CEH Certified || Ethical Hacker Module 03: Scanning NetworksEthical Hacking and Countermeasures ‘eam 31250 Cerfied thea ker Seanning Networks Module Objectives o Understanding Network Scanning Concepts . Drawing Network Diggrams Module Objectives After identifying the target and performing the initial reconnaissance, as discussed in the Footprinting and Reconnaissance module, attackers begin to search for an entry point into the target system. Attackers should determine whether the target systems are active or inactive to reduce the time spent on scanning. Notably, the scanning itself is not the actual intrusion but an extended form of reconnaissance in which the attacker learns more about his/her target, including information about OSs, services, and any configuration lapses. The information gleaned from such reconnaissance helps the attacker select strategies for attacking the target system or network, This module starts with an overview of network scanning and provides insights into various host discovery techniques that can be used to check for live and active systems. Furthermore, it discusses various port and service discovery techniques, operating system discovery techniques, and techniques for scanning beyond IDS and firewalls. Finally, it ends with an overview of drawing network diagrams. At the end of this module, you will be able to: Describe the network scanning concepts Use various scanning tools Perform host discovery to check for live systems * Perform port and service discovery using various scanning techniques Scan beyond intrusion detection systems (IDS) and firewalls Perform operating system (0S) discovery "Draw network diagrams using network discovery tools Module 03 Page 237 Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyright © by E-Cauncil ‘Al Rights Reserved. Reproduction Sel ProhiatedEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Seanning Networks Module Flow Ses Scanning Tools Host Discovery ‘eam 31250 Cerfied thea ker Port and Service Discovery (Os Discovery (Banner Grabhing/ ‘OF Fingerprinting) Scanning Beyond IDS and Firewall Draw Network Diagrams Network Scanning Concepts Asalready discussed, footprinting is the first phase of hacking, in which the attacker gains primary information about a potential target. He/she then uses this information in the scanning phase to gather more details about the target. Module 03 Page 238 Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyright © by E-Cauncil ‘Al Rights Reserved. Reproduction Sel ProhiatedEthical Hacking and Countermeasures ‘eam 31250 Cerfied thea ker Seanning Networks Overview of Network Scanning {© Network scanning refers to a set of procedures Network Scanning Process sed for identifying hosts, pots, and services Ina network Sens sexpert {© Network scanning is one of the components of inteligence gathering which can be used by an ae attacker to create a profile ofthe target nee organization | ‘adhe Network To discover lve hosts, IP address, and open ports of lve hosts Objectives of | © To dlscover operating systems and system architecture Network Scanning | ® To discover services running on hosts © To discover vulnerabilities in live hosts Overview of Network Scanning ‘Scanning is the process of gathering additional detailed information about the target using highly ‘complex and aggressive reconnaissance techniques. Network scanning refers to a set of procedures used for identifying hosts, ports, and services in a network. Network scanning is also used for discovering active machines in a network and identifying the OS running on the target machine. It is one of the most important phases of intelligence gathering for an attacker, which enables him/her to create a profile of the target organization. In the process of scanning, the attacker tries to gather information, including the specific IP addresses that can be accessed over the network, the target's OS and system architecture, and the ports along with their respective services running on each computer. Sends ‘TCP/IP probes > | Gets network i sc information Attacker Network Figure 3.1: Network scanning process The purpose of scanning is to discover exploitable communications channels, probe as many listeners as possible, and track the ones that are responsive or useful to an attacker's particular needs. In the scanning phase of an attack, the attacker tries to find various ways to intrude into a target system. The attacker also tries to discover more information about the target system to determine the presence of any configuration lapses. The attacker then uses the information obtained to develop an attack strategy. ‘Module 03 Page 239 Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyright © by E-Cauncil ‘Al Rights Reserved. Reproduction Sel ProhiatedEthical Hacking and Countermeasures ‘eam 31250 Cerfied thea ker Seanning Networks ‘Types of Scanning Port Scanning - Lists the open ports and services. Port scanning is the process of checking the services running on the target computer by sending a sequence of messages in an attempt to break in. Port scanning involves connecting to or probing TCP and UDP ports of the target system to determine whether the services are running or are in a listening state. The listening state provides information about the OS and the application currently in use. Sometimes, active services that are listening may allow unauthorized users to misconfigure systems or to run software with vulnerabilities. "Network Scanning ~ Lists the active hosts and IP addresses. Network scanning is a procedure for identifying active hosts on a network, either to attack them or assess the security of the network. "Vulnerability Scanning — Shows the presence of known weaknesses. Vulnerability scanning is a method for checking whether a system is exploitable by identifying its vulnerabilities. A vulnerability scanner consists of a scanning engine and a catalog. The catalog includes a list of common files with known vulnerabilities and common exploits for a range of servers. A vulnerability scanner may, for example, look for backup files or directory traversal exploits, The scanning engine maintains logic for reading the exploit list, transferring the request to the web server, and analyzing the requests to ensure the safety of the server. These tools generally target vulnerabilities that secure host configurations can fix easily through updated security patches and a clean web document. A thief who wants to break into a house looks for access points such as doors and windows. These are usually the house’s points of vulnerability, as they are easily accessible. When it comes to computer systems and networks, ports are the doors and windows of a system that an intruder uses to gain access. A general rule for computer systems is that the greater the number of open ports ona system, the more vulnerable is the system. However, there are cases in which a system. with fewer open ports than another machine presents a much higher level of vulnerability. Objectives of Network Scanning The more the information at hand about a target organization, the higher are the chances of knowing a network's security loopholes, and, consequently, for gaining unauthorized access to it Some objectives for scanning a network are as follows = Discover the network’ live hosts, IP addresses, and open ports of the live hosts. Using the ‘open ports, the attacker will determine the best means of entering into the system. Discover the OS and system architecture of the target. Thisis also known as fingerprinting. An attacker can formulate an attack strategy based on the OS's vulnerabilities. = Discover the services running/listening on the target system. Doing so gives the attacker an indication of the vulnerabilities (based on the service) that can be exploited for gaining access to the target system. Identify specific applications or versions of a particular service. Identify vulnerabilities in any of the network systems. This helps an attacker to ‘compromise the target system or network through various exploits. Module 0 Page 240, Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyright © by E-Cauncil ‘Al Rights Reserved. Reproduction Sel ProhiatedEthical Hacking and Countermeasures ‘eam 31250 Cerfied thea ker Seanning Networks TCP Communication Flags Ripa | tahoe | mcg Source Port Destination Port proce - - - Frmeaiately Sequence No oe ony amo) Acknowledgement No | : | mo rm st | | | |Zares | |tecomes | | ose ea [Eee || ee cau : re i] Stand TP comin aco by apn TEP pc at I TCP Communication Flags The TCP header contains various flags that control the transmission of data across a TCP connection. Six TCP control flags manage the connection between hosts and give instructions to the system. Four of these flags (SYN, ACK, FIN, and RST) govern the establishment, maintenance, and termination of 2 connection. The other two flags (PSH and URG) provide instructions to the system. The size of each flag is 1 bit. As there are six flags in the TCP Flags section, the size of this section is 6 bits. When a flag value is set to “1,” that flag is automatically turned on. Source Port Destination Port Sequence No Acknowledgement No SS TCP Checksum Urgent Pointer | Options ke 0.31 Bits —>| Figure 3.2: TeP header format Module 03 Page 282 Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyright © by E-Cauncil ‘Al Rights Reserved. Reproduction Sel Prohiatedcataren Tc? Flags Figure 33: TCP communication fags ‘The following are the TCP communication flags: = Synchronize or “SYN”: It notifies the transmission of a new sequence number. This flag generally represents the establishment of a connection (three-way handshake) between ‘two hosts. = Acknowledgement or “ACK”: It confirms the receipt of the transmission and identifies the next expected sequence number. When the system successfully receives a packet, it sets the value of its flag to “1,” thus implying that the receiver should pay attention to it. * Push or “PSH”: When it is set to “1,” it indicates that the sender has raised the push ‘operation to the receiver; this implies that the remote system should inform the receiving application about the buffered data coming from the sender. The system raises the PSH flag at the start and end of data transfer and sets it on the last segment of a file to prevent buffer deadlocks. Urgent or “URG”: It instructs the system to process the data contained in packets as soon as possible. When the system sets the flag to “1,” priority is given to processing the urgent data first and all the other data processing is stopped. «Finish or “FIN”: Its set to “1” to announce that no more transmissions will be sent to the remote system and the connection established by the SYN flag is terminated. Reset or “RST”: When there is an error in the current connection, this flagis set to “1” and the connection is aborted in response to the error. Attackers use this flag to scan hosts and identify open ports. SYN scanning mainly deals with three flags: SYN, ACK, and RST. You can use these three flags for gathering illegal information from servers during enumeration. Module 03 Page 282 Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyright © by E-Cauncil ‘Al Rights Reserved. Reproduction Sel Prohiatedthea Hacking and Countermeasures ‘eam 31250 Cerfied thea ker Seanning Networks TCP/IP Communication ‘TCP Session Establishmont [three way Handshaie) = a Cece ol TCP/IP Communication TCP is connection oriented, i.e., it prioritizes connection establishment before data transfer between applications. This connection between protocols is possible through the three-way handshake. ATCP session initiates using a three-way handshake mechanism: "To launch a TCP connection, the source (10.0.0.2:21) sends a SYN packet to the destination (10.0.0.3:21) = Onreceiving the SYN packet, the destination responds by sending a SYN/ACK packet back to the source. = The ACK packet confirms the arrival of the first SYN packet to the source. "Finally, the source sends an ACK packet for the ACK/SYN packet transmitted by the destination. "This triggers an "OPEN" connection, thereby allowing communication between the source and destination, which continues until one of them issues a "FIN" or "RST" packet to close the connection. ‘Module 03 Page 283 Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyight © by E-Caunedl ‘Al Rights Reserved. Reproduction Sel Prohiatedthea Hacking and Countermeasures ‘eam 31250 Cerfied thea ker Seanning Networks sil heels rooo2a + Figure 3.4: TCP session establishment The TCP protocol maintains stateful connections for all connection-oriented protocols ‘throughout the Internet and works similarly to ordinary telephone communication, in which one picks up a telephone receiver, hears a dial tone, and dials a number that triggers ringing at the ‘other end until someone picks up the receiver and says, “Hello.” The system terminates the established TCP session as follows: After completing all the data transfers through the established TCP connection, the sender sends the connection termination request to the receiver through a FIN or RST packet. Upon receiving the connection termination request, the receiver acknowledges the termination request by sending an ACK packet to the sender and finally sends its own FIN packet. Then, the system terminates the established connection. it shoots 1090.02.21 19.00.3:21 Figure 3.5: TCP session termination Module 03 Page 288 Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyight © by E-Caunedl ‘Al Rights Reserved. Reproduction Sel Prohiatedthea Hacking and Countermeasures ‘eam 31250 Cerfied thea ker Sanring Networks Module Flow Barut suming Cnet Povtand Serie Derry EE ospiscovery Gunner Orang Scanning Tools on mere aattherey senaigBeyntDS and Fea Draw Network Diagrams Scanning Tools: Nmap [O Nesece arson an se ia (neering 2 ator forsee pt a acters se eae to Sere iapotetion tame and ves, tet pce ters) ‘ews al 8 ein tea Module 03 Page 285 Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyight © by E-Caunedl ‘Al Rights Reserved. Reproduction Sel ProhiatedEthic! Hacking ond Countermessures ‘eam 31250 Cerfied thea ker Seanning Networks Scanning Tools: Hping2/Hping3 | BD connie tnt scnine pet cating tr tem | By rean be used for network securty auditing, firewall testing, manual path MTU discovery, advances traceroute, remote OS fingerprinting, cemote uptime guessing, TCP/IP stacks euiting, et. Hping Commands o = fat a= —— a — ss q————— 2. | eee Module 03 Page 286, Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyright © by E-Cauncil ‘Al Rights Reserved. Reproduction Sel ProhiatedEthic! Hacking ond Countermessures ‘eam 31250 Cerfied thea ker Seanning Networks Scanning Tools Metasploit NetScanTools Pro “Metaplots an opensource projec ha provides the ntasrucure content, || Netscatoots ro ass arararsin automaticaly 2d tals o perform ponetation ests and extensive security auditing ‘¢ mansaly ising ug/l addresses, hostnames domain names, and URLE Scanning Tools Scanning tools are used to scan and identify live hosts, open ports, running services on a target, network, location info, NetBIOS info, and information about all TCP/IP and UDP open ports. The information obtained from these tools will help an ethical hacker in creating the profile of the target organization and scanning the network for open ports of the devices connected. "Nmap Source: https://nmap.org Nmap ("Network Mapper") is a security scanner for network exploration and hacking. It allows you to discover hosts, ports, and services on a computer network, thus creating a "map" of the network. It sends specially crafted packets to the target host and then analyzes the responses to accomplish its goal. It scans vast networks of literally hundreds of thousands of machines. Nmap includes many mechanisms for port scanning (TCP and Upp), OS detection, version detection, ping sweeps, and so on. Either a network administrator or an attacker can use this tool for their specific needs. Network administrators can use Nmap for network inventory, managing service upgrade schedules, and monitoring host or service uptime. Attackers use Nmap to extract information such as live hosts on the network, open ports, services (application name and version), type of packet filters/firewalls, MAC details, and OSs along with their versions. Syntax: # nmap Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyright © by E-Cauncil ‘Al Rights Reserved. Reproductions Stel Prohitedthea Hacking and Countermeasures Seanning Networks © Zenmap ‘am 31250 Ceri Ethie Hocker Sean Tools Profle Help Taget: [10301010 Module 03 Page 288 ep 91-6595 -T4- - 1h ‘Starting tap 7.76 ( hittes://nmap.org ) at 2619-06-07 $3208 Seandera Tine NSE: Loacea 148 scripts for scanning. WE: Script Pre-scamine- Initiating NSE at 13:60 Completed HSE at 13:08, 0.005 elapsed Initiating nse at 13:04 Completed NSE at 15:08, 0.085 elapsed Initiating aap Ping Sean st 13% ‘Scanning 10,10,10.10 (1 port] Completes AiP Ping Scan St 13:04, @.175 elapsed (1 ‘otal hosts) Initiating Parallel ONS resolution of 1 hast. at 13:08 Completes Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 13:08, is elepses (eiating SYM Stealth Sean at 13:08 Scanning 10,10.19.30 [65535 porte] Discovered open port 135/tcp on 10 Discovered open port 445/tep on 10-10.10-10 Discovered open port 139/tep on 10.10.10.10 Discovered open port 49667/tcp on, 10-10.10.10 Discovered open port Discovered open port Discovered open port About 47.95% done} ETC: 13:05 {o00:54 resainine) Discovered open port 49666/tcD on 10. Discovered open port 49665/tcB on Discovered open port 49668/tcp on Diseoverea open port 49668/¢B on 10. Discovered open port 49689/tcp on 10.10. Completes sy stesith Sean at 15:05, 65-695 elapsed (65535 total ports) Figure 3.6: Screenshot displaying Nmap sean. Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyight © by E-Caunedl “Al RightsReserved. Reproductions Sty Prohbsedthea Hacking and Countermeasures ‘eam 31250 Cerfied thea ker Seanning Networks © Zenmap Sean Tools Profile Help Tage [10101030 TZ] Prete (itncescan TCP pone |] Bea Command: |map-p1-6535 -T4-A-v 10.10.1010 Hos] Services | nmap ouput Pors/Hosts Topology Host Details Scans 08 # Host [imap -p F-65535 -T4 Av 10101010 a: ow 0101030 Initiating O5 detection (try #1) against 10.10.10.10 Retrying 0s getection (try #2) agsinst 10, NSE. Script scanning 10:10.10.10. Initiating NSE at 15 Completes MSE at 13 Initiating NSE at 13: Completed HSE at 13 Necrosott Windows RPC fetblos-sen Microsoft windows netblos- Obtains list of open ports, OS details, MAC ]5cr/tcp open bttn "Microsoft TTPAPE nttod details, and | iSetprserver-hender: Mrosoft-MTTPIPI/2.© services along _||"nees-titie: service Unavaiiaie with their Sree —lerotoft kinanus aPC free Mrovort ngewe APC versions irpe ——Merosort windows RPC mre Merovort kindous APC Serpe Mrosort kingows RPC rpc Meroort windows RPC sac aaaresss c0:0e"%9:79:02:89 (Wmare) fiaaressive’ Os auessesi Microvort winaows Longnoen (948 JWiteroncfe Wencons 10 1703 (oss), Ricrosore wincone 1 1511 (ein), nlcrosore wincéus server 2008 S72" (GI ilcrosort-ds Windows 10 Enterprise Figure 3.7: Sreenshot dspaying Nmap scan result Hping2/Hping3 Source: http://www.hping.org Hping2/Hping3 is a command-line-oriented network scanning and packet crafting tool for the TCP/IP protocol that sends ICMP echo requests and supports TCP, UDP, ICMP, and raw-IP protocols. It performs network security auditing, firewall testing, manual path MTU discovery, advanced traceroute, remote OS fingerprinting, remote uptime guessing, TCP/IP stacks auditing, and other functions. It can send custom TCP/IP packets and display target replies similarly to a ping program with ICMP replies. It handles fragmentation as well as arbitrary packet body and size, and it can be used to transfer encapsulated files under the supported protocols. It also supports idle host scanning. IP spoofing and network/host scanning can be used to perform an anonymous probe for services. Hping2/Hping3 also has a Traceroute mode, which enables attackers to send files between covert channels. It also determines whether the host is up even when the host Module 03 Page 288 Ethical Making and Countermeasures Copyight © by E-Caunedl ‘Al Rights Reserved. Reproduction Sel ProhiatedEthic! Hacking ond Countermessures ‘eam 31250 Cerfied thea ker Scanning Networks blocks ICMP packets. Its firewalk-like usage allows the discovery of open ports behind firewalls. It performs manual path MTU discovery and enables attackers to perform remote OS fingerprinting, Using Hping, an attacker can study the behavior of an idle host and gain information about ‘the target, such as the services that the host offers, the ports supporting the services, and the OS of the target. This type of scan is a predecessor to either heavier probing or outright attacks. Syntax: # hping

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