Preface

This book is an unofficial sequel to the first two geometry books pub-
lished by XYZ Press, namely 106 Geometry Problems from the AwesomeMath
Summer Program and 107 Geometry Problems from the AwesomeMath Year
Round Program. Assuming the background presented in these two books,
110 comes as a collection of problems designed for passionate geometers and
students preparing for the difficult geometry questions of the IMO.

We know by now that the key to problem solving in geometry is mastering

the basics and being able to apply them efficiently. Nonetheless, not all geom-
etry problems can be solved by simply building up from nineteenth century
geometry. Some results require deep insight into the configurations, as well as
insight that goes well beyond the naive pursuit of common sense techniques.
The book we have written is a collection of our favorite such problems.

The solutions and the commentaries that usually follow them represent
however the heart of our work. Since a non-trivial portion of the problems
were in fact proposed by us in various contests around the world, we often
chose to reproduce the way we initially thought about them as the way to
present the proofs. This is not only meant to give the reader a glimpse into
how authors come up with their problems, but also to induce a structural way
of thinking when it comes to intricate configuration debugging. It is also the
way we came up with most of the solutions for the non-personal problems that
you will encounter in this book.

We wish you a pleasant reading.

Titu Andreescu and Cosmin Pohoata

Abbreviations and Notation

Notation of geometrical elements

∠BAC convex angle by vertex A
∠(p, q) directed angle between lines p and q
∠BAC ≡ ∠B 0 AC 0 angles BAC and B 0 AC 0 coincide
AB line through points A and B, distance between
point A and B
AB directed segment from point A to point B
X ∈ AB X lies on the line AB
X = AC ∩ BD X is the intersection of the lines AC and BD
4ABC triangle ABC
[ABC] area of 4ABC
[A1 . . . An ] area of polygon A1 . . . An
(ABC) circumcircle of triangle ABC
(A1 . . . An ) area of cyclic polygon A1 . . . An
ABkCD lines AB and CD are parallel
AB ⊥ CD lines AB and CD are perpendicular
p(X, ω) power of point X with respect to circle ω
4ABC ∼ = 4DEF triangles ABC and DEF are congruent
(in this order of vertices)
4ABC ∼ 4DEF triangles ABC and DEF are similar
(in this order of vertices)
H(H, k) homothety with center H and factor k
Ψ(P, r2 ) inversion with center P and power r2
S(S, k, ϕ) spiral similarity with center S, dilation
factor k, and angle of rotation ϕ
viii Abbreviations and Notation

Notation of triangle elements

a, b, c sides or side lengths of 4ABC
∠A, ∠B, ∠C angles by vertices A, B, and C of 4ABC
s semiperimeter
x, y, z expressions 12 (b + c − a), 21 (c + a − b), 12 (a + b − c)
r inradius
R circumradius
K area
ha , hb , hc altitudes in 4ABC
ma , mb , mc medians in 4ABC
la , lb , lc angle bisectors (segments) in 4ABC
ra , rb , rc exradii in 4ABC

Abbreviations
USAMO United States of America Mathematical Olympiad
USAJMO USA Junior Mathematical Olympiad
IMO International Mathematical Olympiad
Romania IMO TST Romania IMO Team Selection Test
USA IMO TST United States of America IMO Team Selection Test
RMM Romanian Masters of Mathematics
Contents

Preface v

Abbreviations and Notation vii

Problems 3

Solutions 21

References and Further Reading 245

Other Books from XYZ Press 251

Problems
Problems 3

Problem 1. Given two nonintersecting chords AB and CD in a circle and a

variable point P on the arc AB remote from points C and D, let E and F be
the intersections of chords P C, AB, and of P D, AB, respectively. Prove that
the value of
AE · BF
EF
does not depend on the position of P .

Problem 2. Consider a triangle ABC with a ≤ b ≤ c. Denote by X, Y , Z

the midpoints of the sides BC, CA, and AB, respectively. Let D, E, F be
points on the sides BC, CA, AB satisfying the following two conditions:
(i) D is between X and C, E is between Y and C, and F is between Z
and B.
(ii) ∠CDE ≤ ∠BDF , ∠CED ≤ ∠AEF , and ∠BF D ≤ ∠AF E.
Prove that the perimeter of triangle DEF does not exceed the semiperime-
ter of triangle ABC.

Problem 3. Let A0 be the foot of the internal angle bisector of the angle
BAC of a given triangle ABC. Let P be an arbitrary point on the cevian
AA0 , different from A0 , and denote by B 0 , C 0 the intersections of the lines BP ,
CP , with the sidelines CA, and AB, respectively. If BB 0 = CC 0 , prove that
AB = AC.

Problem 4. Let ABC be a triangle and let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be the feet of the

altitudes from A, B, C, respectively. Let A1 be the foot of the perpendicular
from A0 to AB and let A2 be the foot of the perpendicular from A0 to AC.
Furthermore, let ΩA be the circle centered at vertex A having radius AA0 .
Analogously, define points B1 , B2 , C1 , C2 , and circles ΩB and ΩC . Prove
that:
(a) Points A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 , C1 , C2 are all concyclic.
(b) The center of the circle from (a) has equal powers with respect to ΩA ,
ΩB and ΩC .

Problem 5. Let C be a circle and let P be a point in the exterior of C. The

tangents from P intersect the circle at A and B, respectively. Let M be the
midpoint of segment AP and N the second intersection of the line BM with
circle C. Prove that P N = 2M N .

Problem 6. Let ` be a line in the exterior of a given circle ρ(O). Let A be

the foot of the perpendicular from O to `, and let M be an arbitrary point
on ρ. Furthermore, let X and Y be the second intersections of the circle
with diameter AM with ρ and `, respectively. Prove that the line XY passes
through a point which is independent of the position of M .
4 Problems

Problem 7. Let X, Y , Z be the midpoints of the arcs BC, CA, AB, respec-
tively, of triangle ABC containing the vertices of the triangle. Prove that the
Simson lines of X, Y , Z with respect to ABC are concurrent.

Problem 8. Let ABC be a triangle with circumcenter O and let D, E, F be

any three points lying on the sides BC, CA, AB, respectively. Let D0 , E 0 , F 0
be the reflections of D, E, F with respect to the midpoints of BC, CA, AB,
respectively. Prove that
(a) The Miquel points M of D, E, F and M 0 of D0 , E 0 , F 0 are equidistant
from the circumcenter of ABC.
(b) The centroids of triangles DEF and D0 E 0 F 0 are symmetric with respect
to the centroid of ABC.
(c) Triangles DEF and D0 E 0 F 0 have the same area.

Problem 9. Let ABC be a triangle with ∠BAC < ∠ACB. Let D, E be

points on the sides AC and AB, respectively, such that the angles ACB and
BED are congruent. If F lies in the interior of the quadrilateral BCDE such
that the circumcircle of triangle BCF is tangent to the circumcircle of DEF
and the circumcircle of BEF is tangent to the circumcircle of CDF , prove
that the points A, C, E, F are concyclic.

Problem 10. Let γ be a circle and l a line in its plane. Let K be a point on
l, located outside of γ. Let KA and KB be the tangents from K to γ, where
A and B are distinct points on γ. Let P and Q be two points on γ. Lines P A
and P B intersect line l in two points R and respectively S. Lines QR and QS
intersect the second time circle γ in points C and D. Prove that the tangents
from C and D to γ are concurrent on line l.

Problem 11. Given a scalene acute triangle ABC with AC > BC let F be
the foot of the altitude from C. Let P be a point on AB, different from A so
that AF = P F . Let H, O, M be the orthocenter, circumcenter and midpoint
of side AC. Let X be the intersection point of BC and HP . Let Y be the
intersection point of OM and F X and let OF intersect AC at Z. Prove that
F, M, Y, Z are concyclic.

Problem 12. Let ABC be an arbitrary triangle and let I be the incenter of
ABC. Let D, E, F be the points on lines BC, CA, AB respectively such that
∠BID = ∠CIE = ∠AIF = 90◦ , and define the following measurements: ra ,
rb , rc are the exradii of triangle ABC, [DEF ] is the area of DEF , and [ABC]
is the area of ABC. Prove that
[DEF ] 4r(ra + rb + rc )
= .
[ABC] (a + b + c)2
Problems 5

Problem 13. Let a, b, and c be the lengths of the sides opposite vertices
A, B, and C, respectively, in a nonobtuse triangle. Let ha , hb and hc be the
corresponding lengths of the altitudes. Show that
 2  2  2
ha hb hc 9
+ + ≥ ,
a b c 4
and determine the cases of equality.
Problem 14. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle with orthocenter H, and
let W be a point on the side BC. Denote by M and N the feet of the altitudes
from B and C, respectively. Denote by ω1 the circumcircle of BW N , and let
X be the point on ω1 which is diametrically opposite to W . Analogously,
denote by ω2 the circumcircle of triangle CW M , and let Y be the point on ω2
which is diametrically opposite to W . Prove that X, Y and H are collinear.
Problem 15. Let ABC be a triangle and let P be a point in its interior.
Let X, Y , Z be the intersections of AP , BP , CP with sides BC, CA, AB,
respectively. Prove that
XB Y C ZA R
· · ≤ .
XY Y Z ZX 2r
Problem 16. Let C1 be a circle that is tangent to sides AB and AC of triangle
ABC and let C2 be a circle through B and C that is tangent to C1 at point
D. Prove that the incenter of triangle ABC lies on the internal angle bisector
of ∠BDC.
Problem 17. Let ABC be a triangle and let P , Q be two points lying on its
circumcircle. Prove that their Simson lines meet on the A-altitude of triangle
ABC if and only if P QkBC.
Problem 18. Let ABC be a triangle and let P be a point in its interior with
pedal triangle DEF . Suppose that that the lines DE and DF are perpen-
dicular. Prove that the isogonal conjugate of P with respect to ABC is the
orthocenter of triangle AEF .
Problem 19. Let τ be a line that is tangent to the circumcircle Γ(O, R) of
triangle ABC. Let I, Ia , Ib , Ic be the incenter and the three excenters of ABC
and let δ(P ) stands for the distance from point P to τ . Prove that there exists
a choice of signs so that the following identity is true:

±δ(I) ± δ(Ia ) ± δ(Ib ) ± δ(Ic ) = 4R.

Problem 20. Prove that the nine-point circle of a triangle is tangent to the
incircle and the excircles of the triangle.
6 Problems

Problem 21. In acute triangle ABC, ∠A < ∠B and ∠A < ∠C. Let P
be a variable point on side BC. Points D and E lie on sides AB and AC,
respectively, such that BP = P D and CP = P E. Prove that as P moves
along side BC, the circumcircle of triangle ADE passes through a fixed point
other than A.
Problem 22. Let ABC be a triangle with circumcenter O and let X, Y , Z be
the circumcenters of triangles BOC, COA, AOB. Prove that the lines AX,
BY , CZ are concurrent.
Problem 23. Let ABC be a triangle and let P be a point in its interior. Let
the line passing through P , which is perpendicular to P A, intersect BC at
A1 . Analogously, define B1 and C1 . Prove that A1 , B1 , C1 are collinear.
Problem 24. Given a quadrilateral ABCD with ∠B = ∠D = 90◦ . Point M
is chosen on segment AB so that AD = AM . Rays DM and CB intersect at
point N . Points H and K are the feet of the perpendiculars from D and C to
lines AC and AN , respectively. Prove that ∠M HN = ∠M CK.
Problem 25. Let P be a point in the plane of a triangle ABC and let Q be
its isogonal conjugate with respect to ABC. Prove that
AP · AQ BP · BQ CP · CQ
+ + = 1.
AB · AC BA · BC CA · CB
Problem 26. In a triangle ABC, let A1 , B1 , C1 be the points where the
excircles touch the sides BC, CA and AB respectively. Prove that AA1 , BB1
and CC1 are the side lenghts of a triangle.
Problem 27. Prove that the three points of intersections of the adjacent
internal angle trisectors of a triangle form an equilateral triangle.
Problem 28. Let Ω be the circumcircle of triangle ABC and let D be the
tangency point of its incircle ρ(I) with the side BC. Let ω be the circle
internally tangent to Ω at T , and to BC at D. Prove that ∠AT I = 90◦ .
Problem 29. Let ABC be a triangle and let ` be a tangent to its incircle.
Let x, y, z be the signed distances from A, B, C to `, respectively. Prove that
ax + by + cz = 2[ABC],
where [ABC] denotes the area of triangle ABC.
Problem 30. Let a, b, c, and x, y, z be the side lengths of two given triangles
ABC, XY Z with areas [ABC], and [XY Z], respectively. Then,
a2 y 2 + z 2 − x2 + b2 z 2 + x2 − y 2 + c2 x2 + y 2 − z 2 ≥ 16[ABC][XY Z],

with equality if and only if the triangles ABC and XY Z are similar.
Problems 7

Problem 31. Diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD intersect at point

K. The midpoints of segments AC and BD are M and N , respectively. The
circumcircles of triangles ADM and BCM intersect at points M and L. Prove
that K, L, M and N all lie on a circle.
Problem 32. Let ABC be a triangle with incenter I, incircle γ and circum-
circle Γ. Let M , N , P be the midpoints of sides BC, CA, AB and let E,
F be the tangency points of γ with CA and AB, respectively. Let U , V be
the intersections of EF with M N and M P , respectively, and let X be the
midpoint of arc BAC of Γ. Prove that XI bisects U V .
Problem 33. Let ABC be a triangle and let M , N , P be the midpoints of
sides BC, CA, AB, respectively. Denote by X, Y , Z the midpoints of the
altitudes emerging from the vertices A, B, C, respectively. Prove that the
radical center of the circles AM X, BN Y , CP Z is the nine-point center of
triangle ABC.
Problem 34. Let A1 A2 A3 A4 be a quadrilateral with no pair of parallel sides.
For each i = 1, 2, 3, 4, define ω1 to be the circle touching the quadrilateral
externally, and which is tangent to the lines Ai−1 Ai , Ai Ai+1 , and Ai+1 Ai+2
(indices are considered modulo 4 so A4 = A0 , A5 = A1 , and A6 = A2 ). Let
Ti be the point of tangency of ωi with the side Ai Ai+1 . Prove that the lines
A1 A2 , A3 A4 , and T2 T4 are concurrent if and only if the lines A2 A3 , A4 A1 , and
T1 T3 are concurrent.
Problem 35. Let P be a point inside an arbitrary triangle ABC. Prove that
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + ≥ + + ,
PA PB PC Ra Rb Rc
where Ra , Rb , Rc are the circumradii of triangles P BC, P CA, P AB, respec-
tively.
Problem 36. Through the vertex A of a triangle ABC, a straight line AD is
drawn, cutting the side BC at D. Let I be the incenter of triangle ABC, let
P be the center of the circle which touches DC, DA, and the circumcircle of
ABC internally, and let Q be the center of the circle which touches DB, DA,
and the circumcircle of ABC internally. Prove that P , I, Q are collinear.
Problem 37. Let ABC be a triangle with circumcircle Γ and let A0 be a
point on the side BC. Let T1 and T2 be the circles tangent simultaneously to
AA0 , BA0 , Γ and AA0 , CA0 , Γ, respectively. Prove that
(a) If A0 is the foot of the internal angle bisector from A, then T1 and T2
are tangent to each other at the incenter of triangle ABC.
(b) If A0 is the tangency point of the A-excircle with BC, then T1 and T2
are congruent.
8 Problems

Problem 38. Suppose M and N are distinct points in the plane of triangle
ABC such that AM : BM : CM = AN : BN : CN . Prove that the line M N
contains the circumcenter of triangle ABC.
Problem 39. The points M, N, P are chosen on the sides BC, CA, AB of a
triangle ABC, such that the triangle M N P is acute-angled. We denote with x
the length of the shortest altitude of the triangle ABC, and with y the length
of the longest altitude of the triangle M N P . Prove that x ≤ 2y.
Problem 40. Let ABC be a nonisosceles triangle, for which denote by X,
Y , Z the tangency points of its incircle with the sides BC, CA and AB,
respectively. Let D be the intersection of OI with the sideline BC, where O,
I are the circumcenter and incenter, respectively. The line perpendicular to
Y Z through X cuts AD at E. Prove that the line Y Z is the perpendicular
bisector of EX.
Problem 41. Six points are chosen on the sides of an equilateral triangle
ABC: A1 , A2 on BC, B1 , B2 on CA and C1 , C2 on AB, such that they
are the vertices of a convex hexagon A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 with equal side lengths.
Prove that the lines A1 B2 , B1 C2 and C1 A2 are concurrent.
Problem 42. Given triangle ABC, its centroid G, and its incenter I, con-
struct, using only an unmarked straightedge, its orthocenter H.
Problem 43. Let ABC be a scalene triangle and let Ω be a circle that inter-
sects the side BC at A1 , A2 , the side CA at B1 , B2 , and the side AB at C1 ,
C2 . Let the tangents at A1 and A2 with respect to Ω meet at P , and similarly
define R and S. Prove that lines AP , BQ, CR are concurrent.
Problem 44. Let the sides AD and BC of the quadrilateral ABCD (such
that AB is not parallel to CD) intersect at point P . Points O1 and O2 are
circumcenters and points H1 and H2 are orthocenters of triangles ABP and
CDP , respectively. Denote the midpoints of segments O1 H1 and O2 H2 by
E1 and E2 , respectively. Prove that the perpendicular from E1 on CD, the
perpendicular from E2 on AB and the lines H1 H2 are concurrent.
Problem 45. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle with circumcircle Γ(O)
and let ` be a line in the plane which intersects the lines BC, CA, AB at
X, Y, Z, respectively. Let `A , `B , `C be the reflections of ` across BC, CA, AB,
respectively. Furthermore, let M be the Miquel point of triangle ABC with
respect to line `.
(a) Prove that lines `A , `B , `C determine a triangle whose incenter lies on
the circumcircle of triangle ABC.
(b) If S is the incenter from (a) and Oa , Ob , Oc denote the circumcenters
of triangles AY Z, BZX, CXY , respectively, prove that the circumcircles of
Problems 9

triangles SOOa , SOOb , SOOc are concurrent at a second point, which lies
on Γ.
Problem 46. Let ABCDEF be a convex hexagon, all of whose sides are
tangent to a circle ω with center O. Suppose that the circumcircle of triangle
ACE is concentric with ω. Let J be the foot of the perpendicular from B to
CD. Suppose that the perpendicular from B to DF intersects the line EO at
a point K. Let L be the foot of the perpendicular from K to DE. Prove that
DJ = DL.
Problem 47. A non-isosceles acute triangle ABC is given. Let O, I, H
be the circumcenter, the incenter, and the orthocenter of the triangle ABC,
respectively. Prove that ∠OIH > 135◦ .
Problem 48. Let ABC be a triangle with circumcenter O and orthocenter H.
Parallel lines α, β, γ are drawn through the vertices A, B, C, respectively. Let
α0 , β 0 , γ 0 be the reflections of α, β, γ in the sides BC, CA, AB, respectively.
Prove that these reflections are concurrent if and only if α, β, γ are parallel
to the Euler line OH of triangle ABC.

O
a H
B
C
g¢ E
l a¢
b b¢

g
P

Problem 49. Let ABC be a triangle with circumcircle Γ and nine-point

circle γ. Let X be a point on γ, and let Y , Z be on Γ so that the midpoints
of segments XY and XZ are on γ.
(a) Prove that the midpoint of Y Z is on γ.
(b) Find the locus of the symmedian point of triangle XY Z, as X moves
along Γ.
Problem 50. Let ABC be a triangle with circumcircle ω and ` a line not
intersecting ω. Denote by P the foot of the perpendicular from the center of
ω to `. The side-lines BC, CA, AB intersect ` at the points X, Y , Z different
from P . Prove the circumcircles of triangles AXP , BY P and CZP have a
common point different from P or are mutually tangent at P .
10 Problems

Problem 51. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle and let H be its or-
thocenter. Let ta , tb , tc be the inradii of triangles HBC, HCA, and HAB,
respectively. Prove that
√
ta + tb + tc ≤ (6 3 − 9)r,

where r is the inradius of triangle ABC.

Problem 52. Let ABC be an acute angled triangle satisfying the conditions
AB > BC and AC > BC. Denote by O and H the circumcenter and or-
thocenter, respectively, of the triangle ABC. Suppose that the circumcircle
of the triangle AHC intersects the line AB at M different from A, and the
circumcircle of the triangle AHB intersects the line AC at N different from
A. Prove that the circumcenter of the triangle M N H lies on the line OH.

Problem 53. Let ABCD be a rectangle and let ω be an arbitrary circle

passing through vertices A and C. Let Γ1 , Γ2 be the circles inside ABCD so
that Γ1 is tangent to AB, BC, and Γ, and Γ2 is tangent to CD, DA, and Γ.
Prove that the sum of the radii of Γ1 and Γ2 is independent of the choice of
ω.

Problem 54. Given is an acute-angled triangle ABC and the points

A1 , B1 , C1 , which are the feet of its altitudes from A, B, C, respectively. A
circle passes through A1 and B1 and touches the smaller arc AB of the cir-
cumcircle of ABC at point C2 . Points A2 and B2 are defined analogously.
Prove that the lines A1 A2 , B1 B2 , C1 C2 have a common point, which lies on
the Euler line of triangle ABC.

Problem 55. Let ABC be a triangle with nine-point circle ω. Prove that
(a) There exist precisely three points on the circumcircle of triangle ABC
whose Simson lines with respect to the triangle ABC are tangent to ω.
(b) The triangle formed by the three points from (a) is equilateral.

Problem 56. Let ABC be an acute triangle with circumcircle ω. Let ` be

a tangent line to ω. Let `a , `b and `c be the lines obtained by reflecting ` in
the lines BC, CA and AB, respectively. Show that the circumcircle of the
triangle determined by the lines `a , `b and `c is tangent to the circle ω.

Problem 57. Let M be a point inside triangle ABC with circumcircle (O).
Let A1 , B1 , C1 be the intersections of AM , BM , CM with (O) which are
different from the vertices of the triangle. Furthermore, let A2 , B2 , C2 be the
reflections of A1 , B1 , C1 across the sidelines BC, CA, and AB, respectively.
Prove that the triangles A1 B1 C1 and A2 B2 C2 are similar.
Problems 11

Problem 58. Let P be a given point inside the triangle ABC. Suppose L,
M , N are the midpoints of BC, CA, AB, respectively, and
P L : P M : P N = BC : CA : AB.
The extensions of AP , BP , CP meet again the circumcircle of ABC at points
D, E, F , respectively. Prove that the circumcenters of triangles P BF , P CE,
P CD, P AF , P AE, P BD are concyclic.
Problem 59. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle and let τ be the inradius
of its orthic triangle. Prove that
√
r ≥ Rτ ,
where r and R are the inradius and circumradius of triangle ABC, respectively.
Problem 60. Let ABC be a fixed triangle, and let A1 , B1 , C1 be the mid-
points of sides BC, CA, AB, respectively. Let P be a variable point on the
circumcircle. Let lines P A1 , P B1 , P C1 meet the circumcircle again at A0 , B 0 ,
C 0 , respectively. Assume that the points A, B, C, A0 , B 0 , C 0 are distinct, and
lines AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 form a triangle. Prove that the area of this triangle does
not depend on P .
Problem 61. Let P be a point in the plane of a triangle ABC. The lines
AP , BP , CP intersect the lines BC, CA, AB at the points A0 , B 0 , C 0 . Let Q
be the isogonal conjugate of the point P with respect to triangle ABC. Prove
that the reflections of the lines AQ, BQ, CQ in the lines B 0 C 0 , C 0 A0 , A0 B 0 are
concurrent.
Problem 62. Let triangle ABC be a triangle with circumcircle (O) and in-
circle (I). Let D, E, F be the tangency points of (I) with BC, CA, AB,
respectively. The line EF intersects the circumcircle (O) at X1 , X2 . Similarly,
we define Y1 , Y2 and Z1 , Z2 . Prove that the radical center of the circumcircles
of triangles DX1 X2 , EY1 Y2 , F Z1 Z2 is the orthocenter of triangle DEF .
Problem 63. Let M be an arbitrary point on the circumcircle of triangle
ABC and let the tangents from this point to the incircle of the triangle meet
the sideline BC at X1 and X2 . Prove that the second intersection of the
circumcircle of triangle M X1 X2 with the circumcircle of ABC coincides with
the tangency point of the circumcircle with the A-mixtilinear incircle.
Problem 64. Let A1 , B1 , C1 be points on the sides BC, CA, AB of triangle
ABC such that the lines AA1 , BB1 , CC1 are concurrent. Construct three cir-
cles Γ1 , Γ2 , and Γ3 outside the triangle such that they are tangent to the sides
of ABC at A1 , B1 , and C1 , respectively, and also tangent to the circumcircle
of ABC. Prove that the circle tangent externally to these three circles is also
tangent to the incircle of triangle ABC.
12 Problems

Problem 65. Let ABC be a triangle and let P be a point in its plane. Let
D, E, F be three points on the lines through P perpendicular to the lines
BC, CA, and AB, respectively. Prove that if triangle DEF is equilateral and
if P lies on the Euler line of ABC, then the centroid of DEF also lies on the
Euler line of ABC.
Problem 66. Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral with circumcircle Γ and
let E be an arbitrary point on the side AB. Let DE meet BC at F , DE meet
again Γ at P , BP meet AF at Q, and QE meet CD at V . Prove that point
V is independent of the position of E.
Problem 67. Let ABC be a triangle and let I and O denote its incenter
and circumcenter, respectively. Let ωA be the circle through B and C that is
tangent to the incircle of the triangle ABC; the circles ωB and ωC are defined
similarly. The circles ωB and ωC meet at a point A0 distinct from A; the points
B 0 and C 0 are defined similarly. Prove that the lines AA0 , BB 0 and CC 0 are
concurrent at a point on the line IO.
Problem 68. Let ABC be a triangle with circumcircle Ω. Points X and Y
are on Ω such that XY meets AB and AC at D and E, respectively. Prove
that the midpoints of segments XY , BE, CD, and DE are concyclic.
Problem 69. If two perpendicular straight lines are drawn through the ortho-
center of a triangle, they intercept a segment on each of the sidelines. Prove
that the midpoints of these three segments are collinear.
Problem 70. Suppose that ABC is an equilateral triangle and that P is a
point in the plane of ABC. The perpendicular from P to BC meets AB at
X, the perpendicular from P to CA meets BC at Y , and the perpendicular
from P to AB meets CA at Z.
(a) If P is in the interior of triangle ABC, prove that the area of XY Z is
not greater than the area of ABC.
(b) If P lies on the circumcircle of ABC, prove that X, Y , and Z are
collinear.
Problem 71. A triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle ω. A variable line `
chosen parallel to BC meets segments AB, AC at points D, E, respectively,
and meets ω at points K, L (where D lies between K and E). Circle γ1 is
tangent to the segments KD and BD and also tangent to ω, while circle γ2
is tangent to the segments LE and CE and also tangent to ω. Determine the
locus, as ` varies, of the meeting point of the common inner tangents to γ1
and γ2 .
Problem 72. Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral with circumcircle Γ. Let
E be the intersection of AB and CD, F the intersection of AD and BC, and
Problems 13

M , N the midpoints of AC and BD, respectively. Prove that EF is tangent

to the circumcircle of triangle M N F .
Problem 73. Consider triangle ABC, and three squares BCDE, CAF G and
ABHI constructed on its sides, outside the triangle. Let XY Z be the
√ triangle
enclosed by the lines EF , DI and GH. Prove that [XY Z] ≤ (4 − 2 3)[ABC].
Problem 74. A triangle is divided by its three medians into six smaller tri-
angles. Show that the circumcenters of these smaller triangles lie on a circle.
Problem 75. Let H be the orthocenter of an acute triangle ABC with cir-
cumcircle Γ. Let P be a point on the arc AB (not containing C) of Γ, and let
M be a point on the arc CA (not containing B) of Γ such that H lies on the
segment P M . Let K be another point on Γ such that KM is parallel to the
Simson line of P with respect to triangle ABC. Let Q be another point on
Γ such that P Q k AB. Segments AB and KQ intersect at a point J. Prove
that triangle KJM is an isosceles triangle.
Problem 76. Let ABC be a triangle and let D, E, F be the tangency points
of the incircle with BC, CA, AB, respectively. Let EF meet the circumcircle
Γ of ABC at X and Y . Furthermore, let T be the second intersection of the
circumcircle of DXY with the incircle. Prove that AT passes through the
tangency point A0 of the A-mixtilinear incircle with Γ.
Problem 77. Let ABC be a triangle with incircle γ and circumcircle Γ. Let
Ω be the circle tangent to the rays AB, AC and to Γ externally, and let A0
be the tangency point of Ω with Γ. Furthermore, draw the tangents from A0
with respect to incircle γ and let B 0 , C 0 be their other intersections with Γ.
If X denotes the tangency point of the chord B 0 C 0 with γ, prove that the
circumcircle of triangle BXC is tangent to γ.
Problem 78. In triangle ABC, let D, E, F be the feet of the altitudes from
A, B, and C, respectively. Let H be the orthocenter of triangle ABC and let
I1 , I2 , I3 be the incenters of triangles EHF , F HD, and DHE, respectively.
Prove that the lines AI1 , BI2 , CI3 are concurrent.
Problem 79. Let ABC be a triangle with incircle Γ and let D, E, F be the
tangency points of Γ with BC, CA, AB, respectively. Let M , N , P be the
midpoints of BC, CA, AB, and let X, Y , Z be points on the lines AI, BI,
CI, respectively. Prove that the lines XD, Y E, ZF are concurrent if and only
if the lines XM , Y N , ZP are concurrent.
Problem 80. Consider a convex quadrilateral and the incircles of the triangles
determined by one of its diagonals. Prove that the tangency points of the
incircles with the diagonal are symmetric with respect to the midpoint of the
diagonal if and only if the diagonals and the line through the incenters are
concurrent.