EXPERIMENT NO#10

Objective:
Balancing Four masses (Statistically and dynamically) attached to the
shaft using static and dynamic balancing apparatus.

Apparatus:
 Static Balancing Apparatus,
 Vernier Caliper
 Different Masses

Masses
shaft

Theory:
Balancing of rotating mass:
The process of providing the second mass in order
to counteract the effect of the centrifugal force of the
first mass is called balancing of rotating masses.
 balancing. introduction: balancing is the process of eliminating or at least
reducing the ground forces and/or moments

Purpose of balancing:
In order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force, another mass is attached
to the opposite side of the shaft, at such a position so as to balance the effect of
the centrifugal force of the first mass.
He balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy
industrial machines such as gas turbines and electric generators, vibration can
cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow
wheel, balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the centre of
rotation. For a system to be in complete balance both force and
couple polygons should be close in order to prevent the effect of centrifugal
force. It is important to design the machine parts wisely so that the unbalance is
reduced up to the minimum possible level or eliminated completely.

Static balancing:
I. Static balance refers to the ability of a stationary
on object to its balance. This happens when the
objects centre of gravity is on the axis of rotation.
II. Static balance occurs when the centre of gravity of
an object is on the axis of rotation The object can therefore remain stationary,
with the axis horizontal, without the application of any braking force. It has no
tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity. This is seen in bike wheels
where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute the centre
of mass to the centre of the wheel. Other examples are grindstones, discs or
car wheels. Verifying static balance requires the freedom for the object to
rotate with as little friction as possible.
Dynamic balancing:
i) Whereas dynamic balance is the ability of an object to balance whilst in
motion or when switching between positions . Dynamic balancing, simply
put, is a method through which we balance the moving parts of a machine,
or piece of industrial machinery. To do this, we rotate these parts at high
speeds. When we do this we are able to gain a measurement of the
imbalance within each individual rotating component.
ii) A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does
not produce any resultant centrifugal force or couple. The system rotates
without requiring the application of any external force or couple, other
than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced,
to avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple,
counterbalancing weights must be added.

Procedure:
1. I set the apparatus appropriately
2. Then Set three masses anywhere on the shaft
3. I set the masses at a proper angle and each mass has a certain
distance(radius)
4. These three masses are called disturbing masses
5. Then I balanced these disturbing masses by using the 4th mass called
balancing mass .
6. To statically balance the masses we will have to adjust the value of radius
and the angle.
7. Then find angle and radius by using the previous masses of 4th mass by
calculations
8. I checked my balancing by connecting the apparatus to electricity, the
apparatus has shows least vibration ,it shows that my apparatus is balanced
properly now
9. Then using thses values I draw the force and couple polygon according to
proper scale.
Tabel and calculations:
Centrifugal force=Fc=mRω2
Angular soeed=ω=2πnt/60
resultant force=F=F1+F2+F3
= m1R1ω2+ m2R2ω2+ m3R3ω2
Horizontal force:
 Fx = m1r1cosθ1+ m2r2cosθ2 + m3r3cosθ3
 Fx = (75 x 4.2) cos0o+ (75 x 5.1) cos 182o+(75 x 4.5) cos290o = 48.16 g.cm

Vertical force:
 Fy = m1r1sin θ1 + m2r2sinθ2 + m3r3sinθ3
 Fx = (75 x 4.2) sin0o+ (75 x 5.1) sin182o+(75 x 4.5) sin290o = 330.4g.cm

Resultant Force:
 𝐅r = (Fx2 + Fy2)1/2
 𝐅r =48.162+330.42
 𝐅r=111546.51/2=334N

Force angle:
𝛉r = tan−1 (Fy / Fx)
 𝛉r = tan−1 (330.4/48.16) = 81.7º
 𝛉3 = 81.7º + 180° = 261.7 º

Mass Radius Angle Length

m1 m2 m3 m4 r1 r2 r3 r4 θ1 θ2 θ3 Θ4 l1 l2 l3 l4

75 75 75 75 4.2 5.1 4.5 90 182 29 0 3.2 6.5

0
Conclusion:
 We can balance the masses by this experiment of a shaft.
 The vibrartion in the instrument when connected to the electricity shows
wether our apparatus is accurately balanced or not,If the apparatus show
high vibration it means you not correctly balanced the masses,then try
again to balance the masses properly
 The experiment was a bit easy but it requires full attention

References:
 https://www.instructables.com/Dynamic-Motor-Balancing-with-Sugru-
and-an-iPhone/
 http://www.conradhoffman.com/Balancing.xls
 Gaetano Lanza (2009). Dynamics of Machinery (Reprint of 1911 ed.).
BiblioBazaar. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-103-19721-7.