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Signals Lecture

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23 views

Signals Lecture

Uploaded by

Ten Cruz
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Signal Processing ‘Signal processing isthe aeration e manipulation ef he chractesie of als parioustysectonc igs or cain purposes such as aniston rng, snd medusion. The primary appsin of smal pcessing in the cones of snag gna! 12 pia! signa. The modem wih & used A “cenmunzaton in computer nator I an exams of 2 pal proeasor that anuers ane stele sgl ane vee vers, Set Sa osm! oot sant w “) wo ‘ , oor, oo om Cunt Sohn x “i, wn 3.5 ~ 110034 oir ‘The Poses of Conversion of Aracg Sina to Ol Sonal Semng e Samping i th ist ip digital eign! processing (OSP) wher an analog ‘taal s sample at unform fn intra cae sami tie, Tyla analog gals re sampled ss than haf he pero he maximum Frequency ofthe analog gale acid ivomaton los, This i general now athe earpigthaorem, uantzation ‘Quanizaton ithe asiging ofthe samled values tothe nearest quantizing love Nocmaly, th signal ampli i ides ncaa number quanta evel or ‘sp om 2a tot asim vl, Th number of quant lve ers othe eect of ho yn. Higher recon in ny inplamarin to avid pobriil Encoding Ending te last tage in analy 0 dptl sons convrson where the quantized values is corweted to steams of binary sequence, Each quaking evel hss cotespencngunque gta code, Ths, the Ss reaut ea sil ial ‘Spectral Analysis ‘Spec analysis isthe process of exploring the frequency contet of analog ‘anals. This is ypically done by converting the tne-domain signals in fequensy orain using Four Transom [ANALOG SIGNALS. ‘slog sgnas are contnuous signals which have cartsin amplitudes in every Instant of te. These signs, such a the sinusoidal wave, are usualy define by a sings expression and may be represanted by = graphical curve. However, eae Signals are auto describe quantatvly. These signals are genealy represented In tea frms that canbe easy manips mathemataly eaten aso Soe inte and intnte duration signole Finite duraton signals ae tine ~ ited signals which have fie amotades for acorn ange of time. All pus signals ao lint dation snas. On the other hand, inne duration signals extends enceeey. Examples of tace are the exponent ise or day andthe pete signals. Sgnalso en-ntnteexentmay De rah sided for re (here a i ft) or et = sie ferr>. Signals at re zerofor <0 area cle aus Z Periodic and non-perlode signals Proc signasareinfite duration signals at epeatthe sae pater every constant ime interval, led the pted T. lading tis frmal detain, at) = (0) or en regen, ‘The expression, xl = snl represents a periods signal. Slgnalethat des repeat the samzatiem are nonpeiole. Time ned signals are rot peed Determiistle and random signals Signals which have amples that canbe pede for every instantaneous lime are cals determinists signals. Theea signals are goneray represented by rmatrematcal functions or its eauivalent gratia cures. Random signals, en he cotherhand have areliudes whch cannot be predicted for every instant of time. ‘Seeech, suo, and video signls are examples ofthese, All ska that convey Integer nfomaton are rendem signals Power and energy signals Pours signals are rats rite storage rant of power but ith nite very. Periodic signals ae the common example of hs. Signals wih rite eneray| ar calles nergy signals. Energy signal havo 200 sigral power since averaging inte ergy over nite See wil eal to zero, Tie rie signals of fie ample, cvoorentl dey, end camped sinueods are example of tees ‘Slonat Measures | anal presented as x ie absokroly integrable it is possesses fit bento area euch [ipiojar0 Bem [et — 60 Vat te [et ne eat [Cert Lemnos [eto — 20) =1fa ex=4(2)-24( Ex =3 Joules “mf ‘Operations on Analog Signals Ample ett at constant ko x every to form +a Amplitude sealing - multe signal values of by’ constant kte generate sat. ae) hey ii Time shit moves he entre signals), line witht ehangngts shape GGhen 2 sens! opeated a8 s()—s4¢—a) The vale of 4) at seer Time shitt-movee the ente sig), in tre without changing i shape Gwen signal operated as sina). The value of 0) at coneeponds te the value of) at 1=0. Hare the signal ya) a delayed (ehies othe ight by eee yea) meexueny utadc Time scaling - spsdtup or sows coun the signal time which rests in signal compression or expansion. ‘Th Sana gf) = 103) describes athveetl expansion of x) since issowed downto #2. On the other han, the signal) = x29 describes a wotks compression of (since is epceded up fo 2. Thief equivalent oploting the signal x) on anowrtime aie oat thelocations given by r= ae oF fet lar att) =x10/3) La Ip Reflection or folding - creates fied signal s(-) a8 a minorimage of x) abeut ‘he verbal ns passing trough he oi 1-0, a ‘Combined Signal Operations “The seal new time ais whore lar) canbe generate rms) by pling 5) geist 8. Tha siting and scaling operations can alo be tusad in euceesion. For example, to generat the signal x2!—6)em 31), te {eloving moths could be folowed: \iy-oL cone? ] +02 | Dare] 1021-0 seu syne) Me Here the ransfenmaton a) = (16)=12-3)] inate a dla of ony 3 (and no) unts because he signal 2 is ead compressed. Thiscan be checked by sketching the new time as cations. ciained fom 1=21—6. Example: 2) Forthe signal s)=1.%05152 etch the following: 20, J=1H0-D, gw=al-0, -2 Exanthte: 1 1 h(t) 3 234 a4 12 3 ar | | a oat acaatecanl xa npmusl aio sthia) 20 Fort slays 1122 nn atonlgH3)=90.8(3)80.5 702) Mose mane a} | sateen apes we a2 o v(t) = xE-2(t = 101 wo) = a(-2(0)42) w(t) = 2-202) + 29° x(0) ample: 28) Fortesgn! si) 15,0212 shee he fotowng: Ho, ft, g=al—n Ke 051-05) m4) beau yin 05205) Liaw hl 2) pre te signal in ems of tesa!) Pn 2 [ x 1. Piecewise Unit step pur) u(t) = fort>0 Fi =0, fort<0 ___,’ - undefined at 1 - _u(0)=0.5,u(t) is called the Heaviside unit step. 0 ri) = tut, fort20 f 7 20, fort

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