Microprocessor & Microcontroller

UPCIE501

Course Notes prepared and compiled

By

Ananya Dastidar
Assistant Professor
Department of Instrumentation and Electronics Engineering

For

B.Tech., Fifth Semester

As per
CET, Bhubaneswar (Autonomous) Syllabus

DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

(Specialization in SIGNAL PROCESSING ENGINEERING)
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, BHUBANESWAR (AUTONOMOUS)
Academic Session, 2020-21

1| UPCIE501 Microprocessor & Microcontroller Module I

 Module I
(Microprocessor)

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Lecture 1

INTRODUCTION

A microprocessor is a clock-driven semiconductor device consisting of electronic logic circuits

manufactured by using either a large-scale integration (LSI) or very-large-scale integration
(VLSI) techniques. The microprocessor is capable of performing various computing functions
and making decisions to change the sequence of program execution.

Scale of Integration Number of Gates Examples

Small Scale Integration (SSI) 10 Logic Gates, Flip Flops
Medium Scale Integration (MSI) 100 Shift Registers, Counters,
MUX
Large Scale Integration (LSI) 1000 RAM, ROM, Microprocessor
Very Large Scale Integration 10,000 or more 16-bit or above
(VLSI) Microprocessors

In large computers, a CPU performs these computing functions. The Microprocessor resembles a
CPU exactly. The microprocessor is in many ways similar to the CPU, but includes all the logic
circuitry including the control unit, on one chip. The microprocessor can be divided into three
segments for the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), register array, and control unit.

ALU REGISTER
ARRAY

CONTROL UNIT

Microprocessor
Microprocessor is not a standalone unit and needs to be interfaced with memory modules and I/O
devices (Intel/ AMD/ ARM/ Motorola). A standalone unit consisting of a processor, memory,
I/O and other peripherals included in a single IC is known as a Microcontroller (Intel/
ATMEGA/ PIC). When we design a system using these processor/ controller ICs interfaced with
other peripherals, we get a Microcomputer system.

MEMORY

MICROPROCESSOR MEMORY

MICROPROCESSOR
INPUT/ OUTPUT
DEVICES
INPUT/ OUTPUT
DEVICES

MICROCONTROLLER
Microprocessor Interfacing

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Interfacing is done using bus (collection of lines over which data transmission takes place).
Address Bus to access a specific memory location,
Data bus carries the information stored in the memory to the processor, data from input
device, result of processed data from processor to memory or output device.
All information exchange between processor and peripherals (Memory or IO Devices)
are controlled by control signals carried by control bus.

Introduction to 8085 microprocessor

The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit general purpose microprocessor that can address 64K Byte of memory.
It was introduced in 1976. It is an LSI IC that has 40 pins and uses +5V for power. It can run at a
maximum frequency of 3 MHz. The pins on the chip can be grouped into 6 groups: Address Bus,
Data Bus, Control and Status Signals, Power supply and frequency, Externally Initiated Signals,
Serial I/O ports.

The features of INTEL 8085 are:

It is an 8 bit processor.
It is a single chip N-MOS device with 40 pins.
It has multiplexed address and data bus. (AD0-AD7).
It works on 5 Volt dc power supply.
The maximum clock frequency is 3 MHz while minimum frequency is 500 kHz.
It provides 16 address lines so it can access 2^16 =64 Kbytes of memory.
It generates 8 bit I/O address so it can access 2^8=256 input ports.

Architecture of 8085

Figure 1: Architecture of 8085 [1]

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The internal architecture of 8085 includes the ALU, timing and control unit, instruction register
and decoder, register array, interrupt control and serial I/O control. The ALU performs the
arithmetic and logical operations. The operations performed by ALU of 8085 are addition,
subtraction, increment, decrement, logical AND, OR, EXCLUSIVE-OR, compare, complement
and left / right shift.
The accumulator and temporary register are used to hold the data during an arithmetic / logical
operation. After an operation the result is stored in the accumulator and the flags are set or reset
according to the result of the operation.

Registers
The 8085includes six registers, one accumulator, and one flag register, as shown in Figure. In
addition, it has two 16-bit registers: the stack pointer and the program counter. The 8085 has six
general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data; these are identified as B, C, D, E, H, and L as shown
in the figure. They can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE, and HL - to perform some 16-bit
operations. The programmer can use these registers to store or copy data into the registers by
using data copy instructions.

Register Organization
This area of the microprocessor consists of various registers identified by letters such as B, C, D,
E, H, and L. These registers are primarily used to store data temporarily during the execution of
a program and are accessible to the user through instructions.

FLAG REGISTER(8)
ACCUMULATOR (8)
S X Z X AC X P CY
B (8) C (8)
D(8) E(8)
H(8) L(8)
STACK POINTER (16)
PROGRAM COUNTER (16)

Accumulator
The 8085 microprocessor is an accumulator (A) based microprocessor, Accumulator register
must be the one of the operand in Arithmetic and logical operations. The accumulator is an 8-bit
register that is a part of arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). This register is used to store 8-bit data and
to perform arithmetic and logical operations. The result of an operation is stored in the
accumulator. The accumulator is also identified as register A.

Flag Register
The Flag Register is used to represent the status of the result held in the accumulator.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z X AC X P X CY

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Sign Flag (S):
• Used for indicating the sign of the data in the accumulator
• The sign flag is set if negative (1 –negative).
• The sign flag is reset if positive (0 –positive).
Zero Flag (Z):
• Is set if result obtained after an operation is 0.
• Is set following an increment or decrement operation of that register.
Carry Flag (CY):
• Is set if there is a carry out of the 7th-bit (MSB).
Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC):
• Is set if there is carry out from 3rd-bit (lower nibble position).
Parity Flag (P):
• Is set if the result contains even number of 1s.
X- Not used
If A=44H (FR=00000010=02H)
If A=00H (FR=01000000=40H)
If A=FFH(FR=10000100=84H)
Special Resisters

It includes the Program Counter (PC) and Stack Pointer (SP).

Program Counter (PC)

This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions. This register is a
memory pointer.
The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the instructions. The function
of the program counter is to point to the memory address from which the next byte is to be
fetched. When a byte is being fetched, the program counter is automatically incremented by one
to point to the next memory location.

Stack Pointer (SP)

The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register, used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory
location in R/W memory, called stack. The beginning of the stack is defined by loading 16-bit
address in the stack pointer. The instructions associated with it are PUSH and POP.

System Bus
Typical system uses a number of busses, collection of wires, which transmit binary numbers, one
bit per wire. A typical microprocessor communicates with memory and other devices (input and
output) using three busses-Address Bus, Data Bus and Control Bus.

Address Bus
The Address Bus consists of 16 wires, therefore 16 bits. Its "width" is 16 bits.
One wire for each bit, therefore 16 bits = 16 wires.
Used to access a certain location in the memory (read from it or writes to it).

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 A 16 bit binary number allows 2^16 different numbers, or 32000 different numbers, ie
0000000000000000 up to 1111111111111111 (0000H to FFFFH in hexadecimal).
The size of the address bus determines the size of memory, which can be used.
4GB RAM indicates 2^32 number of locations in a memory (4 billion approximately).
In order to design a 12 GB RAM array we may interface three numbers of 4GB RAM or
twelve numbers of 1GB RAM IC (To be taken up in memory interfacing lecture).

Data Bus
Data Bus: carries „data‟, in binary form, between μP and other external units, such as
memory. Data Bus also carries instructions from memory to the microprocessor.
Data bus is used to transmit "data", ie information, results of arithmetic, etc, between
memory and the microprocessor.
Data Bus is bi-directional.
Typical size is 8/16/32/64 bits which determine performance of μP.
The 8 bit Data Bus typically consists of 8 wires which allows 2^8 possible combinations
of binary digits.
Size of the data bus determines what arithmetic can be done.
For a 8 bits data bus the largest number is 11111111 (255 in decimal) and the lowest
being 00000000 (FFH to 00H in hexadecimal).
In order to process 16 bit data larger the data has to be broken down into chunks of 255
(8 bits). This slows microprocessor.

Control Bus
Control Bus are various lines which have specific functions for coordinating and
controlling µP operations. Eg: Read/ Write line.
Control whether memory is being „written to‟ (data stored in mem) or „read from‟ (data
taken out of mem).
May also include clock line(s) for timing/synchronising, „interrupts‟, „reset‟ etc.
Typically μP has 10 control lines.
Cannot function correctly without these vital control signals.
The Control Bus carries control signals partly unidirectional, partly bi-directional.

Advanced Processors
Advances microprocessors, like 80386, 80486 have much larger busses.
Present day Laptop (Intel i5/i7/ i8/ i9) usually 64 bit system can access 264 memory
addresses, i.e actually 18-Quintillion bytes of RAM with over 5 GHz frequency.
Example of Samsung Galaxy Smart Phone uses ARM processor with max around 2 to
3 GHz or more frequency is also a 64 bit system.
Typically 16 or 32 bit busses, which allow larger number of instructions, more
memory location, and faster arithmetic.
Depending on additional functional capability of a processor/ controller numbers of
control signal and hence control lines will also be more.

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 Microcontrollers organized along same lines, except: because microcontrollers have
memory etc inside the chip, the busses may all be internal.
In the microprocessor the three busses are external to the chip (except for the internal
data bus). In case of external busses, the chip connects to the busses via buffers,
which are simply an electronic connection between external bus and the internal data
bus.

Task
Name of Device Processor Name Memory Frequency
Capacity
Laptop/ Desktop
Smartphone
Smart TV
(optional)

8| UPCIE501 Microprocessor & Microcontroller Module I