Core Earth-Science Module-3 Vitto
Core Earth-Science Module-3 Vitto
MODULE 3
Lioness Back and Rhino Rock Formations in Bulacan │Photo by John Marx Velasco
http://www.marxtermind.com/lioness-back-and-rhino-rock-formations-in-bulacan/
INTRODUCTION
The above photo shows the Lioness Back and Rhino Rock Formations, located on
the on the heart of Bigte, Norzagaray, Bulacan. It is known for its unusual shape which
resembled the shape of the Lioness Head and a Rhinoceros. It gained controversy after
being closed by mining company to visitors. It was later agreed by the local authorities
of Bulacan to save a pair of its rock formations and proposed to convert it as an eco-
tourism site known by mountaineers over its unique features. Different kinds of rock
formations can be found in different parts of the Philippines. Resources like rocks and
minerals are of great significance to people for which they provide materials and
products that our present society demands.
Lesson 1: ROCKS
Learning Targets
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To meet the above given competency, specific objectives are as follows:
❖ classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
❖ describe how layers of rocks (strata) are formed
❖ Describe the change in mineral components and texture of rocks due to
change in pressure and temperature
❖ Identify common rock forming minerals using their physical and
chemical properties
Try this!
Rock #1
Exact Location Vinegar Test Scratch test Sink or Float Shiny or Dull
in Water
Rock #2
Exact Location Vinegar Test Scratch test Sink or Float Shiny or Dull
in Water
Note: Conduct a vinegar test by putting a few drops of vinegar on the rock and Scratch
test by using the pointed end of the nail, carefully try to scratch the surface of the rock.
Take down your observation above.
Do This
Below is a hidden message from an author. Unlock the message by filling in the
corresponding letter of each number.
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Explore!
Discussion
ROCKS
❖ Rocks are naturally formed, consolidated material made of one or more minerals.
➢ Let us begin with metamorphic rocks. The magma cools and solidifies
through the process of crystallization, which may occur either beneath
the Earth’s surface or at the surface through volcanic eruption. The result
will be igneous rock.
➢ The igneous rocks undergo weathering. The eroded materials are
deposited as sediments. The sediments will undergo lithification,
conversion into rock, to become sedimentary rocks when compacted and
cemented.
➢ Sedimentary rocks that are buried deep within the Earth will be subject
to heat and pressure. Changing them into metamorphic rocks.
➢ If the metamorphic rocks are subjected to higher temperature, they will
melt and turn into magma. The magma will turn into igneous rock and
the cycle starts anew.
➢ Other sources of sediments include igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks
and sedimentary rocks through the process of weathering, uplift,
transportation and deposition.
❖ Igneous rocks (from the Latin ignis, meaning “fire”) are formed by volcanic
activity.
➢ When molten rocks solidify at the surface (lava), it is called extrusive
igneous rock or volcanic rock, while igneous rocks formed at the depth are
referred to as intrusive igneous rocks or plutonic rocks.
➢ Igneous rocks may be characterized by their texture and composition.
➢ Texture describes the overall appearance of the igneous rocks based on
the size, shape and arrangement of their interlocking crystals.
❖ Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposits of small
particles and cementation of mineral or organic particles on the floor of oceans
or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface.
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(Source: https://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml)
❖ Lithification is the process by which the sediments are transformed into solid
sedimentary rock.
(Source: https://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/sed_lithification.html)
(Source: https://depositphotos.com/224148808/stock-photo-colourful-geological-strata-
mountain-range.html)
❖ Fossils are only found in sedimentary rocks.
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Dinosaur Fossil
(Source: https://www.greenfieldadvisors.com/2016/02/how-do-we-appraise-a-property-with-
dinosaur-bones-and-other-fossils/)
❖ Sedimentary rocks have two types according to their sources, namely (1)
detrimental sedimentary rocks and (2) chemical sedimentary rocks.
➢ Detrimental sedimentary rocks came from weathered rocks such as
igneous rocks.
➢ Chemical Sedimentary rocks came from soluble materials produced largely
by chemical weathering. The basis for grouping is their chemical
composition.
➢ Table 1.2 shows the classification of detrimental sedimentary rocks based
on particle size.
Table 1.2 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks based on Particle Size
Particle Size Sediment Rock
Gravel (Rounded Conglomerate
Coarse particles)
Gravel (Angular Breccia
particles)
Medium Sand Sandstone
Fine Mud Siltstone
Very fine Mud Shale
➢ Table 1.3 shows the classification of sedimentary rocks based on their
chemical composition.
Table 1.3 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks Based on Chemical
Composition
Composition Rock Name
Limestone Coquina
Fossil Ferrous
Calcite (CaCO3) Biochemical limestone
Limestone
Chalk
Quartz (SiO2) Chert (light colored)
Gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) Flint
Halite (NaCl) Rock gypsum
Altered plant fragments Bituminous rock
❖ Sedimentary rocks have many uses to human. Gravel and sand are used in the
construction of buildings and roads. Calcium Carbonate composes the chalk.
Glass is made up of silica. Gypsum is the main ingredient of plaster of paris.
Halite is rock salt used in cooking and seasoning foods.
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Gypsum Halite
(Sources: https://geology.com/minerals/halite.shtml
https://geology.com/minerals/gypsum.shtml)
Marble Slate
(Sources: https://geology.com/rocks/marble.shtml and
https://geology.com/rocks/slate.shtml)
(Source: https://cailinrockcycle.weebly.com/metamorphic-rocks.html)
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❖ Rock Cycle is a process in which rocks are transformed continuously from one
type to another (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic).
Fig. 1 The Rock Cycle. The dynamic transitions among the three main types of rocks.
(Source: Earth and Life Science © 2016 by Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., Teresita F.
Religioso and Lilia G. Vengco)
Lesson 2: MINERALS
Try this!
Minerals Match up! Unscramble each word to find the names of common
minerals that comes from the earth. Illustrate an example for each on the box
provided. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. M N O D A I D
It is a solid form of the element
carbon with its atoms arranged in a __ __ __ __ __ __ __
crystal structure
2. L G O D
It is the most malleable and ductile of
all the metals. __ __ __ __
3. T Z A U R Q
It is used as oscillators in radios,
watches, and pressure gauges, __ __ __ __ __ __
4. R V E L I S
A soft, white, lustrous transition
metal, it exhibits the highest electrical __ __ __ __ __ __
conductivity, thermal conductivity,
and reflectivity of any metal.
5. T H E P I A G R
It is a naturally-occurring form of __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
crystalline carbon
6. P E P C R O
It is a soft, malleable, and ductile
metal with very high thermal and __ __ __ __ __ __
electrical conductivity.
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Do This
In lesson 1, you were asked to pick up two (2) rocks. Using the same rock
samples, conduct the following observations and answer the check list below. Put a
check ( ) on the space provided if the observation is applicable. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
Explore!
Discussion
MINERALS
❖ Mineral is different from rock.
❖ A mineral is a solid inorganic compound represented by a chemical formula.
❖ Minerals can be classified according to their crystal structure.
❖ Crystal structure describes the orderly geometric spatial arrangement of atoms
of a mineral.
Table 2.1 Crystal Structures
Crystal Family Length Angle Shape
a = β = 90○
Hexagonal a=b≠c γ = 120○
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Orthorhombic a≠b≠c a = β = γ = 90○
❖ Crystal habit refers to the overall shape of a mineral. Common shapes include (1)
acicular – needlelike, (2) dendritic – plantlike, (3) reniform – kidney-shaped, (4)
prismatic – elongated in one direction (5) tabular – broad and flat.
(4) (5)
❖ Hardness refers to the minerals resistance to scratch. This property is dependent
on the chemical composition and the crystalline structure of a mineral.
❖ Mohs Scale is the most common scale of measurement which is described by ten
indicators. A mineral with a higher index can scratch the minerals below it.
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Table 2.2 Mohs Scale of Hardness
Hardness Mineral
1 Talc
2 Gypsum
3 Calcite
4 Fluorite
5 Apatite
6 Feldspar
7 Quartz
8 Topaz
9 Corundum
10 Diamond
❖ Field hardness Scale is done by rubbing the mineral against the fingers or other
tools.
Table 2.3 Field Hardness Guide
Scale Description
1 Can be rubbed off on a finger
2 Can be scratched with a finger nail
3 Can be scratched with a coin
4 Can be scratched with difficulty with a knife
5 Can be scratched with a knife blade
6 Can be scratched with a piece of glass
7 Can be scratched with a piece of quartz
8 - 10 Minerals too hard to be included in this scale
❖ Minerals come in different colors and especially mineral gems. Examples of
mineral gems commonly referred to as gemstones include diamond, emerald
sapphire, ruby, opal, aquamarine, turquoise, jade, peridot, topaz, garnet,
amethyst, sunstone and more.
❖ A streak of a mineral refers to the color of a mineral in powdered form. You can
do streak test plate (back of a porcelain tile). The streak may or may not be the
same as the body color of the mineral.
❖ Transparency is the condition where a mineral allows the light to pass through
and you can see objects through.
❖ A mineral is opaque if light cannot pass through and you cannot see objects
through it.
❖ A mineral is translucent if it allows some light to pass through and objects cannot
be clearly seen through it.
❖ Luster indicates how light is reflected off a surface of a mineral. There are
qualitative terms to describe this property, such as metallic, vitreous or glass,
pearly, dull, greasy and silky.
❖ Cleavage refers to the mineral’s resistance to being broken. The quantity of
cleavage can be described in how clearly or easily the mineral breaks like perfect,
good, distinct, poor or indistinct.
❖ Specific gravity describes the minerals density in comparison to the density of a
standard like water. It can be determined using a balance.
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Application
Read and analyze the passage below. Answer the questions that follows on a separate
sheet of paper.
Mineral Resources in the Philippines
Do you know that the Philippines has large reserves of various kinds of minerals?
In fact, it is the fifth richest country in the world in terms of minerals such as gold, nickel,
copper and chromite. The reason for its abundance is its location along the circum-pacific
belt, where the processes of volcanism and plate convergence caused the deposition of
both metallic and non-metallic minerals.
The metallic minerals include gold, copper, nickel chromite and iron. Benguet,
Masbate, Camarines Norte, Compostella Valley, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte have
large deposits of gold and silver. Copper with gold and silver deposits are found in Benguet,
Cebu, Zamboanga del Norte and Nueva Vizcaya. Iron deposits are located in Leyte,
Bulacan, Camarines Sur and Zamboanga.
The nonmetallic minerals include limestone, marble, gravel and sand and other
quarry materials. Limestone deposits are found in Guimaras Island, La Union and
Pangasinan. The largest marble deposit is found in Romblon.
Evaluation
Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Slow cooling forms small crystals.
b. Metamorphic rocks solidify to form igneous rocks.
c. compacting and sedimentation change igneous rocks to metamorphic
rocks.
d. Magma crystallizes at the surface is called volcanic rock or extrusive
igneous rock.
2. Which of these is considered as the hardest mineral?
a. calcite b. diamond c. fluoride d. talc
3. Which process is not involved in the formation of sediments?
a. cooling b. deposition c. transportation d. weathering
4. The main composition of chalk is calcite. What is its chemical formula?
a. CaCO3 b. CaCl2 c. CaSO4 d. CaO
5. Halite or rock salt is ____
a. CaCl2 b. Na2O c. SiO2 d. NaCl
6. Which of these is a metamorphic rock from limestone?
a. gneiss b. granite c. marble d. slate
7. If a rock can be scratched by a fingernail, its hardness is __?
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
8. Which property of mineral describes the overall shape of the crystals?
a. color b. luster c. crystal habit d. crystal structure
9. Which property is not true for metallic mineral?
a. conductor b. dull luster c. magnetic d. shiny
10. Which feature commonly describes igneous rock?
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a. It is foliated c. It contains fossils
b. It is layered d. It has no fossils and foliation
REFLECTION
Below is the reflection part where you can share your self-evaluation about this
module and see if you have fully understood the lessons, activities, and concepts from
this learning material. Read the direction carefully and be honest with your answers.
Direction: Write down the learning targets in your notebook, similar to the table given
below. Then, put a check ( ) mark after each learning objective if you think you have
met the learning targets set at the beginning of this module. Additionally, you can also
include your insights about this topic and / or module on the bottom part.
REFERENCES
Villegas, Arturo. 1994. Integrated Science with Emphasis on Earth Science. San
Juan, MM. Academe Publishing House.
Essenfeld, Bernice, et al. 1996. Biology. Canada. Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company
Marquez, Edanjarlo J. and Gabo, Astrid, Korina S. 2016. The Earth: Its
Materials, Processes and History. Quezon City. St. Bernadette
Publishing House Corporation.
Religioso, Teresita F. and Vengco, Lilia G. 2016. Quezon City. Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
CONTENT EDITOR
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