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Core Earth-Science Module-3 Vitto

The document discusses different types of rocks including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It describes how each type of rock forms through geological processes like volcanic activity, weathering and deposition of sediments, and changes in pressure and temperature. Key characteristics of different rocks like their composition, texture, and mineral content are also explained.

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Claire
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
33 views13 pages

Core Earth-Science Module-3 Vitto

The document discusses different types of rocks including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It describes how each type of rock forms through geological processes like volcanic activity, weathering and deposition of sediments, and changes in pressure and temperature. Key characteristics of different rocks like their composition, texture, and mineral content are also explained.

Uploaded by

Claire
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EARTH SCIENCE

MODULE 3

Lioness Back and Rhino Rock Formations in Bulacan │Photo by John Marx Velasco
http://www.marxtermind.com/lioness-back-and-rhino-rock-formations-in-bulacan/

INTRODUCTION
The above photo shows the Lioness Back and Rhino Rock Formations, located on
the on the heart of Bigte, Norzagaray, Bulacan. It is known for its unusual shape which
resembled the shape of the Lioness Head and a Rhinoceros. It gained controversy after
being closed by mining company to visitors. It was later agreed by the local authorities
of Bulacan to save a pair of its rock formations and proposed to convert it as an eco-
tourism site known by mountaineers over its unique features. Different kinds of rock
formations can be found in different parts of the Philippines. Resources like rocks and
minerals are of great significance to people for which they provide materials and
products that our present society demands.

Lesson 1: ROCKS

Learning Targets

This module is intended to deliver the given competency:


1. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
(S11/12ES-Ic-6)
2. identify the common rock- forming minerals using their physical and
chemical properties (S11/12ES-Ib-5)
3. identify the minerals important to society (S11/12ES-Ic-7)
4. describe how ore minerals are found, mined and processed for human
use. (S11/12ES-Ic-d-8)

1
To meet the above given competency, specific objectives are as follows:
❖ classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
❖ describe how layers of rocks (strata) are formed
❖ Describe the change in mineral components and texture of rocks due to
change in pressure and temperature
❖ Identify common rock forming minerals using their physical and
chemical properties

Try this!

Let’s Get Physical!


Take a walk on your garden or outside your house. Pick two rocks (2) from different
location. Compare and contrast both rocks using the table below.

Rock #1
Exact Location Vinegar Test Scratch test Sink or Float Shiny or Dull
in Water

Rock #2
Exact Location Vinegar Test Scratch test Sink or Float Shiny or Dull
in Water

Note: Conduct a vinegar test by putting a few drops of vinegar on the rock and Scratch
test by using the pointed end of the nail, carefully try to scratch the surface of the rock.
Take down your observation above.

Do This

Below is a hidden message from an author. Unlock the message by filling in the
corresponding letter of each number.

2
Explore!

Answer the following questions:


1. What do you think the author wants to convey in the above quotation?
2. How will you relate it to your current life situation?
3. Why do you think diamonds are so valuable?

Discussion

ROCKS
❖ Rocks are naturally formed, consolidated material made of one or more minerals.
➢ Let us begin with metamorphic rocks. The magma cools and solidifies
through the process of crystallization, which may occur either beneath
the Earth’s surface or at the surface through volcanic eruption. The result
will be igneous rock.
➢ The igneous rocks undergo weathering. The eroded materials are
deposited as sediments. The sediments will undergo lithification,
conversion into rock, to become sedimentary rocks when compacted and
cemented.
➢ Sedimentary rocks that are buried deep within the Earth will be subject
to heat and pressure. Changing them into metamorphic rocks.
➢ If the metamorphic rocks are subjected to higher temperature, they will
melt and turn into magma. The magma will turn into igneous rock and
the cycle starts anew.
➢ Other sources of sediments include igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks
and sedimentary rocks through the process of weathering, uplift,
transportation and deposition.
❖ Igneous rocks (from the Latin ignis, meaning “fire”) are formed by volcanic
activity.
➢ When molten rocks solidify at the surface (lava), it is called extrusive
igneous rock or volcanic rock, while igneous rocks formed at the depth are
referred to as intrusive igneous rocks or plutonic rocks.
➢ Igneous rocks may be characterized by their texture and composition.
➢ Texture describes the overall appearance of the igneous rocks based on
the size, shape and arrangement of their interlocking crystals.

Table 1.1 Igneous Rocks Classified by Composition


Texture / Light Medium Dark
Color
Coarse – Granite Diorite Gabbro
grained
(Intrusive)
Fine-grained Rhyolite Andesite Basalt
(Extrusive)

❖ Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposits of small
particles and cementation of mineral or organic particles on the floor of oceans
or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface.

3
(Source: https://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml)

❖ Lithification is the process by which the sediments are transformed into solid
sedimentary rock.

Sediment (A) may someday


become a clastic rock (B) if
compacted and cemented
together.

(Source: https://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/sed_lithification.html)

❖ Compaction happens as piles of sediments accumulate and underlying materials


are compacted by the weight of overlying layers.
❖ Cementation happens when the water that seeps through pore spaces between
particles may contain cementing materials and settles into sediment grains, fills
the open spaces and then binds the particles together.
❖ As layer of sediments accumulated, they carry with them the records of the
nature of the environment at the time the sediments are deposited and these
layers are called strata.

(Source: https://depositphotos.com/224148808/stock-photo-colourful-geological-strata-
mountain-range.html)
❖ Fossils are only found in sedimentary rocks.

4
Dinosaur Fossil
(Source: https://www.greenfieldadvisors.com/2016/02/how-do-we-appraise-a-property-with-
dinosaur-bones-and-other-fossils/)
❖ Sedimentary rocks have two types according to their sources, namely (1)
detrimental sedimentary rocks and (2) chemical sedimentary rocks.
➢ Detrimental sedimentary rocks came from weathered rocks such as
igneous rocks.
➢ Chemical Sedimentary rocks came from soluble materials produced largely
by chemical weathering. The basis for grouping is their chemical
composition.
➢ Table 1.2 shows the classification of detrimental sedimentary rocks based
on particle size.
Table 1.2 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks based on Particle Size
Particle Size Sediment Rock
Gravel (Rounded Conglomerate
Coarse particles)
Gravel (Angular Breccia
particles)
Medium Sand Sandstone
Fine Mud Siltstone
Very fine Mud Shale
➢ Table 1.3 shows the classification of sedimentary rocks based on their
chemical composition.
Table 1.3 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks Based on Chemical
Composition
Composition Rock Name
Limestone Coquina
Fossil Ferrous
Calcite (CaCO3) Biochemical limestone
Limestone
Chalk
Quartz (SiO2) Chert (light colored)
Gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) Flint
Halite (NaCl) Rock gypsum
Altered plant fragments Bituminous rock
❖ Sedimentary rocks have many uses to human. Gravel and sand are used in the
construction of buildings and roads. Calcium Carbonate composes the chalk.
Glass is made up of silica. Gypsum is the main ingredient of plaster of paris.
Halite is rock salt used in cooking and seasoning foods.

5
Gypsum Halite
(Sources: https://geology.com/minerals/halite.shtml
https://geology.com/minerals/gypsum.shtml)

❖ Metamorphic rocks came from pre-existing rocks called parent rocks.


➢ The process of transformation of parent rocks is called metamorphism.
➢ Magma rising from below is the most important agent of metamorphism.
The parent rock is “baked” by the magma.
➢ Heat causes chemical reactions that result in recrystallization of existing
minerals and/or formation of new minerals.
➢ Pressure and stress can also be a metamorphic agent. Pressure causes the
spaces between mineral grains in the buried rocks to close, producing a
more compact rock with higher density.
➢ Common metamorphic rocks have economic value. Slate is used for roof,
floor tile, chalkboard and billiard tables. Marble is a popular building stone.
White marbles are used for statues and monuments.

Marble Slate
(Sources: https://geology.com/rocks/marble.shtml and
https://geology.com/rocks/slate.shtml)

➢ Table 1.4 shows some examples of metamorphic rocks


Table 1.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks
Rock Name Description Parent Rock
Slate Foliated; fine-grained Shale
Gneiss Foliated; medium to coarse Granite volcanic rock
grained
Marble Non foliated; medium to limestone
coarse grained

(Source: https://cailinrockcycle.weebly.com/metamorphic-rocks.html)

6
❖ Rock Cycle is a process in which rocks are transformed continuously from one
type to another (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic).

Fig. 1 The Rock Cycle. The dynamic transitions among the three main types of rocks.
(Source: Earth and Life Science © 2016 by Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., Teresita F.
Religioso and Lilia G. Vengco)

Lesson 2: MINERALS

Try this!

Minerals Match up! Unscramble each word to find the names of common
minerals that comes from the earth. Illustrate an example for each on the box
provided. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. M N O D A I D
It is a solid form of the element
carbon with its atoms arranged in a __ __ __ __ __ __ __
crystal structure
2. L G O D
It is the most malleable and ductile of
all the metals. __ __ __ __

3. T Z A U R Q
It is used as oscillators in radios,
watches, and pressure gauges, __ __ __ __ __ __

4. R V E L I S
A soft, white, lustrous transition
metal, it exhibits the highest electrical __ __ __ __ __ __
conductivity, thermal conductivity,
and reflectivity of any metal.
5. T H E P I A G R
It is a naturally-occurring form of __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
crystalline carbon
6. P E P C R O
It is a soft, malleable, and ductile
metal with very high thermal and __ __ __ __ __ __
electrical conductivity.

7
Do This

In lesson 1, you were asked to pick up two (2) rocks. Using the same rock
samples, conduct the following observations and answer the check list below. Put a
check ( ) on the space provided if the observation is applicable. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

Rock Rock Observations


#1 #2
The rock resisted the scratch.
The rock allows light to pass through.
The rock reflects the light off its surface
The rock did not easily broke when dropped.
The rock floats on water.

Explore!

Answer the following questions:


1. How did you find your rock samples?
2. Which of those is the most common rock sample around your house?
3. Will all rocks have the same observation as above?

Discussion

MINERALS
❖ Mineral is different from rock.
❖ A mineral is a solid inorganic compound represented by a chemical formula.
❖ Minerals can be classified according to their crystal structure.
❖ Crystal structure describes the orderly geometric spatial arrangement of atoms
of a mineral.
Table 2.1 Crystal Structures
Crystal Family Length Angle Shape

Isometric a=b=c a = β = γ = 90○

a = β = 90○
Hexagonal a=b≠c γ = 120○

8
Orthorhombic a≠b≠c a = β = γ = 90○

Tetragonal a=b≠c a = β = γ = 90○

Monoclinic a≠b≠c a = γ = 90○


β = 90○

Triclinic a≠b≠c a = γ = 90○

❖ Crystal habit refers to the overall shape of a mineral. Common shapes include (1)
acicular – needlelike, (2) dendritic – plantlike, (3) reniform – kidney-shaped, (4)
prismatic – elongated in one direction (5) tabular – broad and flat.

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)
❖ Hardness refers to the minerals resistance to scratch. This property is dependent
on the chemical composition and the crystalline structure of a mineral.
❖ Mohs Scale is the most common scale of measurement which is described by ten
indicators. A mineral with a higher index can scratch the minerals below it.

9
Table 2.2 Mohs Scale of Hardness
Hardness Mineral
1 Talc
2 Gypsum
3 Calcite
4 Fluorite
5 Apatite
6 Feldspar
7 Quartz
8 Topaz
9 Corundum
10 Diamond
❖ Field hardness Scale is done by rubbing the mineral against the fingers or other
tools.
Table 2.3 Field Hardness Guide
Scale Description
1 Can be rubbed off on a finger
2 Can be scratched with a finger nail
3 Can be scratched with a coin
4 Can be scratched with difficulty with a knife
5 Can be scratched with a knife blade
6 Can be scratched with a piece of glass
7 Can be scratched with a piece of quartz
8 - 10 Minerals too hard to be included in this scale
❖ Minerals come in different colors and especially mineral gems. Examples of
mineral gems commonly referred to as gemstones include diamond, emerald
sapphire, ruby, opal, aquamarine, turquoise, jade, peridot, topaz, garnet,
amethyst, sunstone and more.
❖ A streak of a mineral refers to the color of a mineral in powdered form. You can
do streak test plate (back of a porcelain tile). The streak may or may not be the
same as the body color of the mineral.
❖ Transparency is the condition where a mineral allows the light to pass through
and you can see objects through.
❖ A mineral is opaque if light cannot pass through and you cannot see objects
through it.
❖ A mineral is translucent if it allows some light to pass through and objects cannot
be clearly seen through it.
❖ Luster indicates how light is reflected off a surface of a mineral. There are
qualitative terms to describe this property, such as metallic, vitreous or glass,
pearly, dull, greasy and silky.
❖ Cleavage refers to the mineral’s resistance to being broken. The quantity of
cleavage can be described in how clearly or easily the mineral breaks like perfect,
good, distinct, poor or indistinct.
❖ Specific gravity describes the minerals density in comparison to the density of a
standard like water. It can be determined using a balance.

Table 2.4 Specific Gravity of Selected Materials


Mineral Specific Gravity
Copper 8.9
Silver 10.5
Lead 11.3
Gold 19

10
Application

Read and analyze the passage below. Answer the questions that follows on a separate
sheet of paper.
Mineral Resources in the Philippines
Do you know that the Philippines has large reserves of various kinds of minerals?
In fact, it is the fifth richest country in the world in terms of minerals such as gold, nickel,
copper and chromite. The reason for its abundance is its location along the circum-pacific
belt, where the processes of volcanism and plate convergence caused the deposition of
both metallic and non-metallic minerals.

The metallic minerals include gold, copper, nickel chromite and iron. Benguet,
Masbate, Camarines Norte, Compostella Valley, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte have
large deposits of gold and silver. Copper with gold and silver deposits are found in Benguet,
Cebu, Zamboanga del Norte and Nueva Vizcaya. Iron deposits are located in Leyte,
Bulacan, Camarines Sur and Zamboanga.

The nonmetallic minerals include limestone, marble, gravel and sand and other
quarry materials. Limestone deposits are found in Guimaras Island, La Union and
Pangasinan. The largest marble deposit is found in Romblon.

1. What mineral reserves can you find in the Philippines?


2. What is the reason for its abundance?
3. Which deposits can you find in Bulacan?
4. Where is the marble capital in the Philippines?
5. If ever your place has been found to have large deposits of gold, are you in
favor of making your place a mining site? Explain your answer.

Evaluation

Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Slow cooling forms small crystals.
b. Metamorphic rocks solidify to form igneous rocks.
c. compacting and sedimentation change igneous rocks to metamorphic
rocks.
d. Magma crystallizes at the surface is called volcanic rock or extrusive
igneous rock.
2. Which of these is considered as the hardest mineral?
a. calcite b. diamond c. fluoride d. talc
3. Which process is not involved in the formation of sediments?
a. cooling b. deposition c. transportation d. weathering
4. The main composition of chalk is calcite. What is its chemical formula?
a. CaCO3 b. CaCl2 c. CaSO4 d. CaO
5. Halite or rock salt is ____
a. CaCl2 b. Na2O c. SiO2 d. NaCl
6. Which of these is a metamorphic rock from limestone?
a. gneiss b. granite c. marble d. slate
7. If a rock can be scratched by a fingernail, its hardness is __?
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
8. Which property of mineral describes the overall shape of the crystals?
a. color b. luster c. crystal habit d. crystal structure
9. Which property is not true for metallic mineral?
a. conductor b. dull luster c. magnetic d. shiny
10. Which feature commonly describes igneous rock?

11
a. It is foliated c. It contains fossils
b. It is layered d. It has no fossils and foliation

REFLECTION

Below is the reflection part where you can share your self-evaluation about this
module and see if you have fully understood the lessons, activities, and concepts from
this learning material. Read the direction carefully and be honest with your answers.
Direction: Write down the learning targets in your notebook, similar to the table given
below. Then, put a check ( ) mark after each learning objective if you think you have
met the learning targets set at the beginning of this module. Additionally, you can also
include your insights about this topic and / or module on the bottom part.

At the end of this module, I can now… Check here


a. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
b. describe how layers of rocks (strata) are formed
c. Describe the change in mineral components and texture of
rocks due to change in pressure and temperature
d. Identify common rock forming minerals using their physical
and chemical properties

Share your insights!


Today I have learned that,

REFERENCES

Villegas, Arturo. 1994. Integrated Science with Emphasis on Earth Science. San
Juan, MM. Academe Publishing House.
Essenfeld, Bernice, et al. 1996. Biology. Canada. Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company
Marquez, Edanjarlo J. and Gabo, Astrid, Korina S. 2016. The Earth: Its
Materials, Processes and History. Quezon City. St. Bernadette
Publishing House Corporation.
Religioso, Teresita F. and Vengco, Lilia G. 2016. Quezon City. Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.

12
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Ms. Katherine Z. Vitto is a Teacher III in


Meycauayan National High School – Senior High
School Department. She is currently on her 7th year
of teaching after finishing her Bachelor in Secondary
Education Major in Science at University of Caloocan
City. She also graduated Master of Arts in Teaching
Science from the same university.

CONTENT EDITOR

Mrs. Reychelle A. Serrano is a Master Teacher I in


Meycauayan National High School – Senior High
School Department. She is currently on her 10th
year of teaching after finishing her Bachelor of
Secondary Education Major in Physical Sciences at
Bulacan State University. She also graduated Master
of Arts in Education major in Physics in the same
academe. She is presently handling science subjects
like Earth & Life Science, Earth Science, Physical
Science, General Chemistry 1, General Biology 1 and
General Physics 1 and 2 and the Subject Group Head
of all SHS Science teachers. She is a consistent Division Science Quiz Bee coach winner
since 2011 for Grades 10, 11 and 12, and the trainer of “2019 National Battle of Science
Quiz Bee Champions” winner who bagged 3rd Place for the SDO - City of Meycauayan.
Also, she is a Division Research Finalist in the 2019 Division Research Congress funded
by Basic Education Research Fund (BERF) and a Division Resource Speaker. She also
became a Division Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) author for Grade 12 STEM in
SHS entitled “Project-ILE Motion”. Likewise, she is a Division Module Content Evaluator
in Science for Elementary, Junior High School and Senior High School Self-Learning
Modules for SDO- Meycauayan. In addition, she was also a consistent awardee as
Outstanding Master Teacher based on RPMS since 2016.

13

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