4 < Thermal power plants 1.1 Basic thermodynamics cycle and components of steam power plant Thermodynamics cycles:- Basic terms:- 1) Thermodynamics:- The branch of science which deals with the study of different forms of energy and quantitative relationship between them. 2) Types of thermodynamics process:- The thermodynamic occurs when system changes from initial state to the final state. 1)_ Isothermal process:- When the temperature of the system remains constant during the process known as thermal process. Heat may flow in or out of the system ‘ing isothermal process. 2) Adiabatic process:-( ww ‘ ° 2) Adiabatic process:- No heat can flow from the system to surrounding or vice versa in adiabatic process. 3) Isochoric process:- It is the process during which volume of system remains constant. 4) Isobaric process:- It is the process during which the pressure of the system remains constant. 5) Reversible process:- The process which is carried out infinitesimally slowly so that all changes occurring in the direct process can be reversed and system remains constant or in almost a state of equilibrium with the surrounding at every stage of process. 6) Isentropic process:- It is an idealized thermodynamics process that is both adiabatic and reversible. The work transfers of the system are frictionless and there is a no transfer of heat or matter. The term isentropic means the constant entropy. 7) ~ Entropy:- Or no limits or requirements and its ange is measured by the division=e ¢ between the heat change of chemical process and the temperature. 8) Enthalpy:- Enthalpy is the measure of the heat change of the reaction occurring at the constant pressure. Carnot cycle:- It is the most efficient cycle operating between specified temperature limits. Process 1 to 2 :- 1) White vapour at pressure pv dryness is compressed in a vapour compressor isentropically (reverse adiabatically up to boiler process P such that it becomes saturated liquid). 2 The work supplied is wp and the perature of the steam is increased forii + °e Process 2 to 3:- 1) Saturated liquid enters the boiler where heat is absorbed isothermally at t. 2) At temperature »steam becomes dry saturated represented by step (3) steam being in a vapour state, its temperature . and pressure ,remains constant. Process 3 to 4:- 1) Saturated dry steam at pl enters the steam turbine where heat expands isentropically up to the condenser pressure Pb and work .. temperature of steam drops from 5. Process 4 to 1:- The wet steam enters the condenser where it rejects heat . isothermally. Also at constant pressure to the cooling water circulated in condenser. Then system returns to the original state 1. 1.2 Rankine cycle Advantages of rankine cycle over Carnot cycle:- 1) It is not practically possible to build power plant on carnot cycle, due to its erent difficulties in carrying out theWsteko//] we < Qe process oI condensation ana compression. 2) Acarnot cycle cannot use superheated system due to practical difficulty of healing the steam isothermally with expansion in| the boiler. (No such difficulty is experienced in Rankine cycle) 3) The work ratio is very high as compared to the carnot cycle since the pump work is small compared to compression work in case of carnot cycle. 4) Steam red (SR) for Rankine cycle is low compared to carnot cycle. 5) The main advantage of Rankine cycle with reheaters is it prevents vapor condensation which damages turbine plate. 6) High turbine efficiencies can be achieved by using superheated system. 7) long plant lives are achieved due to reduction in turbine erosion and low mechanical stresses. Latent heat of vaporization:- 1) It is defined as the heat required to change the one mole of liquid at its boiling point under standard atmospheric pressure (Kg/mol) 2) When material is in liquid state is men energy, it changes its face from liquid apour and the energy absorbed in this€ ° fi oy process is called as heat of vaporization. 1.3 Actual Rankine cycle The Rankine cycle is an ideal reversible cycles for steam power plant corresponding to carnot cycle. The cycle consists of following processes. Process 1-2 Pumping of feed water to boiler from pressure Pb to pl, compression process is reverse adiabatic. ees: 2-3 mversion of feed water into steam at: ° constant pressure equal to boiler pressure pi the heat supplied during the process is qi. Process 3-4 Reversible adiabatic (isentropic expansion) | of the system in turbine from boiler pressure p1 to back pressure pb (condenser pressure Pb or exhaust pressure) Turbine work is (., Process 4-1 The steam is condensed at constant pressure in condenser steam rejects the latent heat of vaporization to the cooling water=, 1.4 Reheat cycle (theoretical only)a. ° We can improve the efficiency of Rankine cycle by reheating the steam in between the stages of expansion. 2) In this cycle the steam is extracted after the expansion in Hp turbine at a suitable point and these steam is heated in the| reheater at constant pressure usually to its original temperature so that ..., 3) The reheating of stream in reheater is either done with the help of flue gases from the boiler furnace or in separate super heater by other sources of heating like electric heating. Advantages of Reheat cycle:- 1) Itimproves the condition of steam at the the exhaust of Lpturbine so that the tendency of blades erosion caused by the liquid particles in the Lp turbine is reduced. 2) The desirable maximum moisture in the steam is considered to be 10 to 12%. 3) it improves the thermal efficiency of plant since the additional heat is supplied at higher temperature. 4) It increases the output of turbine. 5) It reduces the steam rate/kWh. Disadvantage:- 1) Increase in the cost and size of the plant > to inclusion of reheater and its long ing.€ oe 2) It increases the size of condenser based on unit mass flow of the steam due to improved quality of steam at exhaust from Lpturbine. 1.5 Heat rate (Numerical on Heat rate) Heat rate is one measure of the efficiency of electrical generators/power plants that convert a fuel into heat and into electricity. The heat rate is the amount of energy used by an electrical generator/power plant to generate one _ kilowatthour (kWh) of electricity. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) expresses heat rates in British thermal units (Btu) per net kWh generated. Net generation is the amount of electricity a power plant supplies to the power transmission line connected to the power plant. To express the efficiency of a generator or power plant as a percentage, divide the equivalent Btu content of a kWh of electricity (3,412 Btu) by the heat rate. For example, if the heat rate is 10,500 Btu, the efficiency is 33%. If the heat rate is 7,500 Btu, the efficiency is 45%. o maximum (or,ideal) heat enginereaches the turbine at a temperature of 700 °C. The spent steam leaves the turbine at 100 °C. Calculate the maximum efficiency of the turbine. Solution. From the above expression and noting that 700 °C = 973 K and 100 °C = 373 K, we have: Fou 7 Ty Th Hae = 0.62 (62%) 1.6 Site selection of thermal power plant:- 1) Availability of raw material Modern steam power plants using coal or oil as fuel require very large amount of fuel per annum. On rough estimates, a steam power plant of 300 MW capacity requires about 3000 tones of coal per day. Therefore it is necessary to locate the plant as far as possible near to the coal fields to reduce the cost of transportation as fuel. Nature of land and its costU$er0//1 Sa : 9° ¢ The site selected should have high bearing capacity of at least 10.. to withstand dead load of the plant. It would reduce the cost of the foundation of plant. ¢ To reduce civil engineering cost, the land selected should not need much leveling off site ie. it should not require filling or blasting. 3) Availability of water:- ¢ Steam power plants use water as working fluid which is repeatedly evaporated and condensed. It also needs about 2% of steam generated as makeup water due to its loss. Also considerable amount of water is needed for condenser setting steam in condenser. Therefore, it is necessary to locate the thermal power plant near a place where required. Thermal power plant 4) Load centre:- ¢ Power plant must be located near to load to which the power is supplied. However, it is not possible to locate the power plant near all load. ¢The location of plant at C.G. Of loads reduces The lost of transmission line and losses occurring in it. Transportation facilities:- e power plant shoyld be located whereNSBoro/ll * . 98 the adequate transport facilities are available for transportation of fuel and heavy machinery for installation. 6) Future expansion:- The site selected should be such that it allows economic extensions of the plant with the estimated growth of loads. 215} en cal fy By ag l Cool and ash circuit:- Coal is first collected in coal storage system by coal handling process through fuel handling devices. Then this coal is supplied to boiler furnace after combustion of coal, ash is collected from the boiler furnace. Through ash handling equipment it is removed to ash storage yard. Air and gas circuit:- Air from the atmosphere is supplied to a combustion chamber of the boiler through & action of force draught/ or induced ught fan. First year is passed through air7 9° flue gases(which are then pass through chimney) then this air is passed through the boiler. High temperature flue gases which are formed in the combustion chamber of the boiler are used for transferring heat to the feed water and steam in the boiler tubes and steam in the super heater tubes. The flue gases caring ash are passed through dust collector device in order to remove the ash and finally these are passed over economizer and air preheater. Feed water and steam circuit:- Steam generated in the boiler tubes and superheated in super heater tubes is fed to high pressure. ,., turbine to develop mechanical power when steam is expanded in hp turbine. 1) A part of steam is bled for feed water heating in Hp feedwater heater. 2) And remainder is passed through reheater for reheating the steam. This steam is now passed through the intermediate pressure turbine for further expansion. After expansion, 1) Part of steam is bled for feed water heating in Lp feed water heater. 2) And remainder is given to low pressure turbine for further expansion. Qcehanical power developed by turbine is supplied to alternatar (generator) whereHseeko//] _ + cc) mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy. Cooling water circuit:- We have to condense the steam of exhaust through condenser the quantity of cooling water required to be circulated in the condenser is about 50 kg of cooling water per kg of steam. This water is taken from various resources live river, lake or see, if sufficient quantity | of water is not available the heated water (coming out from the condenser) is cooled in the cooling towers by elaborated cooling and it is recirculated to cooling. Condensers maybe 1) Direct or jet type condenser. 2) Indirect type or surface type of condenser. Jet condenser or direct condenser:- In this type the exhaust steam and the cooling water comes in direct contact and as a result steam is condensed. The temperature of the condensate and the coolant is same ie. while leaving the condenser. So it is called as direct contact condensers. These condensers can’t bi used more because condensate collected can't be reused due to impurities of the coolant in @ condenser. So it will reduce the ciency of boiler because the impurecondensate will corrode the plant tubes and will give rise to scale formation in the boiler tubes. If the condensate is to be used as feed water to the boiler it is essential that the cooling water is treated before it is supplied to the condenser such condensers are used for small power plants. Surface condensers (in direct type) These are used in plants where the tubes water flows in the tubes and exhaust steam is passed over the tubes. The exhaust steam being pure can be used as a feed water in the boiler. q do oe thermal power station has less initialNeeeho/ -~ ¢ °o cost as compared to hydroelectric power station. 2) Less space required as compared to HPS. 3) Fuel cost is less as compared to gaps. 4) It can be located at any location irrespective of coal mines. The coal can be transported to the site by rail or road. 5) huge amount of power can be generated. Disadvantages:- 1) Running cost is more than Hps. | 2) Pollution occurs due to smoke fumes flue gases, 3) Maintenance cost is more. 4) Coal and ash handling process is a serious problem. 5) Large quantity of water is needed. 6) Skilled persons are required for etecting and maintaining the power station. 7) Starting time is very high (6-7 hrs) from cold condition hence not suitable for peak loads. 8) Efficiency is quite low. Feed water treatments:- 1) Mechanical Thermal 2) Chemical aan(ed [9840/] a « 98 1) Mechanical:- 1) Sedimentation 2) Coagulation (Al, sulphate, sodium) etc. 3) Filtration 2) Thermal 1) Dearation process 2) Evaporation process 3) Chemical 1) Internal 2) External | ST ~ Thermal process (treatments):- 1) ~The dissolved gases like ...0.,: air and other gases are responsible for corrosion because these gases reacts with impurities and forms acids. 2) Sothe gases areremoved from the water before supplied to boiler by the methods of thermal treatments.[$sero/M * A) DEARATION PROCESS:- 1) Itis also called as degasification process as mentioned above it is the most important method of feed water treatment. For the removal Of oc. 2) Because this gases make the water corrosive (as they react with metal to form iron oxide) 3) the presence of these dissolved gases in water decreases with increase in the temperature and their magnitude becomes almost negligible at about 100°C (saturation | temperature of steam at atmospheric pressure) 4) Feed water from (,, heater is spread from the top and the bleed system Hp turbine from the bottom of the dearator. 5) These two comes in direct contact and as a result steam condenser and feed water is heated. 6) The dissolved gases along with vapours are released during heating and removed from the dearator from top connection. 7) The dearator works at about 1 to 1.25 bar (medium pressure) (40-50) bar and dearatorworks at about 5-8 bar for the high pressure boiler (greater than or equal to 0°) 9 Evaporation method:-. 9 1) This method is used when the makeup water requirement for the boiler are smaller. 2) The pretreated water (raw water) is evaporated with the help of bled steam from the boiler. 3) Both evaporated water and condensed | steam from evaporator are fed back to steam power plant as a makeup water. 4) In this evaporator, pretreated raw. Water is supplied from the above and bled steam is fed into steam chest. 5) The steam flows into the tubes and transfers heat to the outside raw water and get condensed. 6) The water gets evaporated from the top of the surface into the vapour which are withdrawn and supplied to the plant. 7) The condensate along with pure saturated water is returned to boiler and makeup water. teal treatments;-ee 7 « o) & Bronce by Topics w A) Internal treatments:- 1) It is a suitable treatment for feeding the water to boiler (up to 20 bar pressure) 2) In this suitable salts(responsible for scale formation) are converted to soluble compounds. 3) These compounds are removed from the boiler by blow down process. 4) Various reagents like trisodium phosphate and disodium phosphate are added to keep this sludge in the fluid stage. 5) It prevents the sludge from adhering to boiler surface. B) External treatments:- 1) these treatments are carried out externally in a tank where the raw water is received and the reagents are mixed. 2) in addition to accelerate the process of water treatments, water is heated before the addition of agents. 3) Some of the methods are a) Lime soda treatments b) Zeolite treatments Assessments of heat recovery systems:- 1) The condensation of steam in condenser eres about (15Kg) of cooling water/Kg of[$8u0/A ®- eo pica. 2) This waste energy is dissipated to the conventional bodies like rivers, lakes, ponds and sea. 3) Alternately it is dissipated to the surrounding in cooling towers by heated air. 4) This waste energy (as latin heat) in exhaust steam can be utilized or received in the following ways. a) Utilizing waste heat in process industries like paper, textile, chemical industries for heating purpose. b) Using heat recovery boiler to generate. The organic fluids for further generation of the power. | Fuel handling:- The steam power plant usually operates on the following type of fuels 1) Solid fuel (i.e. coal) 2) Liquid fuel (i.e. oil) 3) Gaseous fuel (i.e. natural gas) A major amount of operating cost of Tps involves the cost of fuel handling system. It depends on the location of plant. 1) Storage of fuel Rate at which fuel is bum. fal transportation:-_‘ 9 1) A large amount of coal per day is needed for the large capacity power plants. 2) The coal is transferred from the coal mines to the site of power station. Following are methods:- 1) Sea or river 2) By rail 3) By roadways 4) By pipelines 3) the coal is transported by ships to the power plant which is nearer to the sea share. 4) for the power plants away from mines the coal is transported to main or nearest station. From their by small rail lines or by roadways, the coal is transported to the small power plants. 5) The coal transportation by pipeline is the most economical and speedy method. Advantages of coal transportation by pipeline 1) More reliable 2) Easy to install 3) Noise and dust problem is considerable e reduced 4) Supply is continuous Economical over large distances 6) Labour requiremeat is lowyuailury UL WaALCL ID icyulcu. 3 Polluted water (waste water) is erated. These polluted waters should be a 0 nO itThermal power plants 1.1 Basic thermodynamics cycle and components of steam power plant Thermodynamics cycles:- Basic terms:- 1) Thermodynamics:- The branch of science which deals with the study of different forms of energy and quantitative relationship between them. 2) Types of thermodynamics process:- The thermodynamic occurs when system changes from initial state to the final state. 1) Isothermal process:- When the temperature of the system remains constant during the process known as thermal process. Heat may flow in or out of the system @irns isothermal process.2) Adiabatic process:- No heat can flow from the system to surrounding or vice versa in adiabatic process. 3) Isochoric process:- It is the process during which volume of system remains constant. 4) Isobaric process:- It is the process during which the pressure of the system remains constant. 5) Reversible process:- The process which is carried out infinitesimally slowly so that all changes occurring in the direct process can be reversed and system remains constant or in almost a state of equilibrium with the surrounding at every stage of process. 6) Isentropic process:- It is an idealized thermodynamics process that is both adiabatic and reversible. The work transfers of the system are frictionless and there is a no transfer of heat or matter. The term isentropic means the constant entropy. 7) Entropy:- Qhas no limits or requirements and its880/11 a. ‘ om @ = Browea by Tapes » between the heat change of chemical process and the temperature. | 8) Enthalpy:- Enthalpy is the measure of the heat change of the reaction occurring at the constant pressure. Carnot cycle:- It is the most efficient cycle operating between specified temperature limits. Process 1 to 2 :- 1) White vapour at pressure pv dryness is compressed in a vapour compressor isentropically (reverse adiabatically up to boiler process P such that it becomes saturated liquid). 2 The work supplied is wp and the perature of the steam is increased for Tats[I$2a0/1 #- . © Process 2 to 3:- 1) Saturated liquid enters the boiler where heat is absorbed isothermally at t. 2) At temperature »steam becomes dry saturated represented by step (3) steam being in a vapour state, its temperature . and pressure ,remains constant. Process 3 to 4:- D Saturated dry steam at pl enters the steam turbine where heat expands isentropically up to the condenser pressure Pb and work ., temperature of steam drops fFOM sor Process 4 to 1:- The wet steam enters the condenser where it rejects heat . isothermally. Also at constant pressure to the cooling water circulated in condenser. Then system returns to the original state 1. 1.2 Rankine cycle Advantages of rankine cycle over Carnot cycle:- 1) It is not practically possible to build power plant on carnot cycle, due to its erent difficulties in carrying out theseo /7] ia . a’) process oI condensation and compression. 2) Acarnot cycle cannot use superheated system due to practical difficulty of healing the steam isothermally with expansion in the boiler. (No such difficulty is experienced in Rankine cycle) 3) The work ratio is very high as compared to the carnot cycle since the pump work is small compared to compression work in case of carnot cycle. 4) Steam red (SR) for Rankine cycle is low compared to carnot cycle. 5) The main advantage of Rankine cycle with reheaters is it prevents vapor condensation which damages turbine plate. 6) High turbine efficiencies can be achieved by using superheated system. 72) long plant lives are achieved due to reduction in turbine erosion and low mechanical stresses. Latent heat of vaporization:- 1) It is defined as the heat required to change the one mole of liquid at its boiling point under standard atmospheric pressure (Kg/mol) 2) When material is in liquid state is iven energy, it changes its face from liquid apour and the energy absorbed in thisThe Rankine cycle is an ideal reversible cycles for steam power plant corresponding to carnot cycle. The cycle consists of following processes. Process 1-2 Pumping of feed water to boiler from pressure Pb to pl, compression process is reverse adiabatic.. : v constant pressure equal to boiler pressure pi the heat supplied during the process is qi. Process 3-4 Reversible adiabatic (isentropic expansion) of the system in turbine from boiler pressure p1 to back pressure pb (condenser pressure Pb or exhaust pressure) Turbine work is (. Process 4-1 The steam is condensed at constant pressure in condenser steam rejects the latent heat of vaporization to the cooling water=.. 1.4 Reheat cycle (theoretical only): 9° 1) ___We can improve the efficiency of Rankine cycle by reheating the steam in between the stages of expansion. 2) In this cycle the steam is extracted after the expansion in Hp turbine at a suitable point and these steam is heated in the reheater at constant pressure usually to its original temperature so that... 3) The reheating of stream in reheater is either done with the help of flue gases from the boiler furnace or in separate super heater by other sources of heating like electric heating. Advantages of Reheat cycle:- 1) Itimproves the condition of steam at the the exhaust of Lpturbine so that the tendency of blades erosion caused by the liquid particles in the Lp turbine is reduced. 2) The desirable maximum moisture in the steam is considered to be 10 to 12%. 3) it improves the thermal efficiency of plant since the additional heat is supplied at higher temperature. 4) It increases the output of turbine. 5) Itreduces the steam rate/kWh. Disadvantage:- 1) Increase in the cost and size of the plant eS to inclusion of reheater and its long ne.p ww 2) It increases the size of condenser based on unit mass flow of the steam due to improved quality of steam at exhaust from Lpturbine. 1.5 Heat rate (Numerical on Heat rate) Heat rate is one measure of the efficiency of electrical generators/power plants that convert a fuel into heat and into electricity. The heat rate is the amount of energy used by an electrical generator/power plant to generate one kilowatthour (kWh) of electricity. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) expresses heat rates in British thermal units (Btu) per net kWh generated. Net generation is the amount of electricity a power plant supplies to the power transmission line connected to the power plant. To express the efficiency of a generator or power plant as a percentage, divide the equivalent Btu content of a kWh of electricity (3,412 Btu) by the heat rate. For example, if the heat rate is 10,500 Btu, the efficiency is 33%. If the heat rate is 7,500 Btu, the efficiency is 45%. @In a power plant, the steam from the boiler reaches the turbine at a temperature of 700 °C. The spent steam leaves the turbine at 100 °C. Calculate the maximum efficiency of the turbine. Solution. From the above expression and noting that 700 °C = 973 K and 100 °C = 373 K, we have: Tr-T Te et En = 0.62 (62%) 1.6 Site selection of thermal power plant:- 1) Availability of raw material Modern steam power plants using coal or oil as fuel require very large amount of fuel per annum. On rough estimates, a steam power plant of 300 MW capacity requires about 3000 tones of coal per day. Therefore it is necessary to locate the plant as far as possible near to the coal fields to reduce the cost of transportation as fuel. a aa wae 0h» The site selected should have high bearing capacity of at least 10 to withstand dead load of the plant. It would reduce the cost of the foundation of plant. >To reduce civil engineering cost, the land selected should not need much leveling off site ie. it should not require filling or blasting. 3) Availability of water:- » Steam power plants use water as working fluid which is repeatedly evaporated and condensed. It also needs about 2% of steam generated as makeup water due to its loss. Also considerable amount of water is needed for condenser setting steam in condenser. Therefore, it is necessary to locate the thermal power plant near a place where required. Thermal power plant 4) Load centre:- » Power plant must be located near to load to which the power is supplied. However, it is not possible to locate the power plant near all load. » The location of plant at C.G. Of loads reduces The lost of transmission line and losses occurring in it. 6 Transportation facilities:- eethe “adequate transport facilities are available for transportation of fuel and heavy machinery for installation. 6) Future expansion:- The site selected should be such that it allows economic extensions of the plant with the estimated growth of loads. , eA et Tae ). ee Te |= Cool and ash circuit:- Coal is first collected in coal storage system by coal handling process through fuel handling devices. Then this coal is supplied to boiler furnace after combustion of coal, ash is collected from the boiler furnace. Through ash handling equipment it is removed to ash storage yard. Air and gas circuit:- Air from the atmosphere is supplied to a combustion chamber of the boiler through a action of force draught/ or induced ught fan. First year is passed through airwy 2B Brome by Tops ~ flue gases(which are then pass through chimney) then this air is passed through the boiler. High temperature flue gases which are formed in the combustion chamber of the boiler are used for transferring heat to the feed water and steam in the boiler tubes and steam in the super heater tubes. The flue gases caring ash are passed through dust collector device in order to remove the ash and finally these are passed over economizer and air preheater. Feed water and steam circuit:- Steam generated in the boiler tubes and superheated in super heater tubes is fed to high pressure. 1. turbine to develop mechanical power when steam is expanded in hp turbine. 1) A part of steam is bled for feed water heating in Hp feedwater heater. 2) And remainder is passed through reheater for reheating the steam. This steam is now passed through the intermediate pressure turbine for further expansion. After expansion, 1) Part of steam is bled for feed water heating in Lp feed water heater. 2) And remainder is given to low pressure turbine for further expansion. Ochanical power developed by turbine isHeeeko/iT i. ‘ i 98 mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy. Cooling water circuit:- We have to condense the steam of exhaust through condenser the quantity of cooling water required to be circulated in the condenser is about 50 kg of cooling water per kg of steam. This water is taken from various resources live river, lake or see, if sufficient quantity | of water is not available the heated water (coming out from the condenser) is cooled in the cooling towers by elaborated cooling and it is recirculated to cooling. Condensers maybe 1) Direct or jet type condenser. 2) Indirect type or surface type of condenser. Jet condenser or direct condenser:- In this type the exhaust steam and the cooling water comes in direct contact and as a result steam is condensed. The temperature of the condensate and the coolant is same ie. while leaving the condenser. So it is called as direct contact condensers. These condensers can’t bi used more because condensate collected can't be reused due to impurities of the coolant in ] condenser. So it will reduce the ciency of boiler because the impure. oY e plant tubes and will give rise to scale formation in the boiler tubes. If the condensate is to be used as feed water to the boiler it is essential that the cooling water is treated before it is supplied to the condenser such condensers are used for small power plants. Surface condensers (in direct type) These are used in plants where the tubes water flows in the tubes and exhaust steam is passed over the tubes. The exhaust steam being pure can be used as a feed water in the boiler. Fowoar gavantages:- doin man ml ems niademw “han liann ttiF _— ! Browse by Tops & cost as compared to hydroelectric power station. 2) Less space required as compared to HPS. 3) Fuel cost is less as compared to gaps. 4) It can be located at any location irrespective of coal mines. The coal can be transported to the site by rail or road. 5) huge amount of power can be generated. Disadvantages:- 1) Running cost is more than Hps. 2) Pollution occurs due to smoke fumes flue gases. 3) Maintenance cost is more. 4) Coal and ash handling process is a serious problem. 5) Large quantity of water is needed. 6) Skilled persons are required for etecting and maintaining the power station. 7) Starting time is very high (6-7 hrs) from cold condition hence not suitable for peak loads. 8) Efficiency is quite low. Feed water treatments:- 1) Mechanical 6 Thermal1) Mechanical:- 1) Sedimentation 2) Coagulation (Al, sulphate, sodium) etc. 3) Filtration 2) Thermal 1) Dearation process 2) Evaporation process 3) Chemical 1) Internal 2) External Thermal process (treatments):- 1) The dissolved gases like oc»: air and other gases are responsible for corrosion because these gases reacts with impurities and forms acids. 2) Sothe gases areremoved from the water before supplied to boiler by the methods of thermal treatments.[$2x0/ ¥- « Tone Qe 1S frowse by Tope ~ A) DEARATION PROCESS:- 1) Itis also called as degasification process as mentioned above it is the most important method of feed water treatment. For the removal Of oo, 2) Because this gases make the water corrosive (as they react with metal to form iron oxide) 3) the presence of these dissolved gases in water decreases with increase in the temperature and their magnitude becomes almost negligible at about 100°C (saturation | temperature of steam at atmospheric pressure) 4) Feed water from (,, heater is spread from the top and the bleed system Hp turbine from the bottom of the dearator. 5) These two comes in direct contact and as a result steam condenser and feed water is heated. 6) The dissolved gases along with vapours are released during heating and removed from the dearator from top connection. 7) The dearator works at about 1 to 1.25 bar (medium pressure) (40-50) bar and dearatorworks at about 5-8 bar for the high pressure boiler (greater than or equal to 00°) cy 3 B evaporation method:-. 9 1) This method is used when the makeup water requirement for the boiler are smaller. 2) The pretreated water (raw water) is evaporated with the help of bled steam from the boiler. —— ston acne i oat 3) Both evaporated water and condensed steam from evaporator are fed back to steam power plant as a makeup water. 4) Inthis evaporator, pretreated raw. Water is supplied from the above and bled steam is fed into steam chest. 5) The steam flows into the tubes and transfers heat to the outside raw water and get condensed. 6) The water gets evaporated from the top of the surface into the vapour which are withdrawn and supplied to the plant. 72) The condensate along with pure saturated water is returned to boiler and makeup water. Qe _.4) Internal treatments:- 1) It is a suitable treatment for feeding the water to boiler (up to 20 bar pressure) 2 In this suitable salts(responsible for scale formation) are converted to soluble ompounds. These compounds are removed from the oiler by blow down process. Various reagents like trisodium hosphate and disodium phosphate are dded to keep this sludge in the fluid stage. It prevents the sludge from adhering to oiler surface. ) External treatments:- these treatments are carried out xternally in a tank where the raw water is received and the reagents are mixed. 2) in addition to accelerate the process of water treatments, water is heated before the addition of agents. Some of the methods are a) Lime soda treatments b) Zeolite treatments bm ou eo R OW O Oo ow Assessments of heat recovery systems:- 1) The condensation of steam in condenser quires about (15Kg) of cooling water/Kg of[!S2.0//1 m. . = © 1B Browse by Tope dLcaliL. 2) This waste energy is dissipated to the conventional bodies like rivers, lakes, ponds and sea. 3) Alternately it is dissipated to the surrounding in cooling towers by heated air. 4) This waste energy (as latin heat) in exhaust steam can be utilized or received in the following ways. a) Utilizing waste heat in process industries like paper, textile, chemical industries for heating purpose. b) Using heat recovery boiler to generate. The organic fluids for further generation of the power. | Fuel handling:- The steam power plant usually operates on the following type of fuels 1) Solid fuel (i.e. coal) 2) Liquid fuel (i.e. oil) 3) Gaseous fuel (i.e. natural gas) A major amount of operating cost of Tps involves the cost of fuel handling system. It depends on the location of plant. 1) Storage of fuel Rate at which fuel is bum. al transportation:-—1) large amount of coal per day is needed for the large capacity power plants. 2) The coal is transferred from the coal mines to the site of power station. Following are methods:- 1) Sea or river 2) By rail 3) By roadways 4) By pipelines 3) the coal is transported by ships to the power plant which is nearer to the sea share. 4) for the power plants away from mines the coal is transported to main or nearest station. From their by small rail lines or by roadways, the coal is transported to the small power plants. 5) The coal transportation by pipeline is the most economical and speedy method. Advantages of coal transportation by pipeline 1) More reliable 2) Easy to install 3) Noise and dust problem is considerable e reduced 4) Supply is continuous @ Economical over large distances3 Polluted water (waste water) is erated. These polluted waters should he chemicallv neutralized before discharging it