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Week 3

The document defines several fundamental physics concepts: 1) It defines electron volt, antimatter, rest energy, annihilation, and pair production. 2) It describes an experiment where electrons were scattered by stationary protons, showing the proton has internal structure. 3) The proton is made up of three quarks, and there are three generations each of leptons and quarks. Hadrons like protons and neutrons are composed of quarks.

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William Blizzard
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8 views

Week 3

The document defines several fundamental physics concepts: 1) It defines electron volt, antimatter, rest energy, annihilation, and pair production. 2) It describes an experiment where electrons were scattered by stationary protons, showing the proton has internal structure. 3) The proton is made up of three quarks, and there are three generations each of leptons and quarks. Hadrons like protons and neutrons are composed of quarks.

Uploaded by

William Blizzard
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Base Quantities

Base Quantity Base units Symbol

Length Meters m

Mass Kilograms kg

Time Seconds s

Current Amps A

Temperature Kelvin K
interval

Luminous Candela Ca
intensity

Amount of Mole Mol


substance

1) define electron volt


1eV = 1.6x10^19, the energy required to move an electron through 1V

2) Define antimatter
Particle which has the same mass but opposite charge of the matter particle

3) Define rest energy


E = mc^2

4) Define annihilation
When matter and antimatter collide they turn into two photons the energy of the matter and
antimatter will equal to the energy the two photons have.

5) What is the minimum energy of the photons produced in the annihilation of a corresponding
particle and antiparticle?
2mc^2 e = hf

6) Define pair production


High energy Photons turn into a pair of particles (matter and antimatter)

7) What is the minimum energy needed to allow for pair production to occur?
The rest energy of each matter and antimatter created 2mc^2
Classification of particles: Quarks, Leptons and Hadrons 29/09/23

The Stanford linear accelerator, in 1968 the accelerator shot a beam of 20 GeV electrons on a
target. The results showed clearly that the electrons were strongly scattered by stationary protons
and sometimes even bounced backwards. Therefore something must be negative to deflect the
electrons.

The structure of a proton:

Hadrons: anything made up of Quarks and are effected by a strong force. Eg a proton

Leptons: fundamental particles which don't have any internal structure. In other words they are
not made up of smaller particles

Quarks: smaller particles that combine to form hadrons.

So everything is made up of leptons and Quarks

The proton is made up of 3 Quarks

3 generations of leptons:

1st gen: electron and electron neutrino


2nd gen: muon and muon neutrino
3rd gen: tau and tau neutrino

3 generations of quarks:

1st gen: up and down


2nd gen: charm and strange
3rd gen: top and bottom

Hadrons (made from quarks)

Meson (2 quarks): Pions (π, π-, π+) and Kaons (K, K-, K+)
Baryons (3 quarks): Protons (uud) and neutrons (ddu)

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