Math 12/L

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2
MODULE 2: Integration Techniques Lesson 1

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Prepared by:
ENGR. JOBEL HYLES CABAHUG
Faculty, ME Department
College of Engineering, Architecture &
Technology
 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

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that this module uses for creation.

OVERVIEW
CONTENTS:
1.1 Integration by Parts

1.2 Integration by Partial Fractions

COURSE DESCRIPTION: 1.3 Trigonometric Substitution

1.3 Algebraic Substitution

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 1

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

The course introduces the concept of integration and its application to some physical problems
such as evaluation of areas, volumes of revolution, force, and work. The fundamental formulas and
various techniques of integration are taken up and applied to both single variable and multi-variable
functions. The course also includes tracing of functions of two variables for a better appreciation of
the interpretation of the double and triple integral as volume of a three-dimensional region bounded
by two or more surfaces.

COURSE OUTCOME:
At the end of this course, you must be able to use integration techniques on single and multi-
variable functions.

TIME FRAME:
This module can be covered in 1 week.

INTRODUCTION
Good day future engineers! Welcome to Engineering Course.
This module will concentrate on integration techniques on single and multi-variable functions.
As you continue to do so in this module, you can learn about the various integration techniques in
various functions or problems which will be your foundation as we headed deeply into this course.
You can also see mathematics differently by understanding the integrations. Just like derivative,
integrals is another concept in the field of mathematics. Let’s start now!

Fun Fact:

“Did you know that Newton invented/discovered calculus in about the

same amount of time, the average student learns it.”

Lesson

1.1 Integration by Parts

In this lesson we will learn the concept and formula’s use in integrating by parts.

LESSON PROPER
MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 2
 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

From the formula for the differential of a product,

d ( uv )=udv + vdu

we find, integrating both sides,

uv=∫ udv +∫ vdu

Transporting, we obtain the formula

∫ udv =uv−∫ vdu Eq. 1.1

Integration by this formula is called integration by parts.

Example 1.1

Evaluate ∫ x sin x.

Solution:
Let
u=x dv =sin 2 x dx
−1
du=dx v=∫ sin 2 x dx= cos 2 x
2
By applying integration by parts,

∫ udv =uv−∫ vdu

−1 −1
∫ x sin 2 x dx= 2
x cos 2 x−(
2
)∫ cos 2 x dx

1 1
¿− x cos 2 x +¿ sin 2 x +C ¿
2 4

Example 1.2

Evaluate ∫ sec θdθ

3

Solution:

Can written in the form of ∫ sec θ sec θ dθ

2

Let
2
u=sec θ dv =sec θ dθ

v=∫ sec θ dθ=tan θ

2
du=secθ tanθ dθ

By applying integration by parts,

∫ udv =uv−∫ vdu

∫ sec θ sec2 θ dθ=sec θ tan θ−∫ tan θ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
∫ sec θ sec2 θ dθ=sec θ tan θ−∫ tan2 θ sec θ dθ where tan 2 θ=sec 2 x−1

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 3

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

∫ sec θ sec2 θ dθ=sec θ tan θ−∫ sec θ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

∫ sec θ sec2 θ dθ=sec θ tan θ−∫ sec θ sec 2 θ dθ+∫ sec θ dθ
∫ sec θ sec2 θ dθ=sec θ tan θ−∫ sec θ sec 2 θ dθ+ ln ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
By transposing the integral sign to the other side

∫ sec θ sec2 θ dθ+∫ secθ sec2 θ dθ=sec θ tan θ+ ln¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

2∫ sec θ sec θ dθ=sec θ tanθ+ ln ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
2

1
Multiply both sides by , we get
2
1 1
∫ sec θ sec2 θ dθ= 2 sec θ tan θ+ 2 ln¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

Example 1.3

Evaluate ∫ e sin 2 x dx
u

Solution:
Take
u
u=sin 2 x dv =e du

v=∫ e du=e
u u
du=2 cos 2 x

By applying integration by parts,

∫ udv =uv−∫ vdu

∫ eu sin 2 x dx=eu sin 2 x−¿2 ∫ e u cos 2 x ¿
Take
u1=cos 2 x d v 1=e du
u

v 1=∫ e du=e
u u
d u1=−2 sin 2 x dx

∫ eu sin 2 x dx=eu sin 2 x−¿2 e u cos 2 x +(2)(−2)∫ e u sin x dx ¿

∫ eu sin 2 x dx=eu sin 2 x−¿2 e u cos 2 x −4 ∫ eu sin x dx ¿
By transposing the integral sign to the other side

∫ eu sin 2 x dx +4 ∫ eu sin x dx=e u sin 2 x−¿ 2 eu cos 2 x +C ¿

5∫ e sin x dx=e sin x−2e cos 2 x+C
u u u

1
Multiply both sides by , we get
2
u
∫ eu sin x dx = 15 e sin x− 25 e u cos 2 x +C 1

Example 1.4

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 4

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Evaluate ∫ x e dx .
2 3x

Solution:
Take
2 3x
u=x dv =e dx
1 3x
v=∫ e dx= e
3x
du=2 xdx
3
By applying integration by parts,

∫ udv =uv−∫ vdu

1 1
∫ x 2 e3 x dx = 3 x2 e 3 x − 3 (2)∫ e 3 x xdx
Take
u1=x dv 1=e dx
3x

1 3x
v=∫ e dx= e
3x
du 1=dx
3
1 2 1 1
∫ x 2 e3 x dx = 3 x2 e 3 x − 3 ( 3 x e 3 x − 3 ∫ e3 x dx )

∫ x 2 e3 x dx = 13 x2 e 3 x − 29 x e 3 x + 23 ( 19 ) e 3 x +C
1 2 2
∫ x 2 e3 x dx = 3 x2 e 3 x − 9 x e 3 x + 27 e 3 x +C

1.1 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.

1. ∫ x ln x dx

2. ∫ x cos 4 x dx

3. ∫ x e dx
−x

4. ∫ csc x dx
3

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to
answer the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 5

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Integration by Partial Fractions
1.2
In this lesson we will learn the concept and formula’s in integrating by using partial fractions.

LESSON PROPER
Partial fractions can classify by following;
A
a). A linear factor, ax +b in the denominator gives rise to a partial fraction of the form .
ax +b
A B
b). Repeated linear factors, ¿ give rise to partial fractions of the form + .
ax +b ¿¿
A x+ B
c). A quadratic factor ax 2 +bx +c gives rise to a partial fraction of the form 2 .
a x + bx+ c

a). Integrating algebraic fractions with two linear factors

Example 1.5
x
Evaluate ∫ dx .
( 2−x)(x +3)
Solution:
By partial fraction it can written as,
x A B
= + where A and B are constant
( 2−x ) (x +3) (2−x) (x +3)

By adding the fraction on right side, we get

x A ( x +3 ) + B(2−x )
=
( 2−x ) (x +3) (2−x )(x+ 3)

To get value of A and B, lets first have the of x

x= A ( x +3 ) + B(2−x )

Then lets separately equate coefficients of constant terms, linear terms, quadratic terms etc.

For linear terms:

1= A−B
For constant terms:
0=3 A +2 B
By equating the linear and constant terms we have, we get value of
2 −3
A= and B=
5 5

Thus the partial fractions are

x 2 3
= −
(2−x)(x +3) 5(2−x) 5(x +3)

Both of the terms on the right can be integrated as:

2 dx 3 dx
¿ ∫ − ∫
5 2−x 5 x +3

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 6

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

2 −1 dx 3 1 dx
¿ (−1)∫ − ∫
5 2−x 5 x+3
2 3
¿− ln |2−x|− ln |x +3|+C
5 5

b). Integrating algebraic fractions with a repeated linear factor

Example 1.5
1
Evaluate ∫ ¿
¿¿
Solution:

In this Example there is a repeated factor in the denominator. This is because the factor x−1 appears twice, as
in ¿. We write

1
¿¿
¿ A ( x−1 ) ( x+1 )+ B ( x+ 1 )+ C ¿ ¿

By equating the equation, we get,

1= A ( x−1 )( x +1 ) +B ( x +1 ) +C ¿
1= A ( x 2−1 ) + B ( x +1 ) +C( x2 −2 x +1)

Then lets separately equate coefficients of constant terms, linear terms, quadratic terms etc.

For quadratic terms:

0=A +C
For linear terms:
0=B−2 C
For constant terms:
1=− A +B+ C

By equating all the equation we have, we get value of

−1 1 1
A= , B= , and C=
4 2 4

The integral becomes

1
∫ ¿¿ ¿
1
¿− ln ( x−1 )−
4
1 1
( )
1
+ ln ( x+1 ) +C
2 x−1 4

c). Integrating algebraic fractions with a quadratic factor

Example 1.6
2
x + 4 x +10
Evaluate ∫ 3 2
dx
x + 2 x +5 x
Solution
Assume

x + 4 x +10 A B (2 x +2)
2
C
3 2
= + 2 + 2
x +2 x + 5 x x x +2 x +5 x +2 x+ 5

By equating the equation, we get,

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 7

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

x 2+ 4 x +10=A ( x2 +2 x +5 ) + Bx ( 2 x+2 )+Cx

Then lets separately equate coefficients of constant terms, linear terms, quadratic terms etc.

For quadratic terms:

1= A+ 2 B
For linear terms:
4=2 A+2 B+C
For constant terms:
10=5 A
By equating all the equation we have, we get value of
−1
A=2, B= , and C=1
2
Therefore, the integral becomes

( ( ) )
2
∫ x 3+ 2 x 2 +5 x dx=∫ 2x − 12 x 22+2x +2
x + 4 x +10
+ 2
C
x +5 x +2 x +5
dx

1 1 −1 x +1
¿ 2 ln x− ln ( x + 2 x +5 ) + tan
2
+C
2 2 2

1.2 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.
xdx
1. ∫ 2
x + 6 x+13
dx
2. ∫ ¿
x¿¿

( 2 x+11 ) dx
3. ∫ 2
x + x−6

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 3 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice for
a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to
answer the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 8

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Trigonometric Substitution
1.3
In this lesson you will learn the concept and formula in integrating by using trigonometric
substitution.

LESSON PROPER
Many integrals can be evaluated by substituting a trigonometric function for x . The following
substitution are especially promising:

(1) When the integrand involves a 2−x 2, try x=asin θ.

(2) When the integrand involves a 2+ x 2, try x=a tan θ.

(3) When the integrand involves x 2−a 2, try x=asec θ

However, it will be found that these combinations by no means exhaust the usefulness of
trigonometric substitutions.
Let us examine the reason underlying the choice (1) above. We know that
2 2
1−sin θ=cos θ
Therefore, if x is chosen to be a sin θ ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a −x =a −a sin θ=a cos θ

We thus replace ( a 2−x 2 ) by a single term a 2 cos 2 θ . Furthermore, that single term is a perfect
square, which is particularly effective when the quantity (a 2−x 2) appears under a square root symbol.

Example 1.7
dx
Evaluate ∫ ¿
¿¿
Solution:
Putting x=a sin θ , dx=a cos θ dθ , we get
a cos θ dθ
∫ ¿¿
¿

1 cos θ 1 1 1
2∫
dθ= 2 ∫ dθ= 2 ∫ sec θdθ
2
¿ 3 2
a cos θ a cos θ a
1
¿ 2
tan θ+C
a
From the triangle,

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 9

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

x
tanθ=
√ a −x 2
2

√ a2−x 2

whence
dx
∫ ¿¿ ¿

Example 1.8

√ x−a
Evaluate ∫ 5
x2
Solution:
Hence we try

√ x=√ a sec θ
From which
2 2
x=a sec θ , dx=2a sec θ tan θ dθ
Then

√ x−a dx= √ a sec2 θ−a (2 a sec2 θ tan θ dθ)

∫ 5 ∫ 5
x 2
a sec 5 θ
2

¿¿¿

2
¿
a
∫ √ 2
sec θ−1¿ ¿ ¿

2
¿
a
∫ √ tan2 θ ¿ ¿ ¿
2
2 tan θ 2
¿ ∫
a sec 3 θ
dθ= ∫ tan θ cos θdθ
a
2 3

2
¿
a
∫ sin 2 θ cos θdθ
2 3
¿ sin θ+C
3a

From the triangle

√x
√ x−a

√a
3
sin θ=¿ ¿
Therefore,

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 10

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

∫ √ x−a
5
=
2
3a
¿
x2

1.3 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.
dx
1. ∫ ¿
¿¿
dx
2.∫
√ a2−x 2
3. ∫ √
16−x 2
dx
x

4. ∫ √ x ¿
¿¿

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
Congratulation!
If you got 0 You
– 1, have finished
it is okay, the
do not lesson
worry. 3. Take
Compare a breather
your answer tobefore you proceed
the answer totry
given, then theto
answer the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.
lesson 4

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 11

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Algebraic Substitution
1.4
In this lesson you will learn the concept and formula in integrating by using algebraic substitution.

LESSON PROPER
Many integrals may be evaluated by introducing a new variable of integration, say u, in place of the
original variable x , the two variable being connected by some suitable formula. The change of variable is
usually brought by means of an explicit substitution
'
x=φ (u), dx=φ (u ) du
This process, called integration by substitution.
Example 1.9

Evaluate ∫ ¿ ¿ .

Solution:
Let
u=x+ 4 and du=dx

Then
6
∫ u du= u6 +C
5

We can revert to an expression involving the original variable x by recalling that u=x+ 4 , giving

∫¿¿

Example 1.9

Evaluate ∫
√ x dx
1+ x

Put u=√ x . Then x=u2 and dx=2udu . Hence

√ x dx=2 u(udu) 2
u du
∫ 1+ x
∫ 1+u
2
=2∫
1+u
2

Can be written in form of

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 12

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

¿ 2∫ 1−
( 1
1+u
2
du
)
¿ 2 u−2 tan u+ C where u=√ x .
−1

¿ 2 √ x−2 tan √ x +C
−1

Example 1.10

Evaluate ∫ sin x cos x dx

4 3

Solution:
We write

∫ sin 4 x cos 3 x dx=∫ sin 4 x ¿ ¿ ¿

Using the identity cos 2 x=1−sin2 x

¿ ∫ sin x ¿ ¿ ¿
4

¿∫ ¿ ¿

Then the substitution u=sin x, du=cos x dx gives

5 7
∫ ( u 4−u 6 ) du= u − u +C
5 7
where u=sin x

5 7
sin x sin x
¿ − +C
5 7

1.4 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.
3
z
1. ∫ 2 2 dz
√ z −a
2. ∫ ¿ ¿

12 x +1
3. ∫ dx
√ 4 x−3
dx
4. ∫
1+ √ x

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 13

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Assessment
This part is a graded assessment, I will assess if you have learned the whole module. Use pen
to write your answer. Write your answer in a long bond paper together with front page (must include
course code and the title, title of the lesson, title of activity, name of student and your block, date of
submission, name of your professor) . Take note that all pages must have 0.5 inches’ border
including the front page. Copy the questions then answer. Once you’re done answering, send it to me
via Google Classroom in a single PDF file. Please avoid erasure. Good Luck
Problem Set No. 3:
Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ t cos t dt
2

2. ∫ ln x dx

3. ∫ sin x sin 4 x

4. ∫ sin ¿ ¿ ¿

5. ∫ sec x dx
5

( x−1 ) dx
6. ∫ 2
x +5 x +6
dx
7. ∫ 2
x + ax
y+ 13
8. ∫ dy
( y+ 1)( y +3)( y −2)
2
2 x +1
9. ∫ 3
dx
x −3 x+ 2
4
x +1
10. ∫ 2 ¿
x ¿¿
ydy
11. ∫ ¿
¿¿
dx
12. ∫ ¿
x¿¿

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 14

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

4 dx
13. ∫ 3 2
x −4 x +8 x
10 dx
14. ∫ 2
2
4 x −4 x +5 x
4 dx
15. ∫ ¿
¿¿
dx
16. ∫ ¿
¿¿

17. ∫ √ a −x dx
2 2

dw
18. ∫
w 2
√ w 2 + a2
2
19. ∫ x ¿dx
¿¿
( 5 y +4 ) dy
20. ∫
√5 y−1

Answer Key
Answers for 1.1 Practice Problem:
2
x 1
1. ln x− x +C
2 4
1 1
2. x sin 4 x+ cos 4 x+ C
4 16

3. −x e−x −e− x +C
−csc θ cot θ 1
4. − ln ¿ ¿
2 2

Answer for 1.2 Practice Problem:

1 3 −1 x +3
ln ( x +6 x+ 13 )− tan
2
1. +C
2 2 2
1 1 1
2. ln x− ln ( x +2 )− +C
4 4 2 x+ 4

3. ln ( x 1+3 )+ 3 ln ( x −2) +C
Answer for 1.3 Practice Problem:
1 x
1. ( 2 2 )+C
a √a + x
2

a
2. ln +C
√ a −x 2
2

3. ln ¿

4. ln √ x+ C

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 15

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Answers for 1.4 Practice Problem:

1. ¿ ¿
2. ¿ ¿
1
3. ¿
2

4. 2 √ x −ln ( √ x+1 ) +C

References

1. Louis Leithold , The calculus 7 7th edition

2. Clyde E. Love and Earl D. Rainville, Differential and integral calculus 6th edition
3. Dit Gallesania, Engineering mathematics volume 2, Third Edition

MODULE 2 Integration TECHNIQUES 16