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Log Problems Exponential Problems.

An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 occurred. The formula provided can be used to calculate the magnitude and energy of earthquakes. It was then used to calculate that the energy released by this 7.2 magnitude earthquake was 3.98 x 1022 ergs. Additional information is provided about calculating sound intensity using decibels, the Richter scale, and exponential functions.

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May Flor Malagamba
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41 views

Log Problems Exponential Problems.

An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 occurred. The formula provided can be used to calculate the magnitude and energy of earthquakes. It was then used to calculate that the energy released by this 7.2 magnitude earthquake was 3.98 x 1022 ergs. Additional information is provided about calculating sound intensity using decibels, the Richter scale, and exponential functions.

Uploaded by

May Flor Malagamba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An Earthquake registered with a magnitude of 7.2.

The formula below can be used to calculate


magnitude and energy (ergs) of an Earthquake. What was the energy of the Earthquake?

2 E
M= log 11.8
3 10
2 E
7.2= log 10 11.8 ❑
3 10
2 E 3
[ 7.2= log 10 11.8 ¿
3 10 2

E
10.8 = log 10 11.8
❑
10
Base = 10

Exponent = 10.8

E
Power = 11.8
❑
10
E
Change to exponential form 1010.8 = 11.8
❑
10
Energy released, E = 1010.8 1011.8= 3.98 x 1022ergs

SOUND INTENSITY

Measured using the Decibel scale (named after Alexander Graham Bell) measures the loudness in
decibels (dB). Every increase of 10 dB represents a ten-fold increase in loudness. For example, the
increase in loudness when comparing a refrigerator to an air-conditioner is 20 dB. This is 2-increases of
10 dB, so the increase in loudness is 102 or 100 times.

I 1−−−−−−−−−−intensity of sound
Loudness of Sound L = 10log
I o −Faintest intensity of sound

How many more intense is the sound of a piano playing (67dB) than a whisper (22 db)?

Times= 100.1 (P−W )= 100.1 (67−22) =100.1 (45)= 104.5 =¿31, 622.78 times

What is the loudness, to the nearest dB, of Mr. Smith’s reading voice?

Times= 100.1 ( S− R)

15.8= 100.1 ( 6 1−R )

log 10 15.8=0.1(61-R)
1.199 0.1(61−R)
=
0.1 0.1
11.99= 61-R

R= 61-11.99= 49dB

In 1935, Charles Richter, proposed a logarithmic scale to measure the intensity of an Earthquake. He
defined the magnitude of an Earthquake as a function of its amplitude on a standard seismograph. The
following formula produces the same results, but is based on the energy released by an Earthquake.

2 E
Earthquake magnitude on a Richter scale: R = log 10 4.40
3 10
Where E is( is the energy released by the earthquake (the quantity 104.40joules is the energy released by a
very small reference Earthquake.)

Example:

Supposed that an earthquake released approximately 1012joules of energy.

a. What is its magnitude on a Richter Scale?


b. How much more energy does this earthquake release than reference earthquake?

a. Solution:

E = 1012

2 E
R= log 10 4.40
3 10
12
2 10
R= log 10 4.40
3 10
2 7.6
R= log 10 10
3
2
R= 7.6 = 5.1
3
b. Solution:
12
10
The earthquake releases =
10❑ 4.40
7.6
10 =39810717×more energy thanthe reference earthquake

SOUND INTENSITY

I
In acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of a sound is : D = 10 log 10 −12
10
Where I is the sound intensity in watts/m2 (the quantity 10−12 watts/m2is the least audible sound a
human can hear.)

Example:

The decibel level of sound in a quite office is 10−6 watts/m2.

a. What is the corresponding sound intensity in decibels?


b. How much more intense is this sound than the least audible sound a human can hear?
a. Solution:
−6
I 10
D = 10 log 10
6
−12 = 10 log 10 −12 = 10log 10 10 = 10 (6)= 60 decibels.
10 10
−6
10 6
b. Solution: −12 = 10 =
10
= 1,000,000 more intense that the least audible sound a human can hear.

ACIDITY AND THE pH SCALE

The pH level of a water-based solution is defined as pH= -log[H+]

Where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter. Solutions with a

pH level = 7 are defined neutral, those with pH< 7 are acidic, and those with pH > 7 are basic.

Example:

A 1-liter solutions contains 0.00001 moles of hydrogen ions. Find its pH level.

Solution:

0.00001= 10-5

pH= - log[H+]

pH= - log 10-5= - (-5) = 5

5< 7, acidic

PERFORMANCE TASK:

1. What is the magnitude in a Richter scale of a earthquake that released 1014 joules of energy?
How much more energy does this earthquake release than that of the reference earthquake?
2. Suppose the intensity of a sound of a jet during the takeoff is 100 watts/m2. What is the
corresponding sound intensity in decibels? How much more intense is this sound than the least
audible sound as human can hear?

REPRESENTING REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS USING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Solve the following :


1. A culture of 1,000 bacteria in a petri dish doubles every hour.
a. Complete the table:

t 0 1 2 3 4
No. of 1,000 2,000 4,000 8,000
bacteria

After 6 hours, how many bacteria will there be in a culture?

b. Write an exponential model/ formula to for a number of bacteria.


y = yo(2)t/T

y= 1,000(2)6/1= 1,000(64) = 64,000 bacteria

2. The half-life of a radio-active substance is 12 hours and there are 1,000 grams, initially.
Complete the table:

t 0 12 24 36 48
Amount 1,000 500 250

How much of the substance will be left after 60 hours?

Write an exponential model/ formula to for the half-life of a substance left.

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