Module 4

1. Write the C++ class hierarchy with diagram?

In C++, a stream refers to a sequence of characters that are transferred between the program and
input/output (I/O) devices. Stream classes in C++ facilitate input and output operations on files and
other I/O devices. These classes have specific features to handle program input and output, making it
easier to write portable code that can be used across multiple platforms.

To use streams in C++, you need to include the appropriate header file. For instance, to use
input/output streams, you would include the iostream header file. This library provides the necessary
functions and classes to work with streams, enabling you to read and write data to and from files and
other I/O devices.

In this blog, we’ll be exploring four essential C++ stream classes:-

 istream
 ostream
 ifstream
 ofstream

Fig: I/O hierarchy

This topic of file handling is further divided into sub-topics:

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  Create a file
 Open a file
 Read from a file
 Write to a file
 Close a file
File Operations in C++
C++ provides us with four different operations for file handling. They are:
 open() – This is used to create a file.
 read() – This is used to read the data from the file.
 write() – This is used to write new data to file.
 close() – This is used to close the file.

2. Mention the possible ways to define the files?

Files can be defined in 3 possible ways:
ifstream<filename>------ (input file stream)-(read only)
ofstream<filename>------(output file stream)-(write only)
fstream<filename>-----I/O file stream)-(read/write only)

3. Write the syntax for opening the file and explain with an example?
Opening files in C++
To read or enter data to a file, we need to open it first. This can be performed with the help
of ‘ifstream’ for reading and ‘fstream’ or ‘ofstream’ for writing or appending to the file. All these
three objects have open() function pre-built in them.

Syntax:
open( FileName , Mode );
Here:
 FileName – It denotes the name of file which has to be opened.
 Mode – There different mode to open a file and it explained in this article.

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 Mode Description

iso::in File opened in reading mode

iso::out File opened in write mode

iso::app File opened in append mode

File opened in append mode but read and write

iso::ate
performed at the end of the file.

iso::binary File opened in binary mode

iso::trunc File opened in truncate mode

iso::nocreate The file opens only if it exists

iso::noreplace The file opens only if it doesn’t exist

Example:-
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
fstream FileName;
FileName.open("FileName", ios::out);
if (!FileName)
{
cout<<"Error while creating the file";
}
Else
{
cout<<"File created successfully";
FileName.close();

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 }
return 0;
}
Explanation of above code
 Here we have an iostream library, which is responsible for input/output stream.
 We also have a fstream library, which is responsible for handling files.
 Creating an object of the fstream class and named it as ‘FileName’.
 On the above-created object, we have to apply the open() function to create a new file,
and the mode is set to ‘out’ which will allow us to write into the file.
 We use the ‘if’ statement to check for the file creation.
 Prints the message to console if the file doesn’t exist.
 Prints the message to console if the file exists/created.
 We use the close() function on the object to close the file.
Output
File created successfully

4. Write the syntax for Writing in to the file and explain with an example?
Writing to File
Till now, we learned how to create the file using C++. Now, we will learn how to write data to
file which we created before. We will use fstream or ofstream object to write data into the file and
to do so; we will use stream insertion operator (<<) along with the text enclosed within the
double-quotes.
With the help of open() function, we will create a new file named ‘FileName’ and then we will
set the mode to ‘ios::out’ as we have to write the data to file.
Syntax:
FileName<<"Insert the text here";

Program for Writing to File:

#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{

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 fstream FileName;
FileName.open("FileName.txt", ios::out);
if (!FileName)
{
cout<<" Error while creating the file ";
}
else
{
cout<<"File created and data got written to file";
FileName<<"Hi good morning, best of luck ";
FileName.close();
}
return 0;
}
Explanation of above code
 Here we have an iostream library, which is responsible for input/output stream.
 We also have a fstream library, which is responsible for handling files.
 Creating an object of the fstream class and named it as ‘FileName’.
 On the above-created object, we have to apply the open() function to create a new file,
and the mode is set to ‘out’ which will allow us to write into the file.
 We use the ‘if’ statement to check for the file creation.
 Prints the message to console if the file doesn’t exist.
 Prints the message to console if the file exists/created.
 Writing the data to the created file.
 We use the close() function on the object to close the file.
Output
File created and data got written to file

5. Write the syntax for Reading from the file and explain with an example?
Reading from file in C++
Getting the data from the file is an essential thing to perform because without getting the data, we
cannot perform any task. But don’t worry, C++ provides that option too. We can perform the

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 reading of data from a file with the CIN to get data from the user, but then we use CIN to take
inputs from the user’s standard console. Here we will use fstream or ifstream.

Syntax:
FileName>>Variable;
Example:-
#include<iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
fstream FileName;
FileName.open("FileName.txt", ios::in);
if (!FileName) {
cout<<"File doesn’t exist.";
}
else {
char x;
while (1) {
FileName>>x;
if(FileName.eof())
break;
cout<<x;
}
}
FileName.close();
return 0;
}
 Explanation of above code
 Here we have an iostream library, which is responsible for input/output stream.
 We also have a fstream library which is responsible for handling files.
 Creating an object of the fstream class and named it ‘FileName’.

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  On the above-created object, we have to apply the open() function to create a new file,
and the mode is set to ‘in’ which will allow us to read from the file.
 We use the ‘if’ statement to check for the file creation.
 Prints the message to console if the file doesn’t exist.
 Creating a character(char) variable with the named x.
 Iterating of the file with the help of while loop.
 Getting the file data to the variable x.
 Here we are using if condition with eof() which stands for the end of the file to tell the
compiler to read till the file’s end.
 We use the ‘break’ statement to stop the reading from file when it reaches the end.
 The print statement to print the content that is available in the variable x.
 We use the close() function on the object to close the file
Output
Hello World,

6. Write the syntax for closing the file and explain with an example?

Closing a file in C++

Closing a file is a good practice, and it is must to close the file. Whenever the C++ program
comes to an end, it clears the allocated memory, and it closes the file. We can perform the task
with the help of close() function.

Syntax:
FileName.close();

Program to Close a File:

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
fstream FileName;
FileName.open("FileName.txt", ios::in);
if (!FileName) {

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 cout<<"File doesn’t exist";
}
else {
cout<<"File opened successfully";
}
}
FileName.close();
return 0;
}
Explanation of above code
 Here we have an iostream library, which is responsible for input/output stream.
 We also have a fstream library, which is responsible for handling files.
 Creating an object of the fstream class and named it as ‘FileName’.
 On the above-created object, we will apply the open() function to create a new file, and
the mode is set to ‘out’ which allows us to write into the file.
 We use the ‘if’ statement to check for the file creation.
 Prints the message to console if the file doesn’t exist.
 Prints the message to console if the file opened or not.
 We use the close() function on the object to close the file.

7. Write the C++ program to read a few lines and then display each word in a different line?

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
String Inputline, Outputline;
ofstream Obj1(“xyz.txt”);
cout<<”input:”<<endl;
while(1)
{

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 Cin>>Inputline;
If(Inputline==”END”)
Break;
Obj1<<Inputline<<endl;//writing to the file
}
Obj1.close();

Cout<<”output:”;
ifstream Obj2(“xyz.txt”);
while(!obj2.eof())
{
Obj2>>Outputline<<endl;
Cout<<Outputline<<”/n”;
}
Obj2.close();
Return 0;
}
INPUT:
It was a Fight
For pride and ego
For one
It was a fight for
duty and self-respect for another
who won it at the end END
OUTPUT:
It
Was
A
Fight
…….
……
……
Who

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 Won
It
at
the
end.

8. Write the C++ program to read a few lines and then display line using unformatted I/O
methods ie get() and put()?
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char ch;
ofstream Obj1(“xyz.txt”);
while(1)
{
Cin.get(ch);
If(ch==”$”)
Break;
Obj1<<ch<<endl;//writing to the file
}
Obj1.close();

ifstream Obj2(“xyz.txt”);
while(!obj2.eof())
{
Obj2>>Outputline<<endl;
Cout<<Outputline<<”/n”;
}
Obj2.close();
Return 0;

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 }
Input:
The Battle
Between x and y
Is
Between light and dark

Output:
The Battle
Between x and y
Is
Between light and dark

9. Write the C++ program to read a few lines and then display line using unformatted I/O
methods ie getline()?
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char a[80],b[80];
ofstream obj1(“xyz.txt”);
while(1)
{
cin.getline(a,80);
if(!strcmp(a,”end”))
break;
obj1<<a<<endl;
}
obj1.close();
ifstream obj2(“xyz.txt”);
while(!obj2.eof())

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 {
obj2.getline(b,80);
cout<<b<<endl;
}
obj2.close();
return 0;
}

Input:
Imagination is
More important
Than Knowledge
end
Out put:
Imagination is more important that knowledge.
10. What is binary files?
Binary File Handling is a process in which we create a file and store data in its original
format. It means that if we stored an integer value in a binary file, the value will be treated as an
integer rather than text.

Binary files are mainly used for storing records just as we store records in a database. It
makes it easier to access or modify the records easily.
11. Write the syntax for opening the binary file?
A file stream object can be opened in one of two ways. First, you can supply a file name along
with an i/o mode parameter to the constructor when declaring an object:
ifstream myFile ("file name.txt", ios::in | ios::binary);
Alternatively, after a file stream object has been declared, you can call its open method:
ofstream myFile;
...
myFile.open ("filename.txt", ios::out | ios::binary);
12. Write the syntax for reading and writing the binary file?
Two member functions for ifstream and ofstream objects are useful in reading and writing both of
them have similar syntax.

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 They are
1. Writing in the file
ofstream obj.write((char *) &<the Object>, sizeof(<the same object>));
2. Reading from the file
ifstream obj.read((char *) &<the object>,sizeof(<the same object>));
13. Write the syntax for closing the binary file?
Closing the binary file is similar to the closing if the text file,
FileObject.close();
14. Write the C++ program for writing to the binary file?
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
using namespace std;
struct student
{
int Rollno;
char Name[30];
char Address[30];
};
void abc(student &s)
{
cout<<”Enter the Rollnumber:”;
cin>>s.Rollno;
cout<<”Enter the Name:”;
cin>>s.Name;
cout<<”Enter the Address:”;
cin>>s.Address;
}
int main()
{
struct student obj1;
ofstream obj2;
obj2.open(“xyz.txt”, ios::out|ios::binary|ios::trunc);
if(!obj2)

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 {
Cout<<”file can not be created\n”;
}
char con=’y’;
do
{
abc(obj1):
obj2.write((char*) &obj1,sizeof(struct student));
if(obj2.fail())
{
cout<<”file write failed\n”;
}
cout<<”do you want to continue?(y/n):”;
cin>>con;
}
while(con!=’n’);
obj2.close();
return 0;
}
Input:
Enter Rollno:1
Enter name:abc
Enter Address:xyz
do you want to continue?(y/n);y
Enter Rollno:2
Enter name:abcd
Enter Address:wxyz
do you want to continue?(y/n);n

Output:
Checking the xyz.txt file in C drive

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 15. Write the C++ program for Reading in to the binary file?
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
using namespace std;
struct student
{
int Rollno;
char Name[30];
char Address[30];
};
void xyz(student s)
{
cout<<”Enter the Rollnumber:”;
cin>>s.Rollno;
cout<<”Enter the Name:”;
cin>>s.Name;
cout<<”Enter the Address:”;
cin>>s.Address;
}
int main()
{
struct student obj1;
ofstream obj2;
while(!obj2.eof())
{

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 obj2.read((char *) &obj1,sizeof(struct student));
if(obj2.fail())
break;
}
xyz(obj1);
obj2.close();
return 0;
}

Input:
Enter Rollno:1
Enter name:abc
Enter Address:xyz

Enter Rollno:2
Enter name:abcd
Enter Address:wxyz

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