Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION X – NORTHERN MINDANAO
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF OZAMIZ CITY

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Module 1- Random Variable and Probability Distribution

Lesson 2: Probability Distribution and Its Properties

Before we have the definition of probability distribution for
a discrete random variable and its properties, we need to tackle
the problem below to show how to deal with probability
distribution. Read and analyze the problem carefully.
Illustrative Example
In a computer laboratory, the teacher wants to find out if
there is a defective keyboard among its computer set. Supposed
three keyboards were tested at random, he asked one of his
learners to list all the possible outcomes, such that D represents There are four possible values of the random variable X
the defective keyboard and N represents the non-defective. Let X representing the number of defective keyboards. The possible
be the random variable for the number of defective keyboards. values of X are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Then, illustrate the probability distribution of the random variable
X. C. Each of these numbers corresponds to an event in the sample
Based on the given problem above, observe, analyze, and space S of equally likely outcomes for this experiment. Since the
answer the following questions: value of the random variable X represents the number of
A. List the sample space in the given experiment. How many defective keyboards. If each of the outcomes is equally likely to
outcomes are possible? occur, then the probability is:
B. Construct a table showing the number of defective keyboards
in each outcome and assign this number to this outcome. What is
the value of the random variable X?
C. Illustrate a probability distribution. What is the probability In assigning probability values for P(X) to each value of the
value P(X) to each value of the random variable? random variable, since we know that the number of the sample
D. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the space is 8,
random variable?
E. What do you notice about the probability of each value of the
random variable?
Solutions:
To solve the problem, you must consider first the steps in
determining the values of the random variable that you had learn
from your previous discussion.
A. Let D represent the defective keyboard and N for non-
defective computer. The number of sample space of the given
problem is 8. This is because there are three keyboards subjected
to inspection whether defective or non- defective, n(S)= (2)(2)(2)
= 23= 8 sample space.

D. By adding the probabilities or the values of P(X).

The sample space is: S = {NNN, NND, NDN, NDD, DNN, DND,
DDN, DDD}.
B. Count the number of defective keyboards in each outcome in
the sample space and assign this number to the outcome. For
instance, if you list NND, then the number of defective keyboards
is 1.

School: Ozamiz City National High School

Address: Bernad St. Lam-an Ozamiz City
Telephone No: (088) 521-3385 Together, We Deliver Our Dreams.
Telefax: (088) 545-2821 ASENSO OZAMIZ!
Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Nos. 09709636300/09364337384
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION X – NORTHERN MINDANAO
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF OZAMIZ CITY

E. From the given activity, you can observe that the values of the Lesson 3: Computing Probability Corresponding to a Given
probability ranges from 0 to 1 only. No values of the probability Random Variable
will be lesser than zero and no values will be greater than 1. In the previous lesson, you have learned how to illustrate a
probability distribution of a discrete random variable. For this
The table given below is what we call the probability lesson, you are going to compute for the probability
distribution or also known as the probability mass function. corresponding to a given random variable. Let us start the
discussion by presenting a problem.
Illustrative Example 1:
Golden’s Bakery is known for its famous Filipino delicacies.
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable Among these foods which is native delicious food called
X is a list of the possible values of X and the corresponding “kakanin” is a “leche puto”. The bakeshop owner recorded the
probabilities of the values. It specifies the probability associated number of boxes of “leche puto” that were delivered each day.
with each possible value of the random variable. The distribution The number of boxes delivered for 10 days is shown below:
is generally known as Probability Mass function.

Example 1:
Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability
distribution: Questions:
A. What is the probability that 40 or more boxes will be delivered
on a particular day?
B. What is the probability that the number of boxes delivered will
be least 37 but not more than 50?
The distribution must satisfy the two conditions given, a) C. What is the probability that at most 40 boxes will delivered on
the probability value P(X) must be from 0 to 1 and b) the sum of a particular day?
all the values of the probabilities must be equal to 1. D. Find P(X ≤ 45)
The first condition is met because is from 0 to 1. The E. Find P(40) + P(50)
second condition is not satisfied because, the sum is NOT equal To answer the questions above, let us construct first the
to 1. probability distribution. Let X be the value of the random variable
represented by the number of boxes of “leche puto”. The
probability distribution is shown below:

Hence, this is NOT a probability distribution.

Example 2:
Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability
distribution:

Remember, the two conditions that you need to satisfy.

1. Is the value of P(X) between 0 to 1? Based on the table, the
values of P(X) are 0.35, 0.25, 0.28, and 0.12, and the values are Solution:
between 0 and 1. The first condition is SATISFIED. A. The probability that 40 or more boxes will be sold in a
2. Is the sum of P(X) equal to 1? particular day means P (X ≥ 40).
0.35 + 0.25 + 0.28 + 0.12 = 1 This means that you must add P(X = 40), P(X = 42), P(X =
Since the sum is 1, then second condition is SATISFIED. 45), and P(X = 50).
Hence, this is a PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION. P(X ≥ 40) = P(40) + P(42) + P(45) + P(50) then, substitute
its corresponding probability P(X) using the table above:
School: Ozamiz City National High School
Address: Bernad St. Lam-an Ozamiz City
Telephone No: (088) 521-3385 Together, We Deliver Our Dreams.
Telefax: (088) 545-2821 ASENSO OZAMIZ!
Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Nos. 09709636300/09364337384
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION X – NORTHERN MINDANAO
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF OZAMIZ CITY

Questions:
A. What is the probability that a customer will buy at least 6
items?
B. What is the probability that a customer will buy at most 7
items?
Interpretation: There are 0.7 chance that 40 or more boxes will be
sold. Solution:
A. “At least 6 items” means P (X ≥6), so we are concern with the
B. The probability that the number of boxes delivered will be at
probabilities of greater than or equal to 6 items. These are P(6),
least 37 but not more than 50 means P (37 ≤ X < 50). Hence, the P (7), P (8), and P (9).
values included are P(37), P(40), P(42) and P(45), then substitute
P (X ≥ 6) = P (6) + P (7) + P (8) + P (9)
its corresponding probability. = 0.12 + 0.28 + 0.15 + 0.20
= 0.75
Interpretation: There are 0.75 probability that a customer will
buy at least 6 items in the convenience store.
B. “At most 7 items” means P (X ≤ 7) , so we are concern with
the probabilities of less than or equal to 7 items. These are P( 5) ,
P (6) and P (7) .
P (X ≤ 7) = P (5) + P (6) + P (7)
Interpretation: There are 0.8 chance that the number of boxes = 0.25 + 0.12 + 0.28
delivered will be at least 37 but not more than 50. = 0.65
Interpretation: There are 0.65 probability that a customer will
C. The probability that at most 40 boxes will be delivered in a buy at most 7 items in the convenience store.
particular day means P (X ≤ 40) so the values of X are P (40), P
(37), and P (35).
PLEASE ANSWER THE PROBLEM FOUND AT THE
BACK PAGE OF THIS SHEET.

Note: In order for you to properly comprehend the lessons,

this is a summary aligned with the module created by your
teacher in this subject. Please do not disseminate or replicate
it. Thank you!
Interpretation: There are 0.40 chance that at most 40 boxes will Prepared by: Mr. Quirino A. Aso II
be delivered.
D. Find P (X ≤ 45) = P (45) + P (42) + P (40) + P (37)

Interpretation: There are 0.90 probability that less than or equal

to 45 boxes will be delivered.

E. Find P (40) + P (50) =

Interpretation: There are 0.10 chance that 40 and 50 boxes will
be delivered.
Illustrative Example 2:
The probabilities that a customer buys 5,6,7, 8, and 9 items in a
convenience store has the following probability distribution.

School: Ozamiz City National High School

Address: Bernad St. Lam-an Ozamiz City
Telephone No: (088) 521-3385 Together, We Deliver Our Dreams.
Telefax: (088) 545-2821 ASENSO OZAMIZ!
Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Nos. 09709636300/09364337384
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION X – NORTHERN MINDANAO
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF OZAMIZ CITY

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Module 1- Random Variable and Probability Distribution
Written Test

Name: __________________________________ Grade & Section: ______________ Score: _______

General Directions: Write your answers on this activity sheet.
I. Identification. Determine whether the following represents a probability distribution or not. Explain your
answer.

1. 2.

________________________________________ __________________________________________
________________________________________ __________________________________________
________________________________________ __________________________________________

3. 4.
________________________________________ __________________________________________
________________________________________ __________________________________________
________________________________________ __________________________________________

II. Problem Solving. Given the problem below, answer the following questions. Show your solution to each
question.
Number of Absences
The monthly absences of a learner based on his class adviser’s record are presented in the probability
distribution below:

Questions:
A. What is the probability that the number of absences is more than 3?

B. What is the probability that the number of absences is at least 2?

C. What is the probability that the number of absences is greater than 1 but less than 4

School: Ozamiz City National High School

Address: Bernad St. Lam-an Ozamiz City
Telephone No: (088) 521-3385 Together, We Deliver Our Dreams.
Telefax: (088) 545-2821 ASENSO OZAMIZ!
Email Address: [email protected] Cellphone Nos. 09709636300/09364337384