIR Sensor

Basically, street lighting is one of the important parts of a city’s infrastructure
where the main function is to illuminate the city’s streets during dark hours of the day.
In early days, the number of streets in the town and city were very less. Therefore, the
street lamps are relatively simple but with the development of urbanization, the
number of streets increases rapidly with high traffic density which highlighted There
are several factors need to be considered in order to design a good street lighting
 15

system such as night-time safety for community members and road users, provide
public lighting at cost effective, the reduction of crime and minimizing its effect on
the environment.
At the beginning, street lamps were controlled by manual control where a
control switch was fitted in each of the street lamps. It is called first generation of the
original street light. After that, another method that has been used was optical control
method. This method is using high pressure sodium lamp in their system. It can be
seen that this method is widely used in the country nowadays. This method operates
by using optical control circuit, change the resistance by using of light sensitive
device to control street lamps light up automatically at dusk and turn off automatically
after dawn in the morning. Due to the technological development nowadays, road
lighting can be categorized according to the installation area, performance and their
use, for example, lighting for traffic routes, lighting for subsidiary roads and lighting
for urban center and public amenity areas. While, the sensor network helps in
improving the network sensing for street lighting as highlighted meanwhile, street
lighting technology can be classified according to the type of lamps used such as
incandescent light, mercury vapour light, metal halide light, high pressure sodium
light, low pressure sodium light, fluorescent light, compact fluorescent light,
induction light and LED light [16Nag].

2.6.1. Hardware Specification

In hardware specification, the components for the proposed system have been
classified based on the components group; input, output and controller. Three type of
the input have been used in this system; clock, power supply and sensor. The clock
has been used to provide clock oscillation to the microcontroller while the power
supply is used to power up the overall system. The supply is controlled by the switch
for power switch on and off. Two type of sensor have been used including vector and
non-vector type sensor. The function of dark or light sensor module is to detect the
surrounding light level. LDR has been used to detect and measured the surrounding
light level. All light response or changing is measured in volt. PIR sensors are used in
this paper. Their functions to sense the objective that will pass through the street, at
the same time give a signal to the microcontroller to turn on the lamp. The idea to
save the energy, where the systems have been designed to light ON the lamp in the
 16

night only and only if there is any object passes through the street. Except to that the
light will be OFF [16Nag].

2.6.2. Design Architecture

The system development is start with the design architecture of the proposed
design. Transparent block diagram has been used to outline the proposed design as
shown in Figure 1.Three main components have been identified as the inputs to the
system; clock, power, Vector input, while one have been declared as the output of this
system; the LED module. The light detection, ON-OFF control and presence of
vehicles are the three processes managed and controller by the microcontroller based
on the input from the PIR sensor, light sensor and the brightness of the LED module
is controlled by the light intensity block based on the input from microcontroller.
Figure 2.2 shows the transparent block diagram of Street Lighting system [16Nag].

Figure 2.2. Transparent Block Diagram of Street Lighting System [16Nag]

2.7. Summary
The literature review for the automatic street light control system has been
described in this chapter. The basic concepts of street lighting using PLC, SCADA,
Microcontroller, LDR, PIR and GSM have been discussed. And four paper have been
 17

reviewed in this chapter. Moreover, the contribution of the research work has been
described in this chapter. The device and components will be presented in the next
chapter.