Assignment 2

Title: Design and Develop SQL DDL statements which demonstrate the use of SQL objects such
as Table, View, Index, Sequence, Synonym, different constraints etc.

Theory:

Structured Query Language(SQL) as we all know is the database language by the use of which
we can perform certain operations on the existing database and also we can use this language to
create a database. SQL uses certain commands like Create, Drop, Insert, etc. to carry out the
required tasks.

These SQL commands are mainly categorized into four categories as:

1. DDL – Data Definition Language

2. DQL – Data Query Language

3. DML – Data Manipulation Language

4. DCL – Data Control Language

DDL is an abbreviation of Data Definition Language.

The DDL Commands in Structured Query Language are used to create and modify the schema of
the database and its objects. The syntax of DDL commands is predefined for describing the data.
The commands of Data Definition Language deal with how the data should exist in the database.

Following are the five DDL commands in SQL:

1. CREATE Command

2. DROP Command

3. ALTER Command

4. TRUNCATE Command

5. RENAME Command

CREATE Command

CREATE is a DDL command used to create databases, tables, triggers and other database
objects.
Examples of CREATE Command in SQL

Example 1: This example describes how to create a new database using the CREATE DDL
command.

Syntax to Create a Database:

CREATE Database Database_Name;

Suppose, you want to create a Books database in the SQL database. To do this, you have to write
the following DDL Command:

Create Database Books;

Example 2: This example describes how to create a new table using the CREATE DDL
command.

Syntax to create a new table:

CREATE TABLE table_name

column_Name1 data_type ( size of the column ) ,

column_Name2 data_type ( size of the column) ,

column_Name3 data_type ( size of the column) ,

...

column_NameN data_type ( size of the column )

);

Suppose, you want to create a Student table with five columns in the SQL database. To do this,
we have to write the following DDL command:

CREATE TABLE Student

Roll_No. Int ,

First_Name Varchar (20) ,

Last_Name Varchar (20) ,

Marks Int ,

);

Example 3: This example describes how to create a new index using the CREATE DDL
command.

Syntax to Create a new index:

CREATE INDEX Name_of_Index ON Name_of_Table (column_name_1 , column_name_2 ,

Let's take the Student table:

Stu_Id Name Marks City State

100 Abhay 80 Noida U.P

101 Sushil 75 Jaipur Rajasthan

102 Ankit 90 Gurgaon Haryana

103 Yogesh 93 Lucknow U.P

Suppose, you want to create an index on the combination of the City and State field of
the Student table. For this, we have to use the following DDL command:

CREATE INDEX index_city_State ON Employee (Emp_City, Emp_State);

Example 4: This example describes how to create a trigger in the SQL database using the
DDL CREATE command.
Syntax to create a trigger:

CREATE TRIGGER [trigger_name]

[ BEFORE | AFTER ]

{ INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE }

ON [table_name] ;

DROP Command

DROP is a DDL command used to delete/remove the database objects from the SQL database.
We can easily remove the entire table, view, or index from the database using this DDL
command.

Examples of DROP Command in SQL

Example 1: This example describes how to remove a database from the SQL database.

Syntax to remove a database:

DROP DATABASE Database_Name;

Suppose, you want to delete the Books database from the SQL database. To do this, you have to
write the following DDL command:

1. DROP DATABASE Books;

Example 2: This example describes how to remove the existing table from the SQL
database.

Syntax to remove a table:

DROP TABLE Table_Name;

Suppose, you want to delete the Student table from the SQL database. To do this, you have to
write the following DDL command:

DROP TABLE Student;

Example 3: This example describes how to remove the existing index from the SQL
database.

Syntax to remove an index:

Suppose, you want to delete the index_city from the SQL database. To do this, you have to write
the following DDL command:

DROP INDEX Index_city;

ALTER Command

ALTER is a DDL command which changes or modifies the existing structure of the database,
and it also changes the schema of database objects.

We can also add and drop constraints of the table using the ALTER command.

Examples of ALTER Command in SQL

Example 1: This example shows how to add a new field to the existing table.

Syntax to add a newfield in the table:

ALTER TABLE name_of_table ADD column_name column_definition;

Suppose, you want to add the 'Father's_Name' column in the existing Student table. To do this,
you have to write the following DDL command:

ALTER TABLE Student ADD Father's_Name Varchar(60);

Example 2: This example describes how to remove the existing column from the table.

Syntax to remove a column from the table:

ALTER TABLE name_of_table DROP Column_Name_1 , column_Name_2 , ….., colu

Suppose, you want to remove the Age and Marks column from the existing Student table. To do
this, you have to write the following DDL command:

ALTER TABLE StudentDROP Age, Marks;

Example 3: This example describes how to modify the existing column of the existing table.

Syntax to modify the column of the table:

Suppose, you want to change the character size of the Last_Namefield of the Student table. To
do this, you have to write the following DDL command:

ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY ( Last_Name varchar(25));

TRUNCATE Command

TRUNCATE is another DDL command which deletes or removes all the records from the table.

This command also removes the space allocated for storing the table records.

Syntax of TRUNCATE command

TRUNCATE TABLE Table_Name;

Example

Suppose, you want to delete the record of the Student table. To do this, you have to write the
following TRUNCATE DDL command:

TRUNCATE TABLE Student;

The above query successfully removed all the records from the student table. Let's verify it by
using the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Student;

RENAME Command

RENAME is a DDL command which is used to change the name of the database table.

Syntax of RENAME command

RENAME TABLE Old_Table_Name TO New_Table_Name;

Example

RENAME TABLE Student TO Student_Details ;

Conclusion: Thus we have studied SQL DDL statements which demonstrate the use of SQL
objects such as Table, View, Index, Sequence
Note : use all the above commands in my sql take screen
shots of all the above commands and attach printouts.