2 Derivatives

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Topics for this week

Derivative by laws, rules, theorems

2
Definition of Derivative(Review)
Definition derivative of f at a number a:
The derivative of a function f at a number a, denoted by f (a ), is

𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑎)
if this limit exists. 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

Definition The derivative function:

If we replace a in Equation 1 by a variable x, we obtain

′
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

We can regard f  as a new function, called the derivative of f and defined 3

Derivative by laws, rules, theorems

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Differentiation Formulas

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Five Derivative Rules
′
𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑓′(𝑥) Constant Multiple rule
𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) ′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ± 𝑔′(𝑥) Sum Rule and difference rule

𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) ′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥) Product Rule

′
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥) Quotient Rule
=
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)2

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥) ′ = 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥) Chain Rule

6
 Five Derivative Rules(Another notation)

𝑑 𝑑 Constant Multiple rule

[𝑐𝑓 𝑥 ] = 𝑐 [𝑓 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 Sum Rule and difference rule
[𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 ] = [𝑓 𝑥 ] ± [𝑔 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 Product Rule
[𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 ] = [𝑓 𝑥 ]𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓 𝑥 [𝑔 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 Quotient Rule
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) [𝑓 𝑥 ]𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) [𝑔 𝑥 ]
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 Chain Rule
[𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ] = [𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 ] [𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7
Some Known Results

(c)’ =0 𝑥 𝑛 ′ = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑒𝑥 ′ = 𝑒𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑎) 1 1
ln(𝑥) ′ = log 𝑏 𝑥 ′ =
𝑥 𝑥 ln(𝑏)
sin 𝑥 ′ = cos 𝑥 csc 𝑥 ′ = −csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 1 1
sin−1 𝑥 ′ = csc −1 𝑥 ′ =−
1− 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
cos 𝑥 ′ = − sin 𝑥 sec 𝑥 ′ = sec 𝑥tan x 1 1
cos −1 𝑥 ′
=− sec −1 𝑥 ′
=
1− 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
tan 𝑥 ′ = sec 2 𝑥 cot 𝑥 ′ = −csc 2 𝑥 1 1
tan−1 𝑥 ′
= cot −1 𝑥 ′
=−
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2

8
Proof of Sum Rule
Let 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝐹 𝑥+ℎ −𝐹(𝑥)
F′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ +𝑔 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔(𝑥)

= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥+ℎ −𝑔(𝑥)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥+ℎ −𝑔 𝑥
= lim +
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥+ℎ −𝑔 𝑥
= lim + lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑔′(𝑥)
9
 ′
Proof of 𝑐 = 0
Let’s start with the simplest of all functions, the constant function f(x) = c.
The graph of this function is the horizontal line y = c, which has slope 0, so we
must have f ( x ) = 0. (See Figure 1.)

The graph of f(x) = c is the line y = c,

so f ( x ) = 0.

Figure 1

10
 ′
Proof of 𝑐 = 0
A formal proof, from the definition of a derivative, is also easy:

f ( x + h) − f ( x ) c −c
f  ( x ) = lim = lim = lim 0 = 0
h →0 h h →0 h h →0

In Leibniz notation, we write this rule as follows.

Derivative of a Constant Function

d
(c ) = 0
dx

11
 ′
Proof of 𝑥 = 1 (graphical proof)
The graph of f(x) = x is the line y = x, which has slope 1. (See Figure 2.)

𝑑
So 𝑥 =1
𝑑𝑥

The graph of f(x) = x is the line y = x, so f ( x ) = 1.

Figure 2

12
 ′
Proof of 𝑥 = 1 (algebraic proof)
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
Then 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ =𝑥+ℎ
So
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′ 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑥+ℎ−𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

= lim 1
ℎ→0

=1 13
 4 ′ 3
Proof of 𝑥 = 4𝑥
For n = 4 we find the derivative of f ( x ) = x 4 as follows:
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
( x + h) − x4
4

= lim
h →0 h
x 4 + 4 x 3 h + 6 x 2h 2 + 4 xh 3 + h 4 − x 4
= lim
h →0 h
4 x 3 h + 6 x 2h 2 + 4 xh 3 + h 4
= lim
h →0 h
= (
lim 4 x 3 + 6 x 2h + 4 xh 2 + h3
h →0
)
= 4x 3

𝑑 4
𝑥 = 4𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 14
 𝑛 ′ 𝑛−1
Power rule 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥

The Power Rule If n is a positive integer, then

d
dx
( )
x n = nx n −1

15
General Power Functions
The Quotient Rule can be used to extend the Power Rule to the case where
the exponent is a negative integer.

If n is a positive integer, then

d
dx
( )
x − n = −nx − n −1

16
General Power Functions
The Power Rule (General Version) If n is any real number, then

d
dx
( )
x n = nx n −1

17
Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions
Let’s show that if f(x) = sin x, then f ( x ) = cos x.
From the definition of a derivative, we have

f ( x + h) − f ( x ) sin ( x + h ) − sin x
f ′ ( x ) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin x
= lim
h →0 h
 sin x cos h − sin x cos x sin h 
= lim  + 
h →0
 h h 

18
Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions
  cos h − 1   sin h  
= lim sin x   + cos x  
h →0
  h   h 
cos h − 1 sin h
1 = lim sin x  lim + lim cos x  lim
h →0 h →0 h h →0 h →0 h

Two of these four limits are easy to evaluate. Since we regard x as a constant
when computing a limit as h → 0, we have

lim sin x = sin x and lim cos x = cos x

h →0 h →0

19
Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions
Putting these limits into (1), we get

So we have proved the formula for the derivative of the sine function:

𝑑
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

20
Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions
Using the same methods as in the proof of Formula 2, we can prove that
d
3 ( cos x ) = − sin x
dx

The tangent function can also be differentiated by using the definition of a

derivative, but it is easier to use the Quotient Rule together with Formulas 2
and 3:
d d  sin x 
( tan x ) = 
dx dx  cos x 

21
Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions

d d
cos x ( sin x ) − sin x ( cos x )
= dx dx
cos2 x
cos x  cos x − sin x ( − sin x )
=
cos2 x
cos2 x + sin2 x
=
cos2 x
1
= 2
= sec 2
x
cos x

22
Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions
We collect all the differentiation formulas for trigonometric functions in the
following table. Remember that they are valid only when x is measured in
radians.
Table of Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

d d
( sin x ) = cos x ( csc x ) = − csc x cot x
dx dx
d d
( cos x ) = − sin x ( sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx dx
d d
( tan x ) = sec 2 x ( cot x ) = − csc 2 x
dx dx

23
Derivatives of the Exponential Functions
Find the derivative function of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥
Solution:
(a) From Definition of derivative of a function we have

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑒 𝑥+ℎ − 𝑒 𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑒 𝑥𝑒ℎ − 𝑒 𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
24
Derivatives of the Exponential Functions
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 ℎ −1)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑒ℎ − 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

= 𝑒𝑥 ∙ 1

= 𝑒𝑥
25
Derivatives of the Logarithmic Functions
Find the derivative function of 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥)
Solution:
(a) From Definition of derivative of a function we have

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

ln(𝑥 + ℎ) − ln(𝑥)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑥+ℎ
ln
𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
26
Derivatives of the Logarithmic Functions
ℎ
ln 1 +
𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ
ln 1 + 𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
∙𝑥
𝑥
ℎ
1 ln 1 + 𝑥
= lim
𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑥
ln 1 + 𝑥
1 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 : lim =1
= 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥 27
Examples

28
Example 1(i)
(a) If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥11 then 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 11𝑥11−1 = 11𝑥10
(b) If 𝑦 = 𝑥1100 then 𝑦 ′ = 1100𝑥1100−1 = 11𝑥1099

(c) If 𝑦 = 𝑠 8 then 𝑑𝑦 = 8𝑥 8−1 = 8𝑥 7

𝑑𝑠
𝑑 3 2
(d) 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 = 3𝑟

29
Example 1(ii)
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 −1
(a) If 𝑦 = 𝑥 then = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑥 −2
1
=− 2
𝑥

𝑑 8 𝑑 −4
= 8𝑡
(b) 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 −4
=8 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= 8 −4 𝑡 −4−1

32
=− 5
𝑡 30
Example 2
(a)
d
dx
(
3x 4 ) = 3
d
dx
( )
x4

= 3 ( 4x ) 3

= 12 x 3

d d
(b) ( −x ) = ( −1) x 
dx dx
d
= ( −1) ( x )
dx
= −1(1)
= −1

31
Example 3

𝑑 9 6 2
𝑑 9 𝑑 6
𝑑 2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 16𝑥 − 4 = 𝑥 + 7𝑥 + −5𝑥 + 16𝑥 + −4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 9 𝑑 6 𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 +7 𝑥 −5 𝑥 + 16 𝑥 + −4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 9𝑥 8 + 7 6𝑥 5 − 5 2𝑥 + 16(1) + 0

= 9𝑥 8 + 42𝑥 5 − 10𝑥 + 16

32
Example 4
( )( )
Find F  ( x ) if F ( x ) = 6 x 3 7 x 4 .

Solution:
By the Product Rule, we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
F  ( x ) = 6x 3 d
dx
7x + 7x
4 4 d
dx
6x 3

= ( 6 x )( 28 x ) + ( 7 x )(18 x )
3 3 4 2

= 168 x 6 + 126 x 6
= 294 x 6

33
Example 4 : Another Way
( )( )
Find F  ( x ) if F ( x ) = 6 x 3 7 x 4 .

Solution:

F′(𝑥) = 6𝑥 3 7𝑥 4 ′

= 42𝑥 7 ′

= 42 𝑥 7 ′

= 42 ∙ 7𝑥 7−1

= 294𝑥 6
34
Example 5
Find F’(x) if F 𝑥 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥

Solution:

F′(𝑥) = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ′

= 𝑥 ′ cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ′
= 1 ∙ cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

= cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥

35
Example 6
Differentiate the function f ( t ) = t ( a + bt ) .
Solution 1:
Using the Product Rule, we have
d
f  (t ) = t
dt
( a + bt ) (
+ a + bt )
d
dt
( t)
1
= t  b + ( a + bt )  t −1 2
2
a + bt a + 3bt
=b t + =
2 t 2 t

36
Example 6 – Solution 2
If we first use the laws of exponents to rewrite f(t), then we can proceed directly
without using the Product Rule.

f ( t ) = a t + bt t = at 1 2 + bt 3 2
1 −1 2 3 1 2
f  ( t ) = at + bt
2 2

which is equivalent to the answer given in Solution 1.

37
Example 7
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2
Let 𝑦= then
𝑥3 + 6

𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 ′ 𝑥3 + 6 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 𝑥3 + 6 ′
𝑦′ =
𝑥3 + 6 2

2𝑥 + 1 𝑥 3 + 6 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 3𝑥 2
=
𝑥3 + 6 2

2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 + 6 − 3𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2
=
𝑥3 + 6 2

−𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 6
=
𝑥3 + 6 2

38
The Quotient Rule
Note:
Don’t use the Quotient Rule every time you see a quotient.
Sometimes it’s easier to rewrite a quotient first to put it in a form that is simpler
for the purpose of differentiation.
For instance, although it is possible to differentiate the function

3x 2 + 2 x
F (x) =
x

Using the Quotient Rule.

39
The Quotient Rule
It is much easier to perform the division first and write the function as

F ( x ) = 3 x + 2 x −1 2

before differentiating.

40
Example 8
Find F(x) if F ( x ) = x 2 + 1.
Solution 1:
(Using Formula 1): We have expressed F as F ( x ) = ( f g ) = f ( g ( x ) ) where
f (u ) = u and g ( x ) = x 2 + 1.

Since 1 2 1
−1
f (u ) = u =
 and g  ( x ) = 2x
2 2 u

we have F ( x ) = f  (g ( x ))  g ( x )

1 x
=  2x =
2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
41
Example 8 – Solution 2
(Using Formula 2): If we let u = x 2 + 1 and y = u , then
dy du
F( x) =
du dx
1
= ( 2x )
2 u
1
= ( 2x )
2 x +1
2

x
=
x2 + 1

42
Example 8 – Solution 3
Find F’(x) if F 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1

Solution:

′ 1/2 ′ 1
F′(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 1 ′ Note: 𝑥 = 𝑥 =
2 𝑥
1
= 𝑥2 + 1 ′
2 𝑥 2 +1

1
= 2𝑥
2 𝑥 2 +1

𝑥
=
𝑥 2 +1

43
Example 9
𝑥+ ln(𝑥)
Find F’(x) if F 𝑥 = 8𝑥𝑒 − 2𝑥
6𝑥

Solution:

ln(𝑥)
F′(𝑥) = 8𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + − 2𝑥 ′
6𝑥
ln 𝑥 ′
𝑥 ′
= 8𝑥𝑒 + − 2𝑥 ′
6𝑥

1 ln 𝑥 ′
=8 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ′ + − 2𝑥 ln(2) Note: 𝑎 𝑥 ′ = 𝑎 𝑥 ln(𝑎)
6 𝑥

′𝑒 𝑥 1 ln 𝑥 ′ 𝑥−ln 𝑥 𝑥 ′
=8 𝑥 + 8𝑥 𝑒𝑥 ′+ − 2𝑥 ln(2)
6 𝑥2

44
Example 9
′𝑒 𝑥 1 ln 𝑥 ′ 𝑥−ln 𝑥 𝑥 ′
=8 𝑥 + 8𝑥 𝑒𝑥 ′+ − 2𝑥 ln(2)
6 𝑥2

1
1 𝑥𝑥−ln 𝑥 ∙1
= 8𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥
8𝑥𝑒 + − 2𝑥 ln(2)
6 𝑥2

1−ln 𝑥
= 8𝑒 𝑥 + 8𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + − 2𝑥 ln(2)
6𝑥 2

45
Example 10
Find F’(x) if F 𝑥 = 5tan(𝑥)

Solution:

F′(𝑥) = 5tan(𝑥) ′ Note: 𝑎 𝑥 ′ = 𝑎 𝑥 ln(𝑎)

= 5tan(𝑥) ln(5) tan(𝑥) ′

= 5tan(𝑥) ln(5) sec 2 (𝑥)

46
Example 10
Find F’(x) if F 𝑥 = 5tan(𝑥)

Solution:
𝑑 𝑑 tan(𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝐹(𝑥) = 5 ∙ tan(𝑥) 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑(tan 𝑥 ) 𝑑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

= 5tan(𝑥) ln(5) sec 2 (𝑥)

47
 Chain Rule: another look
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 sin 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥
sin 𝑒 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑒 𝑑 𝑥

𝑑
sin 𝑦 = cos 𝑦 = cos 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
sin 𝑥 2 = cos 𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 = sin 𝑦
𝑑 𝑥2 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑥 = cos 𝑒 𝑥
sin 𝑒
𝑑 𝑒𝑥

48
Example 11
𝑥) + sin 𝑥
Find F’(x) if F 𝑥 = 3 𝑥 sec(4
𝑥

Solution:

sin 𝑥
F′(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 sec(4𝑥 ) + ′
𝑥
sin 𝑥 ′
𝑥 ′
= 3 𝑥 sec(4 ) +
𝑥

sin 𝑥 ′
= 3 𝑥 sec(4𝑥 ) ′ +
𝑥

′ sec(4 𝑥 ) sin 𝑥 ′ 𝑥−sin 𝑥 𝑥 ′

=3 𝑥 + 3𝑥 sec(4𝑥 ) ′+
𝑥2

49
Example 11

′ sec(4 𝑥 ) sin 𝑥 ′ 𝑥−sin 𝑥 𝑥 ′

=3 𝑥 + 3𝑥 sec(4𝑥 ) ′+
𝑥2

cos 𝑥 𝑥−sin 𝑥
= 3sec(4𝑥 ) + 3𝑥sec(4𝑥 ) tan(4𝑥 )(4𝑥 )′ +
𝑥2

cos 𝑥 𝑥−sin 𝑥
= 3sec(4𝑥 ) + 3𝑥sec(4𝑥 ) tan(4𝑥 ) 4𝑥 ln(4) +
𝑥2

50
Implicitly Defined Functions

51
Implicitly Defined Functions (1 of 5)
The functions that we have met so far can be described by expressing one
variable explicitly in terms of another variable—for example,

y = x 3 + 1 or y = x sin x

or, in general, y = f(x).

Some functions, however, are defined implicitly by a relation between x and y
such as
1 x 2 + y 2 = 25

or

2 x 3 + y 3 = 6 xy
52
Implicitly Defined Functions (2 of 5)
In some cases it is possible to solve such an equation for y as an
explicit function (or several functions) of x.

For instance, if we solve Equation 1 for y, we get y =  25 − x ,

2

so two of the functions determined by the implicit Equation 1 are

f ( x ) = 25 − x 2 and g ( x ) = − 25 − x 2 .

53
Implicitly Defined Functions (3 of 5)
The graphs of f and g are the upper and lower semicircles of the circle
x 2 + y 2 = 25. (See Figure 1.)

Figure 1

54
Implicitly Defined Functions (4 of 5)
It’s not easy to solve Equation 2 for y explicitly as a function of x by hand. (Even
if we use technology, the resulting expressions are very complicated.)

Nonetheless, (2) is the equation of a curve called the folium of Descartes

shown in Figure 2 and it implicitly defines y as several functions of x.

The folium of Descartes

Figure 2

55
Implicitly Defined Functions (5 of 5)
The graphs of three such functions are shown in Figure 3.

Graphs of three functions defined by the folium of Descartes

Figure 3

When we say that f is a function defined implicitly by Equation 2, we mean that

the equation
x + f ( x )  = 6 xf ( x )
3 3

is true for all values of x in the domain of f.

56
Implicit Differentiation

57
Implicit Differentiation (1 of 1)
Fortunately, we don’t need to solve an equation for y in terms of x in order to
find the derivative of y. Instead we can use the method of implicit
differentiation.

This consists of differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x and
then solving the resulting equation for dy/dx.

In the examples and exercises of this section it is always assumed that the
given equation determines y implicitly as a differentiable function of x so that
the method of implicit differentiation can be applied.

58
Example 12
dy
If x + y = 25, find
2 2
.
dx
Then find an equation of the tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25 at the point (3, 4).
Solution 1:
Differentiate both sides of the equation x 2 + y 2 = 25 :

d 2 d
(x + y 2 ) = (25)
dx dx
d 2 d 2
(x ) + (y ) = 0
dx dx

59
Example 12 – Solution (1 of 3)
Remembering that y is a function of x and using the Chain Rule, we have
d 2 d 2 dy
(y ) = (y )
dx dy dx
dy
= 2y
dx

Thus dy
2 x + 2y =0
dx

dy
Now we solve this equation for :
dx
dy x
=−
dx y
60
Example 12 – Solution (2 of 3)
At the point (3, 4) we have x = 3 and y = 4, so
dy 3
=−
dx 4
An equation of the tangent to the circle at (3, 4) is therefore
3
y −4= − ( x − 3 ) or 3 x + 4y = 25
4
Solution 2:
Solving the equation x 2 + y 2 = 25 for y, we get y =  25 − x 2 .
The point (3, 4) lies on the upper semicircle y = 25 − x 2 and so we consider
the function f ( x ) = 25 − x 2 .

61
Example 12 – Solution (3 of 3)
Differentiating f using the Chain Rule, we have
1
1 2 2 d
−
f ( x ) = (25 − x ) (25 − x 2 )
2 dx
1
1 − x
= (25 − x 2 ) 2 ( −2 x ) = −
2 25 − x 2

At the point (3, 4) we have

3 3
f (3) = − =−
25 − 32 4

and, as in Solution 1, an equation of the tangent is 3x + 4y = 25.

62
Example 13
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑦′ or if 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 = 3 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

Solution 1:
𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 = 3 𝑥 2
𝑑 3 𝑑
𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 3 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 + 𝑥 ∙𝑦+𝑥 = 3 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

63
Example 13
𝑑 3 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 + 𝑥 ∙𝑦+𝑥 = 3 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑦 +𝑦 + 𝑥 = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
3𝑦 2 +𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 6𝑥 − 𝑦
= 2
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 + 𝑥

64
Example 13
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑦′ or if 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 = 3 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

Solution 2:
𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 = 3 𝑥 2

𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 3 𝑥2 ′

𝑦 3 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 3 𝑥2 ′

3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 ′ 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 3 2𝑥

65
Example 13

3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 ′ 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 3 2𝑥

3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥

3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥

3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 − 𝑦

3𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 − 𝑦

6𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑦′ = 2
3𝑦 + 𝑥
66
Example 14
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑦′ or if sin 𝑦 + 𝑥 5 = 𝑦 4 + 7𝑥
𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑦 + 𝑥 5 = 𝑦 4 + 7𝑥
sin 𝑦 + 𝑥 5 ′ = 𝑦 4 + 7𝑥 ′

sin 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 5 ′ = 𝑦 4 ′ + 7𝑥 ′

cos 𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 ′ + 5𝑥 4 = 4𝑦 3 𝑦 ′ + 7

67
Example 14

cos 𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 ′ + 5𝑥 4 = 4𝑦 3 𝑦 ′ + 7

cos 𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 3 𝑦 ′ = 7 − 5𝑥 4

cos 𝑦 − 4𝑦 3 𝑦 ′ = 7 − 5𝑥 4

4
7 − 5𝑥
𝑦′ =
cos 𝑦 − 4𝑦 3

68
Example 15
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑦′ or if 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 = 2 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 = 2 𝑥 3

𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ′ = 2 𝑥3 ′

𝑒𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 2 ′ = 2 𝑥3 ′

𝑒𝑦 𝑦′ + 𝑥 ′𝑦2 + 𝑥 𝑦2 ′ = 2 3𝑥 2

69
Example 15

𝑒𝑦 𝑦′ + 𝑥 ′𝑦2 + 𝑥 𝑦2 ′ = 2 3𝑥 2

𝑒 𝑦 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 2

𝑒 𝑦 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

(𝑒 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
2 2
6𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑦′ = 𝑦
𝑒 + 2𝑥𝑦

70
Example 16
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑦′ or if 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution 1:
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑥)

′ 𝑥 ln(𝑥) ′
𝑦 = 𝑒

′
= 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑥) 𝑥 ln(𝑥)
′ ′
= 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑥) 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑥 ln(𝑥)
1
=𝑒 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 1
71
Example 16
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑦′ or if 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution 2:
ln(𝑦) = ln(𝑥 𝑥 )
ln(𝑦) = xln(𝑥)
ln(𝑦) ′ = xln(𝑥) ′
1 ′ ′
𝑦 = 𝑥 ′ ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑦
1
= ln 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 1 72
Example 17
1
Prove that sin−1 𝑥 ′ = using implicit differentiation
1 − 𝑥2
Solution : Let 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥

Then sin(𝑦) = sin(sin−1 𝑥)

sin(𝑦) = 𝑥
sin 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥′
cos 𝑦 𝑦 ′ = 1
1 1 1
𝑦′ = = =
cos 𝑦 1 − sin2 𝑦 1 − x2

73