Control Loop & Safety Loop Overview

Panel operator training course

EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview
Introduction to process control functions

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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 2
 Functions of a control system
Supervisory, Control And
Data Acquisition
On a stable enough process state the SCADA
enables the optimization of production by
managing decisions of control operator and
PROCESS CONTROL fine tune of the data management
FUNCTIONS
Personnel,
Process Process
Start-up environment and
parameters parameters
Shut Down equipment
monitoring regulation
protection
INTERFACES
Measures Sequential Safety automatisms
Control Loops
Instrumentation Automatisms (PSS, ESD, FGS…)

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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 3
Functions of a control system
Normal operation Process control Disturbed operation
DCS PLC
Instrumentation Control loops Alarms Safety logics
Inform the operator on - React to process Alarms Safety logics
the plant operating disturbances in order to
conditions maintain constant the
- Inform the operator of Take action to counter an
parameters controlled
an abnormal condition excessive process
parameter deviation
- Adjust the plant operating
Main parameters conditions (setpoint) - Allow the operator to
take necessary actions Level 1:
monitored and
in order to put the Maintain the process in
controlled: P. Pressure operation
process back to normal
operating conditions
Level 2:
T. Temperature
Protect the equipment

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and the facilities
L. Level
Level 3:
Protect the personnel and
F. Flow the environment
EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 4
 Principle and constitution
of a control loop

Functions intervening in a control loop

Control loop constitutive elements

Various types of signals

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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 5
Functions intervening in a control loop

Manual level control

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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 6
 Control loop constitutive elements
Example: level control loop
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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 7
The various types of signal
Form
in which the data flows Signal type: continuous
Signal type
between two control or discontinuous
loop elements
Air pressure Pneumatic 0,2 – 1 bar Continuous
Direct electric current Electrical 4 – 20 mA  analog
Signals sent at regular
Digital information Digital 8/16/32 bits
time intervals

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Analog Digital
EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 8
 Symbolization

Function symbols

Instrumentation symbols
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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 9
Function symbols
Symbols shown device by device Symbols shown globally

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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 10
 Instrumentation symbols

Instrument identification letter codes
FIRST LETTER FOLLOWING LETTERS
MEASURED OR MODIFIER READING OR ACTIVE FUNCTION MODIFIER
INITIATING VARIABLE PASSIVE FUNCTION
A Analysis Alarm
B Burner, combustion
C Controller
D Differential
E Voltage Primary element
F Flow rate Proportion
G Visibility
H Manual High
I Current Indicator
J Power Scanning

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K Time or program Variation rate, slope Control station
L Level Indicator lamp Low
M Momentary Intermediate
means
EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 11
Instrumentation symbols
FIRST LETTER FOLLOWING LETTERS
MEASURED OR MODIFIER READING OR ACTIVE FUNCTION MODIFIER
INITIATING VARIABLE PASSIVE FUNCTION
N
O Orifice, restriction
P Pressure, vacuum Test connection
Q Quantity, number Integration, totalizer
R Radioactivity Recording
S Speed, frequency Switch contactor
T Temperature Transmitter
U Multiple variables Multiple functions Multiple functions Multiple functions
V Vibration, mechanical Valve
analysis
W Weight, force Well
X Unclassified Axis Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified

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Y Presence, state, result Axis Relay or
calculation
Z Position, dimension Axis Non identified final
control element
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 Instrumentation symbols

Locations
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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 13
Instruments identification
Examples

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EP 20302_d_A_ppt_00 Introduction to Instrumentation Process Control 14
 Instrumentation symbols

Instrumentation lines
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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 15
Symbolization

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Summary of ISA symbology
EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 16
 P&ID
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EP 20302_d_A_ppt_00 Introduction to Instrumentation Process Control 17
Various types of control loops

Simple control loop

ON/OFF loop

Safety loop

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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 18
 PID Controller

Controller principle
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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 19
Simple control loop (PID controller)
P&ID representation of the
same control loop:

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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 20
 ON/OFF loop

Discontinuous mode of operation:
• A lower limit and upper limit must be set in order to use this type of
regulation  Range of Value
• When the measurement reaches the lower limit
− the actuator goes to a particular position (On or Off for a pump, Open
or Closed for a valve)
• Likewise, when the measurement reaches the upper limit:
− the actuator is placed in the opposing position
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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 21
ON/OFF loop

Types of actuators

Example of implementation: • Double-acting with bi-stable automatic valve
• Sequential automatisms such
as instrument air dryers
sequence:
Solenoid valves +
pneumatic
distributor to
command the
servomotor
Automatic valve with
double acting servo
motor
• Single-acting with mono-stable automatic valve

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EP - 24387_a_A_ppt_01 - Control loop & safety loop Overview 22
 ON/OFF Safety loop

The safety loop comprises of:
• Primary element (sensors and transmitters)
• Logic solver (software and hardware)
• Power supplies (electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic)
• Final elements (usually valves)
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