Course Code: CHE 026

Student Activity Sheet #2

Name:_____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:______________________________________ Date: _______________

Lesson title: Atom and Its Proponents Materials:

Lesson Objectives: ⚫ Pen, calculator, SAS,
At the end of the module, you should be able to: highlighter
1. Draw the atom with its subatomic particles
2. Compute for atomic number and mass number and of atoms. References:
3. Classify different set of elements as to isotopes, isotones and ⚫ General, Organic and
isobars. Biological Chemistry 6th Ed
4. Analyze atomic models proposed by various proponents. (Stoker, 2013)

Productivity Tip:
Clean your table and set aside possible distractions. Place any candy or chocolate in your table before you
start. Set your timer for 25 minutes. Focus working on the module until your timer sets off and rest for 5
minutes. Reward yourself with a candy or chocolate every break. :)

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
Previously, we have tackled how chemistry involves everything about matter. Matter is
everywhere, whether living or nonliving. But what is matter composed of? In this module, we will go
through the basic unit of matter which is atom. This module will help you understand different subatomic
particles and how they work. It will also guide you on identifying the atomic number and mass number of
an element and further help you comprehend how the atomic model was hypothesized before it was
known as of today.

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (5 mins)

Instructions: In this chart, reflect on what you know. Do not worry if you are not sure of your answers.
This activity simply serves to get you started on thinking about our topic. Answer only the first column
“What I Know”. Leave the “What I learned” blank at this time.

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1. What are the subatomic particles
of an atom?
2. What’s the difference between
atomic number and mass number?

3. What is the Plum-Pudding Model

theory of atom?

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B.MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (40 mins)
Instructions: Please take note, underline, highlight or outline some important and striking information.
Encircle using a pencil on parts that you are confused of and make sure read them thrice before
proceeding to the next part.

Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. The term "atom" comes
from the Greek word for indivisible, because it was once thought that atoms were the smallest things in the
universe and could not be divided. Atoms possess internal structure; that is, they are made up of even smaller
particles, which are called subatomic particles. A subatomic particle is a very small particle that is a building
block for atoms. Three types of subatomic particles are found within atoms: electrons, protons, and neutrons.
An electron is a subatomic particle that possesses a negative (-) electrical charge. It is the smallest, in terms
of mass, of the three types of subatomic particles. A proton is a subatomic particle that possesses a positive
(+) electrical charge. Protons and electrons carry the same amount of charge; the charges, however, are
opposite (positive versus negative).A neutron is a subatomic particle that has no charge associated with it;
that is, it is neutral. Table 1 shows the difference of electrons, protons and neutron in terms of mass and
characteristics. Figure 1 depicts the internal structure of an atom and how these subatomic particles are
positioned together.

Table 1. Charge and Mass Characteristics of Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons

The nucleus is the small, dense, positively charged center

of an atom. A nucleus is always positively charged because
it contains positively charged protons. Because the nucleus
houses the heavy subatomic particles (protons and
neutrons), almost all (more than 99.9%) of the mass of an
atom is concentrated in its nucleus.

A nucleon is any subatomic particle found in the nucleus of

an atom. The outer (extranuclear) region of an atom
contains all of the electrons. In this region, which accounts
for most of the volume of an atom, the electrons move rapidly
about the nucleus.
Figure 1. Internal structure of an atom

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Atomic Number and Mass Number

An atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Because

an atom has the same number of electrons as protons, the atomic number also
specifies the number of electrons present.The symbol Z is used as a general
designation for atomic number.

A mass number is the sum of the number of protons and the number of
PRACTICE EXERCISE neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Thus the mass number gives the number of
subatomic particles present in the nucleus. The mass of an atom is almost totally
An atom has an atomic accounted for by the protons and neutrons present—hence the term mass
number of 11 and a number. The symbol A is used as a general designation for mass number.
mass number of 23.

a. Determine the number

of protons present.
In this notation, often called complete
b. Determine the number chemical symbol notation, the atomic
of neutrons present. number is placed as a subscript in front of the
chemical symbol and the mass number is
c. Determine the number placed as a superscript in front of the
of electrons present. chemical symbol. Examples of such notation
for actual atoms include
19 23 197
9F 11Na 79Au
Answers:

A. 11

B. 12
The number and identity of subatomic particles present atom can be calculated from its
C. 11 atomic and mass numbers in the following manner.

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Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones

Charge neutrality requires the presence in an atom of an equal number of protons and electrons.
However, because neutrons have no electrical charge, their numbers in atoms do not have to be the
same as the number of protons or electrons. Most atoms contain more neutrons than either protons or
electrons. Studies of atoms of various elements also show that the number of neutrons present in atoms
of an element is not constant; it varies over a small range. This means that not all atoms of an element
have to be identical.

Atoms of an element that differ in neutron count are called isotopes. Isotopes are atoms of an element
that have the same number of protons and the same number of electrons but different numbers of
neutrons. Different isotopes always have the same atomic number and different mass numbers.

Ex. Isotopes of Carbon (6C12, 6C13, 6C14) See Figure 2.

o Atomic mass (amu)- is simply its total mass and is typically expressed in atomic mass units
or amu.
o Relative atomic mass (atomic weight)- an average of the atomic masses of all the different
isotopes in a sample, with each isotope's contribution to the average determined by how big a
fraction of the sample it makes up.

Atomic Weight Calculation Example

If chlorine has two naturally-occurring isotopes

where:

Cl-35 mass is 34.968852 and fraction is 0.7577

Cl-37 mass is 36.965303 and fraction is 0.2423

atomic weight = massa x fracta + massb x fracb

atomic weight = (34.968852 x 0.7577) +

(36.965303 x 0.2423)

atomic weight = 26.496 amu + 8.9566 amu

atomic weight = 35.45 amu

Figure 2. Molecular representation Carbon Isotope

Note: If percentage abundance is given, you must divide the percentage by 100 to get the fraction.

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ISOBARS
If two different elements have the same atomic weight or mass number
but different atomic number. This means that they have the same number
of nucleons
76 76
Ex. Ce , Se
32 34

ISOTONES
Different elements having the same number of neutrons
37 39
Ex. Cl and K
17 19 (both have 20 neutrons)

Deuterium (the hydrogen HISTORY AND PROPONENTS OF ATOMIC MODELS

isotope with one neutron) can The earliest known proponent of anything resembling modern atomic
form water with oxygen. This is theory was the ancient Greek thinker Democritus. He proposed the
called "heavy water" as existence of indivisible atoms as a response to the arguments of
deuterium has twice the mass Parmenides and the paradoxes of Zeno. This was followed by Modern
of normal hydrogen (protium) atomic theory of John Dalton when he published his theories in 1803.
His theory consists of five important points, which are considered to be
mostly true today:

✓ Each element is composed of extremely small particles called

atoms
✓ All atoms of a given element are identical to one another in mass
other properties,
✓ Atoms of one element are different from the atoms of the other
elements. the atoms of different elements can be distinguished
Democritus from one another by their respective relative weights.
✓ The atoms of one element cannot be changed into atoms of a
different element by chemical reactions; atoms are neither created
nor destroyed in the chemical reactions
✓ Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element
combine a given compound always has same relative number and
kind of atoms

Other proponents has also proposed different atomic model

theories in pursuit of understanding the movement of subatomic
particles in an atom. See the summary in the next page.
John Dalton

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Joseph John Thomson

• proposed that the atom
is a sphere of (+)
particles to which are
embedded (-) particles
• developed the Raisin-
Bread Model or Plum-
Pudding Model

Ernest Rutherford
• disproved Thomson’s
model by using the
“Gold Foil/Film
Experiment”
concluded that:
• Atom is just an empty
space
• The nucleus accounts
for the (+) charge &
mass of the atom
• Electrons are scattered
around the nucleus
• developed the “Nuclear
Model”

Niels Bohr
• Developed the
“Planetary Model”
• the atom consists of
nucleus surrounded by
electrons traveling in
circular orbits called
orbitals

Erwin Schrodinger
• developed the
“Quantum Mechanical
Model”
• the electron moves in 3D
space (electron cloud)
• proposed the modern
atomic structure

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2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (35 mins + 5 mins checking)
A. Draw the internal structure of an atom and label each subatomic particles.

B. Compute what is asked and fill in the table with the correct mass number, number of
electrons, neutrons, and protons.

Element Mass Number Protons Neutrons Electrons

B 5 6
Ga 70 31
Y 89 50
Cu 29 35
Tc 55 43

C. The element nitrogen has two naturally occurring isotopes. One of these has a mass of 14.0
amu and a natural abundance of 99.63%; the other isotope has a mass of 15.0 amu and a natural
abundance of 0.37%. Calculate the atomic mass of nitrogen.

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D. Observe and analyze the provided illustration below. What atomic model theory is most likely
represented in the picture? Answer in 2 to 4 sentences only.

E. Classify the given set of elements as to isotope, isobar or isotones.

__________ 1. 18Ar40,20Ca40
__________ 2. 14Si30 and 16S32
__________ 3. 26Fe54, 26Fe56, 26Fe57

Note: Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write
your score on your paper.

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (3 mins)

Instruction: To review what was learned from this session, please go back to Activity 1 and answer the
“What I Learned” column. Notice and reflect on any changes in your answers.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (25 mins)

A. TRUE OR FALSE. Identify each statement if it’s TRUE or FALSE.
________________1. Protium is known as heavy water.
________________2. Atomic number is abbreviated as capital letter Z.
________________3. Isotopes are different elements having the same number of neutrons.
________________4. Neutron is the basic unit of matter and the defining structure of element.
________________5. Electron is a subatomic particle that possesses a negative (-) electrical charge.
________________6. Ernest Rutherford proposed the Planetary Model of atom.
________________7. Democritus proposed the Raisin Bread Model.
________________8. Mass number is the average of the atomic masses of all the different
isotopes in a sample.
________________9. Atomic number is the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons
in the nucleus of an atom.

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________________10. Plum Pudding Model is the atomic model proposed by Joseph John Thomson.
________________11. 8O16, 8O17, 8O18 are examples of an isobar.
________________12. In a neutral atom, the number of protons is greater than the number of
electrons.
________________13. 32Ce76, 34Se76 is an example of an isobar.
________________14. If an atom has a mass number of 15 and an atomic number of 5, this means
that the number of electrons is 5.
________________15. If an atom has a mass number of 42 and an atomic number of 23, this means
that the number of neutrons is 19.

B. Solve what is asked below. Round off to 4 decimal places.

Note: Answers will be provided and discussed by the instructor.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
A. Work Tracker
You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the session number you just
completed.
P1 P2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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B. Think about your Learning

Tell me about your thoughts in this module! What are your insights of this topic? Did you gain
new information?

FAQs
1. How does the difference in number of neutrons, protons and electrons affect the property of an
element?
Elements vary in their properties because of the number of their nucleons and electrons. The nucleons
(neutrons and protons) takes the majority mass of an atom. Hence, physical properties are based on the
nucleons present in an atom. Meanwhile, the electrons are known be placed in the orbital surrounding the
nucleus which is either donated or accepted by an element to make a stable compound. Thus, electron is
responsible for the chemical property of an element or atom.

(https://chem.libretexts.org/: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons)

2. Does each element has its own different isotopes? NOTE: Answers may vary.
No, not all elements have available isotopes. A few of the elements have no naturally occurring
isotopes are: Beryllium-9, Fluorine-19, Sodium-23, Aluminum-27, Phosphorus-31.

(http://digipac.ca/chemical/molemass/isotope1.htm)

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KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 3. Skill Building Activities. Key to Corrections. Answers may vary in the examples.
A. Draw the internal structure of an atom and label each subatomic particles.

B. Compute what is asked and fill in the table with the correct mass number, number of electrons,
neutrons, and protons.

Element Mass Number Protons Neutrons Electrons

B 11 5 6 5
Ga 70 31 39 31
Y 89 39 50 39
Cu 64 29 35 29
Tc 98 43 55 43

C. The element nitrogen has two naturally occurring isotopes. One of these has a mass of 14.0
amu and a natural abundance of 99.63%; the other isotope has a mass of 15.0 amu and a natural
abundance of 0.37%. Calculate the atomic mass of nitrogen. Do not round off your answer.

(14.0) (0.9963) + (15.0) (0.0037) = 14.0037 amu

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D. Observe and analyze the provided illustration below. What atomic model theory is most likely
represented in the picture? Answer in 2 to 4 sentences only. Answers may vary.

This represents the Raising Bread

Theory of Joseph John Thomson. This
theory compares the raisin in the picture
as the electrons and protons being
embedded and scattered.

E. Classify the given set of elements as to isotope, isobar or isotones.

1. Isobar
2. Isotone
3. Isotopes

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