Includes NCERT &

Exemplar Solutions

8
Foundation
Class

Set of 4 Solved Exercises

Î Exercise 1: FIB, T/F, Matching, VSA, SA and LA Questions
Î Exercise 2: NCERT, Exemplar and HOTS Questions
Î Exercise 3 & 4: MCQs 1 Correct, MCQs >_ 1 Correct,
Passage, Assertion-Reason, Multiple Matching and Integer Type Questions
 EBD_7034
• Corporate Office : 45, 2nd Floor, Maharishi Dayanand Marg, Corner Market, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017

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D. P. Gupta
Shikhaa Khattar

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 Contents
1. Rational Numbers 1-24

2. Linear Equations in One Variable 25-49

3. Understanding Quadrilaterals 50-78

4. Practical Geometry 79-95

5. Data Handling 96-124

6. Square and Square Roots 125-146

7. Cube and Cube Roots 147-163

8. Comparing Quantities 164-196

9. Algebraic Expressions And Identities 197-217

10. Visualising Solid-Shapes 218-237

11. Mensuration 238-268

12. Exponents and Power 269-288

13. Direct & Inverse Proportion 289-307

14. Factorisation 308-326

15. Introduction to Graphs 327-352

16. Playing with Numbers 353-368

EBD_7034
 C ha pter Rational Numbers
1

As learnt in class VII, the sum, the difference and the product of two integers is an integer. What happens if we divide an integer
by another integer?
3
Consider – 3 ÷ 7 =  which is not an integer..
7
1
2 ÷ –4 = which is not an integer..
2
Thus, we need to extend our number system to include such numbers. This new system of numbers is called rational numbers.
In this chapter, we will study the different properties of rational numbers. These properties are similar to properties of integers
which we have learnt in the previous class.
 EBD_7034
2 Mathematics
m
Rational Numbers: A number which is in the form of where n z 0 and both m and n are integers are called rational numbers.
n
Rational numbers are denoted by Q.
For example :
5 7 6 1
, , , are all rational numbers.
8 3 5 2

12
0.12 is rational because 0.12 = .
100
Hence, all integers and decimal numbers are also rational numbers.
Natural Numbers: The counting numbers 1, 2, 3 ... are called natural numbers.
Whole Numbers: If we include ‘0’ with natural numbers then the set of numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, .... are called whole numbers. It is denoted
by (W).
Integers: All natural numbers, 0 and negative of natural numbers are called integers . They are denoted by I or Z. Thus ..... –3, –2, –1,
0, 1, 2, 3 ..... etc are all integers.

PROPERTIES OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

Closure

a c §a c·
(a) Addition : For any two rational numbers, say, and ; ¨  ¸ is also a rational number..
b d ©b d¹

Example : §¨  ·¸  §¨  ·¸ § 11 ·
5 1
¨  ¸ which is rational.
© 3¹ © 6 ¹ © 6¹

(b) Subtraction : For any two rational numbers, say, a and c ; §¨ a  c ·¸ is also a rational number..
b d ©b d¹

1 3 2
Example :  = –1 which is rational.
2 2 2

a c §a c·
(c) Multiplication : For any two rational numbers, say, and ; ¨ u ¸ is also a rational nmber..
b d ©b d¹

1 § 1 · 1
Example : u¨ ¸ which is a rational.
2 © 10 ¹ 20

a c ªa c º
(d) Division : For any two rational numbers and ; « y » is also a rational number..
b d ¬b d¼

2 § 5 · 2 § 9 · 6
Example : y¨ ¸ u¨ ¸ Which is a rational.
3 © 9 ¹ 3 © 5 ¹ 5

Commutativity
a c a c c a
(a) Addition : For any two rational numbers and ;  
b d b d d b

§ 4· § 7 · § 7· § 4·
Example : ¨  ¸  ¨  ¸ ¨©  ¸¹  ¨©  ¸¹
© 5¹ © 2¹ 2 5
Rational Numbers 3

(b) Subtraction : Subtraction of rational numbers is not commutative.

1 1 1 1
Example :  z 
7 5 5 7
a c a c c a
(c) Multiplication : For any two rational numbers and ; u u .
b d b d d b
§ 5 · § 4 · § 4 · § 5 ·
Example : ¨ ¸ u ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸u¨ ¸
© 7 ¹ © 7 ¹ © 7 ¹ © 7 ¹
(d) Division : Division of rational numbrs is not commutative.
1 5 5 1
Example : y z y
12 4 4 12
Associativity

a c e a §c e· §a c· e
(a) Addition : For any three rational numbers , and ;  ¨  ¸ ¨  ¸
b d f b ©d f ¹ ©b d¹ f
§ 1 3 · § 1 · 1 ­ 3 § 1 ·½
Example : ¨  ¸  ¨ ¸  ®  ¨ ¸¾
© 8 7 ¹ © 7 ¹ 8 ¯ 7 © 7 ¹¿
(b) Subtraction : Subtraction is not associative.
§4 4· 4 4 §4 4·
Example : ¨  ¸  z  ¨  ¸
©7 3¹ 5 7 ©3 5¹

a c e a §c e· §a c· e
(c) Multiplication : For any three rational numbers , and ; u ¨ u ¸ ¨ u ¸u
b d f b ©d f ¹ ©b d¹ f

§ 1 3 · § 1 · 1 ­ 3 § 1 · ½
Example : ¨ u ¸ u ¨ ¸ u ® u ¨ ¸¾
©8 7¹ © 7 ¹ 8 ¯ 7 © 7 ¹¿

a c e
, and , division is not associative, i.e., §¨ y ·¸ y z y §¨ y ·¸
a c e a c e
(d) Division : For any three rational numbers
b d f © b d¹ f b ©d f¹

§ 1 3· 7 1 § 3 7·
Example : ¨© y ¸¹ y z y ¨© y ¸¹
2 4 8 2 4 8

ILLUSTRATION : 1

§ 1 3· 1 1 § 3 1 ·
Show that ¨ y ¸ y z y ¨ y ¸
© 5 4¹ 2 5 © 4 2¹

SOLUTION :
§1 4· 1 4 1
L.H.S. ¨ u ¸ y y
©5 3¹ 2 15 2

4 8
u2
15 15
1 §3 · 1 3
R.H.S. y¨ u 2¸ y
5 ©4 ¹ 5 2
1 2 2
u
5 3 15
So, L.H.S. z R. H. S
 EBD_7034
4 Mathematics
THE ROLE OF 0
Additive Identity
a a a a
For every rational number : 0 0 , then 0 is called additive identity..
b b b b
1 1 1
Example : 0 0
7 7 7

Additive Inverse

a a § a · a a
For every rational number , we have  ¨ ¸ = 0, then and are the additive inverse of each other..
b b © b¹ b b

Zero Property of Multiplication

a a a
For every rational number , we have u 0 0u 0
b b b

1
Example : u0 0
9

Division By 0
Division by zero is not defined i.e., a y 0 = not defined
1
Example : y 0 = not defined
3

a a
But for every rational number ,0 y 0
b b

3
Example : 0 y 0
4

THE ROLE OF 1
Multiplicative Identity

a a a a
For every rational number ; u1 1u
b b b b
1 is called the multiplicative identity.
Division By 1

a a a
For every rational number , y1
b b b

1 1
Example : y1
2 2
Rational Numbers 5

NEGATIVE OF A NUMBER
a
For any rational number , there is a rational number,  §¨ a ·¸ such that a  ¨§  a ¸· 0.
b ©b¹ b © b ¹

§a· a
is called the negative of  §¨ ·¸ .
a a
We say  ¨ ¸ is the negative of and
©b¹ b b ©b¹

5 § 5 · 5  5 0
Example : ¨ ¸ 0
7 © 7 ¹ 7 7

MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE
a a b a b b
For any rational number , if × = 1, then and are the multiplicative inverse of each other and is called the reciprocal
b b a b a a
a
of .
b

5 8 8
Therefore, the reciprocal of is or .
8 5 5

DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDITION

a c e a §c e· §a c· §a e·
For any three rational numbers, , and ; u ¨  ¸ ¨ u ¸¨ u ¸
b d f b ©d f ¹ ©b d¹ ©b f ¹
ILLUSTRATION : 2

2 § 5 7· § 2 5· § 2 7·
Show that ¨  ¸ ¨© u ¸¹  ¨© u ¸¹
3 © 4 3¹ 3 4 3 3
SOLUTION :
2 § 5 7· 2 § 15  28 · 2 § 43 · 43
L.H.S. ¨  ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
3 © 4 3¹ 3 © 12 ¹ 3 © 12 ¹ 18

§2 5· §2 7· 5 14
R.H.S ¨ u ¸¨ u ¸ 
©3 4¹ ©3 3¹ 6 9

15  28 43
18 18
So, L.H.S = R.H.S.
ILLUSTRATION : 3

Simplify §¨ u ·¸  §¨ u ·¸  §¨ u ·¸
3 5 9 4 5 6
© 11 6 ¹ © 12 3 ¹ © 13 5 ¹

SOLUTION :
15 36 30 5 6 89
  =  1
66 36 65 22 13 286
 EBD_7034
6 Mathematics

REPRESENTATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS ON NUMBER LINE

p
Representation of Rational Numbers in the Form of on Number Line:
q
p
Like whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, in the form of where p and q are integers can be represented on number line.
q
ILLUSTRATION : 4
5 3 8
Represent , and on number line.
8 5 3
SOLUTION :
Draw a number line as shown below:

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 5
Now in , Numerator (5) < Denominator (8) and number is positive. represent a number between 0 and 1. Mark 7(= 8 – 1)
8 8
points at equal distance which divide the distances between 0 and 1 in 8 (denominator) equal parts, as shown below (Magnified).
5
8
2 0 1
5
Out of these 7 points the 5th (numerator) point represent the rational number .
8
3
In , which is a –ve rational number, absolute value of the numerator (3) < denominator (5). So it represent a number
5
between 0 and –1.
To represent it on number line, mark 4 ( = 5 – 1) points between 0 and –1 which divide the distance between 0 and 1 in 5
(denominator) equal parts. Out of these 4 points. 3rd (absolute value of the numerator) point from right between 0 and
3
– 1 represents the rational number  .
5 3
–
5
–1 0
8 2
can be written as 2  . Clearly this number lies between 2 and 3 eg. on the number line. Mark 2 ( = 3 – 1) points between 2
3 3
and 3, which divides the distance between 2 and 3 in 3 (denominator) equal parts. Of these two points, the 2nd point from left
§ 2·
between 2 and 3 represent 8 ¨ 2 
© 3 ¸¹
8
3
0 1 2 3

RATIONAL NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO RATIONAL NUMBERS

Between two rational numbers, there are infinitely many rational numbers.
ab
Method – 1 : Let a and b be two rational numbers q1 Ÿ a  q1  b
2
q1 is the rational number between a and b.
a  q1
q2 Ÿ a  q 2  q1  b
2
q2 is the rational number between a and q1.
q1  b
q3 Ÿ a  q 2  q1  q 3  b
2
Rational Numbers 7

q3 is the rational number between q1 and b.

In this manner, we can find infinite rational numbers between two given distinct rational numbers.

a c
Method – 2 : and be two rational numbers.
b d
Step – 1 : Make denominators equal in both rational numbers.

ad cb
Step – 2 : If we have to find n rational numbers between and , then multiply numerators and denominators by such a
bd bd
number so that the difference between the numerators is at least n.
ILLUSTRATION : 5
1 2
Insert 5 rational numbers between and .
5 5
SOLUTION :
1 2
Since the denominator of and is same and we do not have five integers between 1 and 2, therefore change their denominators
5 5
such that, there exist at least five integers between numerator part.
Thus,
1 1u 7 7
5 5u 7 35

2 2u7 14
5 5u7 35
Now we can write
7 8 9 10 11 12 14
     
35 35 35 35 35 35 35

8 9 10 11 12 7 14
? , , , , lie between and .
35 35 35 35 35 35 35
 EBD_7034
8 Mathematics

3 9
1. The sum of two rational numbers is . If one of the numbers is , find the other..
5 20
3 9
Sol. It is given that sum of the numbers and one of the numbers =
5 20
3
Suppose the other rational number is x. Since the sum is
5
§ 9 · 3 3 § 9 · 3 9 ª § 9 · 9º
? x ¨ ¸ Ÿx ¨ ¸ Ÿ x  «  ¨© 20 ¸¹ 20 »¼
© 20 ¹ 5 5 © 20 ¹ 5 20 ¬

3 u 4  9 u 1 3 u 4  9 u 1 12  9 3
Ÿ x Ÿx
20 20 20 20

§ 7 15 · § 1· § 1 1 ·
2. Simplify : ¨ u  1u ¸  ¨ u ¸
© 18 7 ¸¹ ¨© 4¹ © 2 4 ¹

§ 7 15 · § 1 · § 1 1 · § 7 15 · § 1 1 · § 1 1 ·
Sol. ¨ u ¸  ¨1u ¸  ¨ u ¸ ¨ u ¸¨ u ¸¨ u ¸
© 18 7 ¹ © 4 ¹ © 2 4 ¹ © 18 7 ¹ © 1 4 ¹ © 2 4 ¹

5 1 1 5 1 1 5 u 4  1 u 6  1u 3 20  6  3 17
   
6 4 8 6 4 8 24 24 24
2 9
3. Find 10 rational numbers between and .
11 11
2 9
Sol. The given rational numbers are and . Since the denominators of both the rational numbers are equal and positive. Finding
11 11
2 9
10 rational numbers between and is similar to finding 10 integers between – 2 and 9. We know that
11 11
–2 < –1 < 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < 7 < 8 < 9
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 9
So, , , , , , , , , , are the desired 10 rational numbers between and .
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

§ 1 1 1·
4. What should be added to ¨©   ¸¹ to get 3?
2 3 5
Sol. Sum of the numbers = 3
§ 1 1 1 · 15  10  6 19
One of the numbers = ¨   ¸
© 2 3 5¹ 30 30
The other number = Sum – one number
19 90  19 71
3
30 30 30
1 7 35
5. The speed of car is 54 km per hour. Find the distance travelled in hours and minutes.
2 2 2
Sol. We first calculate the time in hour.
7
35 35 7
minutes hour .
2 2 u 60 24
12
Rational Numbers 9

7 7 84  7 91
Therefore, total time (in hours) =  hour hours
2 24 24 24
Distance = Speed × time
1 109
Since, Speed 54 km / hr
2 2
109 91 9919
Ÿ Distance u km km
2 24 48
6. Represent the the following on the number line.
3 5
(i) (ii) 
7 6
3 3
Sol. (i) Since can not be expressed as a mixed fraction, divide the unit part in equal parts, where 3rd part will represent as
7 7
shown.

5 3
6 7
5
(ii) Since can not be expressed as a mixed fraction therefore, divide the unit part into 6 equal parts, where 5th part on the
6 5
left of origin will represent as shown above.
6
50000 30000
7. A farmer has one piece of rectangular land measuring m length and m breadth. If he distributes his land
13 11
among his 5 children, how much area will each child get?
50000
Sol. Length of land = m
13

30000
Breadth of land = m
11

50000 30000 1500000000 2

Area of land = u m
13 11 143

1500000000
Area of one piece of land when it is distributed among 5 children y5
143

1500000000 1 300000000 2
u m
143 5 143

24
8. The perimeter of a square is cm . Find the side of the square.
10
24
Sol. The perimeter of the square = cm
10
But the perimeter of square = 4 × side
24
4 × side cm
10
24 24 1 3
Thus, side y4 u cm
10 10 4 5

3
The side of the square is cm .
5
 EBD_7034
10 Mathematics

1. Column-I Column-II
(A) Distributive law (p) If a & b are rational
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an number, then a + b is
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). rational
(B) Commutative law (q) If a & b are rational
1. The product of two positive rational numbers is always
numbers, then
..... .
a+ b= b+ a
2. The product of two negative rational numbers is (C) Associative law (r) If a, b & c are rational
always......... . numbers, then
1 § 3 5 · 1 5 a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
3. u¨  ¸ u ..........  ......... u (D) Closure law (s) If a, b & c are ratioanl
2 © 4 12 ¹ 2 12
numbers, then
4. If a is reciprocal of b, then the reciprocal of b is ........... a × (b + c) = ab + ac
5. The number 0 is ......... the reciprocal of any number. 2. Column-I Column-II
1 2 A. Distributive property (p) rational
6. A rational number between and is ............ of multiplication over numbers
5 5
7. The denominator of a rational number cannot be .............. addition is
B. A rational number (q) For any three
2 13
8. If , then x .............. which lies between rational
5 x any two rational numbers a, b,
9. For any rational number a (a z 0), a y (–a) = ............ numbers a and b is and c; we have
1 1 a(b+ c) = ab + ac
10. A rational number between and is .........
2 3 C. All integers (r) irrational
numbers are
ab
D. Square root of all (s)
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your 2
answer as true or false. positive prime
11 numbers are
1. The rational number lies on the left of zero on the number
15
line.
1 5 DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
2. The rational numbers and are on opposite sides of 0
3 2
on the number line. 4
3. Every whole number is a rational number. 1. Express rational number with positive denominator..
14
x
4. If is a rational number, then y is always a whole 9
y  ....... 1
2. Fill in blank :
number. 14
5. Every integer is a rational number.
5 § 10 · § 21 ·
6. All rational numbers can be represented on a number line. 3. Simplify : u¨ ¸ u ¨ ¸ u 7
9 © 13 ¹ © 11 ¹

2 3
DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in 4. The cost of 7 metres of rope is ` 12 , find its cost per
3 4
two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D)
metre.
in column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in
column-II. 5. Find three rational numbers between 0 and 0.2
Rational Numbers 11

11. Use the distributivity of multiplication of rational numbers

1 § 3 5 · 1 5
6. (i) u¨  ¸ u ........  ......... u over their addition to simplify :
2 © 4 12 ¹ 2 12
3 § 35 10 · 3 §8 ·
4 § 5 8 · § 4 · 4 8 (i) u¨  ¸ (ii) u ¨  40 ¸
(ii) u¨  ¸ ¨ u ...... ¸  u 5 © 24 1 ¹ 4 ©9 ¹
5 ©7 9 ¹ © 5 ¹ 5 9
7 3 7 3 9 3 6
7. (i)  .......... 3 12. Simplify:      .
9 8 2 5 8 2 5
15
(ii) ...... 4 1 § 4 1 3·
23 13. y ¨  – ¸ is equal to
8. Write the additive inverse of each of the following rational 15 © 15 3 45 ¹
numbers :
4 13
(i) (ii) DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.
9 7
5 11
(iii) (iv) ª 3 5º ª 9 4º ª 5 6 º
11 14 1. Simplify « u »  « u »  « u »
¬ 11 6 ¼ ¬12 3 ¼ ¬13 15 ¼

§ 1 2 · § 5 2 · § 3 9 ·
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 2-3 sentences. 2. Simplify ¨ u ¸  ¨ u ¸  ¨ u ¸
© 4 7 ¹ © 14 3 ¹ © 7 2 ¹
1. The product of two rational numbers is 63 . If one of the
40 2 4
§ 7 · 3. Find four rational numbers between and
number is ¨ ¸ , find the other number.. 3 5
© 5 ¹
11 19 9 7 1 2
2. Evaluate :   0 4. For x and y verify that – (x + y) = (–x) + (–y)
14 10 5 4 2 3

3 2 1 4 3
3. If of a number exceeds its by 44, find the number.. 5. If x ,y ,z , then verify
5 7 2 3 5

2 1 x × (y – z) = (x × y) – (x × z)
4. Find a rational number between and .
3 4
3
6. By what number should we multiply , so that the
1 1 14
5. Insert three rational numbers between and .
3 2 5
product may be .
12
2
6. Represent 3 on the number line.
7 5
7. The value of 4 – is
1
7 5 5 1 1 1+
7. Find :     3+ 1
4 3 6 3 2 2 + 41
8. Simplify:
2 1
§ 13 15 · § 7 8 · § 3 1 · 8. Find ten rational numbers between and .
¨ u ¸¨ u ¸¨ u ¸ 5 2
©9 2 ¹ ©3 5¹ ©5 2¹
9. Verify the property : x × (y + z) = x × y + x × z by taking:
9. Write any three rational numbers between -2 and 0.
10. Add and express the sum as a mixed fraction : 12 15 8
x ,y ,z
12 43 101 7 5 4 3
(i) and (ii) and
5 10 6 8
 EBD_7034
12 Mathematics

4
4. A farmer has a field of area 49 ha . He wants to divide it
3 § 6 · § 8 · § 5 · 5
1. Find ¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸
7 © 11 ¹ © 21 ¹ © 22 ¹ equally among his one son and two daughters. Find the
area of each one’s share
4 3 15 § 14 ·
2. Find u u u¨ ¸ (ha means hecta re ; 1 hectare = 10.000 m2)
5 7 16 © 9 ¹
5. Let a, b, c, be the three rational numbers where
3. Using appropriate properties, find.
2 4 5
2 3 5 3 1 a ,b and c 
(i)  u   u 3 5 6
3 5 2 5 6
2 § 3· 1 3 1 2 (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (Associative property of
(ii) u¨ ¸  u  u addition)
5 © 7 ¹ 6 2 14 5
(ii) a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c (Associatative property of
4. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following. multiplication)
5 3 6. Identify the rational number which is different from the
(i) u (ii) –1
8 7 2 4 1 1
6 7 other three : , , , . Explain your reasoning.
5. Multiply by the reciprocal of . 3 5 2 3
13 16
7. The product of two rational numbers is –7. If one of the
8 1
6. Is the multiplicative inverse of 1 ? Why or why not? number us –10, find the other.
9 8
8. Tell which property allows you to compute
5 5
7. Find any ten rational numbers between and . 1 ª5 7º ª1 5º 7
6 8 u u as u u
5 «¬ 6 9 »¼ «¬ 5 6 »¼ 9
2 5 9
8. Represent , , on the number line. 9. Verify the property x × (y × z) = (x × y) × z of rational
11 11 11
numbers by using
9. Find five rational numbers between .
2 4 3 5 2 5 1
(i) and (ii) and x ,y and z
3 5 2 3 7 6 4
1 1 10. Use the distributivity of multiplication of rational numbers
(iii) and
4 2 over addition to simplify
3 3
10. Find ten rational numbers between and . 3 ª 35 10 º 5 ª 8 16 º
5 4 (i) u  (ii) u 
5 «¬ 24 1 »¼ 4 «¬ 5 15 »¼

2 ª 7 21 º 3 ª8 º
(iii) u  (iv) u  40 »
4 14 2 7 «¬16 4 »¼ 4 «¬ 9 ¼
1. Find u y .
7 3 3 11. Simplify
2. Using appropriate properties, find
32 23 22 3 28 14
(i)  u (ii) u y
2 § 5 · 7 2 § 2 · 5 11 15 7 15 5
u¨ ¸   u¨ ¸ .
3 © 7 ¹ 3 3 © 7 ¹
3 2 5 7 1 1
(iii)  u (iv)  
3. Let O, P and Z represent the numbers 0, 3 and –5 7 21 6 8 16 12
respectively on the number line. choose a point T
between Z and O so that ZT = TO. Which rational number
does T represent?
Rational Numbers 13

1 3
12. A 117 m long rope is cut into equal pieces measuring 8 cm
3 4
1 1
7 m each. How many such small pieces are these? 1 cm
3 4
13. Riya, Reena and Seema received a total of Rs. 2,016 as
monthly allowance from their mother such that Seema gets
1 2 2 3 5 3 1
of what Riya get and Reena gets 1 times Seema’ss 1. Find the value of u   u
2 3 3 2 2 5 6
share. How much money do the th ree sisters get 1
2. The speed of car is 54 km per hour. What is the distance
individually? 2
7 35
14. On a winter day the temperature at a place in Himachal travelled in hours and minutes?
2 2
Pradesh was – 16° C. Convert it in degree Fahrenheit (°F)
3. A mother and her two daughters got a room constructed
C F  32 3
by using the formula. for Rs. 60,000. The elder daughter contributes of her
5 9 8
mother ’s contribution while the younger daughter
1
1 contributes of her mother’s share. How much do the
15. Shalini has to cut out circles of diameter 1 cm from an 2
4 three contribute individually?
3 1 1
aluminium strip of dimensions 8 cm by 1 cm . How 4. One fruit salad recipe requires cup of sugar. Another
4 4 2
recipe for the same fruit salad requires 2 tablespoons of
many full circles can Shalini cut? 1
suger. If 1 tablespoon is equivalent to cup, how much
16
more sugar does the first recipe require?

1 1
3. A rational number between and is
4 3
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. 7
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which (a) (b) 0.29
24
ONLY ONE is correct.
13
(c) (d) All of these
192 48
1. The standard form of is
168 4. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
2 8 5 7 9 11 11 9 7 5
(a) (b) (a)    (b)   
3 7 7 9 11 13 13 11 9 7
1 6 5 11 7 9 5 9 11 7
(c) (d) (c)    (d)   
7 7 7 13 9 11 7 11 13 9
27 3 3 § 8 · 5 125
2. The number which is subtracted from to get is 5. If  x ¨ ¸ , then x is
13 7 7 © 21 ¹ 22 462
228 1 6 5
(a) (b) (a) (b)
91 91 11 11
200 198 6 5
(c) (d) (c) (d)
91 91 11 11
 EBD_7034
14 Mathematics

7 4
6. What number should be added to to get ?
12 15
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.
19 11 Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
(a)  (b) 
60 30 ONE or MORE may be correct.
51 1 1. Which of the following forms a pair of equivalent rational
(c) (d) numbers?
60 20
7. Choose the rational number which does not lie between 14 21 12 18
(a) and (b) and
2 1 35 45 26 39
rational numbers  and  :
5 5
3 21 7 5
3 (c) and (d) and
1 7 56 28 20
(a)  (b) 
4 10
§ 5 2·
3 7 2. The value of ¨  y ¸ is
(c) (d)  © 9 3¹
10 20
5 5
28 (a)  (b) 
8. The product of two numbers is  . If one of the numbers 2 6
27
§ 4· 10 6
is ¨  ¸ , then the other number is ____. (c)  (d) 
© 9¹ 12 5
5 7 3. Which of the following rational numbers is in the standard
(a) (b) form?
2 3
1 2 12 49
(c) (d) (a) (b)
3 7 26 91
9. The sum of the additive inverse and multiplicative inverse 9 4
of 2 is: (c) (d)
16 15
3 3 16
(a) (b) 4. The product of two number is  . If one of the numbers
2 2 35
1 1 15
(c) (d) is  , find the other..
2 2 14
10. Which of the following is false? 2 32
(a) (b)
5 75
4 4
(a) 0
5 5 32 8
(c) (d) 
75 3
5 7 7 5
(b)   2 3
6 12 12 6 5.  is not equal to
3 4
8 § 11 2 · § 8 11· 2 7 1
(c) ¨  ¸ ¨©  ¸¹  (a) (b) 
9 ©3 3¹ 9 3 3 12 12
1 17
8 7 7 8 (c) (d)
(d)   12 12
9 11 11 9
6
1 1 1 6. The additive inverse of is not equal to
11. Value of 13 – [4 – {3 – (2 – )}] will be – 17
2 2 2
1 1 6 6
(a) 9 (b) 10 (a) (b)
2 2 17 17

1 1 17 17
(c) 8 (d) 11 (c) (d)
2 2 6 6
Rational Numbers 15

PASSAGE - II
a c e
If , and are any three rational numbers, then
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the b d f
following questions. a §c e· a c a e
u¨  ¸ u  u
PASSAGE - I b ©d f ¹ b d b f

Properties of Addition of Rational Numbers 2 7 2 8 ª 7 º

4. u  u ? u «  ?»
(i) Commutative property: The addition of rational numbers 3 10 3 9 ¬ 10 ¼

a c 2 8 2 8
(a) , (b) ,
is commutative i.e., if and are any two rational 3 9 3 9
b d
numbers, then 2 8 2 8
(c) , (d) ,
3 9 3 9
a c c a
 
b d d b 5. Name the property used above.

(ii) Associative Proporties: The addition of Rational numbers (a) Commutativity of multiplication over addition
a c e (b) Communtativity of addition over multiplication
is associative i.e. if , and are any three rational
b d f
numbers, then (c) Distributivity of multiplication over addition

a §c e· §a c· e (d) Distributivity of addition over multiplication

¨  ¸ ¨  ¸
b ©d f ¹ ©b d¹ f
2 8 5 2
6. u ?u u >?  ? @
1. Using above properties of addition of rational numbers, 5 9 9 5
3 7 2
express the following as a rational numbers   2 8 5 2 8 5
5 6 5 (a) , , (b) , ,
5 9 9 5 9 9
1 1
(a) (b) 2 8 5 2 8 5
6 30 (c) , , (d) , ,
5 9 9 5 9 9
1 1
(c) (d)
6 30
2. Using above properties of addition of rational numbers,
DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion
7 11 5 followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the
express the following as a rational number:  
3 2 3 question on the basis of following options. You have to select
the one that best describes the two statements.
19 19
(a) (b) (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
6 2
the correct explanation of Assertion.
19 19
(c) (d) (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
6 3
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
3. Using above properties of addition of rational numbers,
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
5 2
express the following as a rational number:  3 (d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
7 7
1. Assertion : Zero is a rational number.
18 24
(a) (b) Reason : Each rational number is a quotient of any two
7 7
integers, while its divisor should not be zero. Thus, a
24 18 p
(c) (d)
7 7 number of the form where p and q are integers and q z
q
0 is a rational number.
 EBD_7034
16 Mathematics
2. Assertion : If x, y, z be rational numbers such that x > y and
y > z, then x > z
Reason : The sum of two rational numbers is always greater DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer
than third rational numbers. to each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from
0 to 9.
1 1 7
3. Assertion : One of the rational between and is 1. Verify the distributive property x × (y + z) = xy + xz where
4 3 24
4 1 7
Reason : If x and y are any two rational numbers such that x ,y ,z and write the denominator of
3 2 5
1 (x + y) × z.
x < y, then x  y is a rational number between x and y
2 2. Find the sum of digits of numerator and denominator of
§ 2 5·
1 reciprocal of rational number ¨  ¸ .
such that x  xy  y. ©5 4¹
2
1
3. can’t be expressed as rational number having
2
denominator 5 beacuse 5 is not the multiple of –––––––.
DIRECTIONS : Following question has four statements (A, B,
4. The product of two numbers is 45 . If one of them is 9/7,
C and D) given in Column-I and four statements (p, q, r, s) in 56
Column-II. Any given statement in Column-I can have correct
then denominator of other number is –––––––.
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column-II.
1. Match the following § 4 12 · § 3 21 · 19
5. On simplifying ¨ u ¸  ¨ u ¸ we get . Find the
© 3 5 ¹ © 7 15 ¹ k
Column-I Column-II value of k.
(A) Associative law is (p) Addition of rational
3
satisfied by numnbers 6. The sum of two rational numbers is . If one of the
5
(B) Commutative law is (q) Subtraction of rational 9 k
number is , than the other, number is . Find the
satisfied by numbers 20 20
(C) Closure law is (r) Multiplication of rational value of k.

satisfied by number
(D) Distributive law of (s) Division of rational
multiplication is number
satisfied by
Rational Numbers 17

Brief Explanations

SO L U T I ON S 4. The cost of
23
metres of rope = `
51
of
Selected Questions

3 4
Fill in the Blanks : 51 23
So, the cost of 1 metre y
1. Positive 2. Positive 4 3
3 1 51 3 153 61
3. , 4. a u `1
4 2 4 23 92 92
3 5. Rational numbers between 0 and 0.2
5. not 6.
10 Ÿ 0.1, 0.12, 0.13
65 1 12 13
7. Zero 8. Ÿ , and
2 10 10 10
1 3 1 5 5
1 6. (i) u  u (ii)
9. –1 10. 2 4 2 12 7
12
34 77
7. (i) (ii)
True / False : 9 23
4 13
11 8. (i)  (ii)
1. False : lies on the right of zero on the number line. (+ve) 9 7
15 5 11
rational numbers lies right of zero on the number line. (iii) (iv)
11 4
2. True
Short Answer Questions :
3. True
1. Let the other number be x.
x
4. False; If is a rational number, x and y must be integers.
y § 7 · 63
5. True Now, x u ¨ ¸
© 5 ¹ 40
6. True
7x 63
Match the Columns : Ÿ Ÿ 7x u 40 63 u 5
5 40
1. (A) o (s); (B) o (q); (C) o (r); (D) o (p)
63 u 5 9
2. (A) o (q); (B) o (s); (C) o (p); (D) o (r) Ÿ x Ÿ x
7 u 40 8
Very Short Answer Questions :
9
Ÿ x 
4 4 u 1 4 8
1.
14 14 u 1 14 9
9 The other number =
2. x 1 8
14
11 19 9 § 7 · ª 11 19 º ª 9 7 º
9 14  9 5 2.   ¨ ¸   
Ÿ x 1  14 10 5 © 4 ¹ «¬14 10 »¼ «¬ 5 4 »¼
14 14 14
3. We have
§ 55  133 · ª 36  35 º 188 § 71 ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
5 § 10 · § 21 ·
u¨ © 70 ¹ ¬« 20 ¼» 70 © 20 ¹
¸ u ¨ ¸ u 7
9 © 13 ¹ © 11 ¹
376  497 121
5 u 10 u 21 u 7 7350
140 140
9 u 13 u 11 1287
 EBD_7034
18 Mathematics
3. Let the number be x. 7. LCM of 4, 3, 6, 3 and 2 is 12
3 2 2 4, 3, 6, 2
x x 44
5 7 2 2, 3, 3, 1
21x  10x 11x 3 1, 3, 3, 1
Ÿ 44 Ÿ 44
35 35 1, 1, 1, 1
35 u 44 ? LCM of 4, 3, 6, 3, 2 is 2 ×2 × 3 = 12
Ÿ x 140
11
7 5 5 1 1
The number is 140. ?    
4 3 6 3 2
§ 2 1 ·
4. The rational number ¨  ¸ y 2 lies between 7 u 3  5 u 4   5 u 2  1 u 4   1 u 6
© 3 4¹
2 12
1
and 21  20  10  4  6
3 4
12
§ 2 1 · 2 u 4  3 u 1 8  3 5
Ÿ ¨  ¸ 37  24 13
© 3 4¹ 12 12 12
12 12
§ 2 1 · 5 5 1 5
Ÿ ¨  ¸y2 y2 u 102
© 3 4¹ 12 12 2 24 8.
15
5
Thus, the required rational number is 9. We can write
24
 2 5 1 2 2 u 5 10 0
i.e.,   2 and 0
3 24 4 1 1u 5 5 5
1 § 1 1· 5 integers between –10 and 0 are –9, –8, –7, –6, –5,......, –1.
1 1
5. A rational number between and is ¨©  ¸¹ 9 8 7 2 1
3 2 2 3 2 12 , , ,......., , are rational numbers between –2
?
5 5 5 5 5
1 5 1 and 0.
We have,  
3 12 2 We can choose any three of these rational numbers.

1 5 1§1 5 · 3 9 17
10. (i) 1 (ii) 17
A rational number between and is ¨©  ¸¹ 10 24
3 12 2 3 12 8
55 88
5 1 1 § 5 1· 11 11. (i) (ii)
8 3
A rational number between and is ¨©  ¸¹
12 2 2 12 2 24
3 7 ( 3) 9 ( 3)  6
12.    
1 3 5 11 1 8 2 5 8 2 5
Clearly, we have    
3 8 12 24 2
15  140  24  45  60  48
1 1 3 5 40
Hence, three rational numbers between and are ,
3 2 8 12
248  84 164 41
11 40 40 10
and .
24
1 §4 1 3 ·
13. y¨   ¸
2 15 © 15 3 45 ¹
6. In order to represent 3 on the number line, take 3 unit
7
1 § 12  15  3 ·
lengths between 0 and 3 and divide the unit length between = y¨ ¸
15 © 45 ¹
3 and 4 into seven equal parts and take the end of 2nd part
on it. 1 § 24 ·
= y¨ ¸
15 © 45 ¹
2
This point represents the rational number 3 . 1 45
7 = u
15 24

3 32 4 1
0 1 2 7 =
8
Rational Numbers 19

Long Answer Questions : 5. L.H.S. = x × (y – z)

§ 3 5· §3 4· § 5 2· 1 ª 4 § 3 · º 1 ª4 3º
¨ u ¸¨ u ¸¨ u ¸ u ¨ ¸ u 
1.
© 11 6 ¹ © 4 3 ¹ © 13 5 ¹ 2 «¬ 3 © 5 ¹ »¼ 2 ¬« 3 5 ¼»
§ 1 5· 2 1 ª 20  9 º 1 29 29
¨ u ¸ 1 u u
© 11 2 ¹ 13 2 «¬ 15 »¼ 2 15 30
5 2 §1 4· 4 2
1 R.H.S. = (x × y) ¨ u ¸
22 13 ©2 3¹ 6 3
65  286  44 ª 1 § 3 · º 3
286
L.C.M. of 13, 22 286 (x × z) « 2 u ¨© 5 ¸¹»
¬ ¼ 10
109  286 177 2 § 3 · 2 3
xu y  xuz ¨ ¸ 
286 286 3 © 10 ¹ 3 10
§ 1 2 · § 5 2 · § 3 9 · 20  9 29
2. ¨ u ¸¨ u ¸¨ u ¸
© 4 7 ¹ © 14 3 ¹ © 7 2 ¹ 30 30
§ 1 1 · § 5 1 · § 3 9 · ? L.H.S. = R.H.S.
¨ u ¸¨ u ¸¨ u ¸
©2 7¹ ©7 3 ¹ ©7 2¹ 6. We have,
1 § 5 · § 27 · 1 5 27 5 3
¨ ¸¨ ¸   Product of two numbers , One number
14 © 21 ¹ © 14 ¹ 14 21 14 12 14
3  10  81 5 3
L.C.M of 14, 21,14 42 ? The other number x y
42 12 14
13  81 94 47 5 14
u
42 42 21 12 3
3. First we covert given rational numbers to rational numbers 5 u 14  5 u14  5u 7 35
with the same denominator equal to the LCM of their 12 u 3 12 u 3 6u3 18
denominators. The LCM of denominators 3 and 5 is 15.
5 5 155 1
2 2 u 5 10 4 4 u 3 12 7. 4– =4– =4–
? and 1 1 40 8
3 3 u 5 15 5 5 u 3 15 1+ 1+
1 31
Between the numerators 10 and 12 of these equivalent 3+
1 9
rational numbers there is only one integer. So, we replace 2+4
these numbers by equivalent rational numbers having a
sufficiently large common denominator. 7 6 5 9
8. , , ,......,
20 20 20 20
2 10 40 4 12 48
and 9. x × (y + z) = x × y + x × z
3 15 60 5 15 60
Between 40 and 48 there are seven integers 41, 42, 43, .......47. 12 15 8
When x = , y= ,z=
41 42 47 5 4 3
Therefore, , ,......, are seven rational numbers
60 60 60 12 ª 15 8 º § 12 · § 15 · § 12 · § 8 ·
between u«  » ¨© ¸ u¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ u¨ ¸
5 ¬ 4 3¼ 5 ¹ © 4 ¹ © 5 ¹ © 3¹
40 § 2 · 48 § 4 ·
¨ ¸ and ¨ ¸ We can take any four of these 12 ª 13 º § 180 · § 96 ·
60 © 3 ¹ 60 © 5 ¹ u« ¨© ¸ ¨ ¸
rational numbers. 5 ¬ 12 »¼ 20 ¹ © 15 ¹
1 2 13 32
4. For x and y
=9
2 3 5 5
§1 2· §1 3 2 2·
 x  y ¨  ¸ ¨ u  u ¸ 13 45  32
© 2 3 ¹ ©2 3 3 2¹ =
15 5
§3 4· 7
¨  ¸ and
©6 6¹ 6 13 13
=
§ 1 · § 2 · 3  4 7 5 5
x  y ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸
© 2 ¹ © 3 ¹ 6 6
So, – (x + y) = (–x) + (–y)
 EBD_7034
20 Mathematics

41 42 43 44 45 8 7 1 2
9. (i) , , , , (ii) , , 0, ,
60 60 60 60 60 9 6 6 6

Text-Book Exercise : 9 10 11 12 13
(iii) , , , ,
3 § 6 · § 8 · 5 32 32 32 32 32
1. ¨ ¸¨ ¸
7 © 11 ¹ © 21 ¹ 22 (There can be many more such rational numbers)
ª 3 § 8 · º ª 6 5 º 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
« 7  ¨© 21 ¸¹ »  «¬ 11  22 »¼ 10. , , , , , , , , ,
¬ ¼ 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160
(by using commutativity and associativity)
(There can be many more such rational numbers)
ª 9  8 º ª 12  5 º Exemplar Questions :
«¬ 21 ¼»  ¬« 22 ¼»
4 14 2 4 § 14 3 · 4
(LCM of 7 and 21 is 21; LCM of 11 and 22 is 22) 1. u y u¨ u ¸ u7 4
7 3 3 7 © 3 2¹ 7
1 § 7 · 22  147 125
¨ ¸ 2 § 5 · 7 2 § 2 · 5 2 2 2 7
21 © 22 ¹ 462 462 2. u¨ ¸   u¨ ¸ u  u 
3 © 7 ¹ 3 3 © 7 ¹ 7 3 7 3 3
4 3 15 § 14 ·
2. u u u¨ ¸ § 5 2 · 2 7 2 7 5
5 7 16 © 9 ¹ ¨  ¸u   
© 7 7¹ 3 3 3 3 3
§ 4 15 · ª 3 § 14 · º
¨ u ¸u « u¨ ¸
© 5 16 ¹ ¬ 7 © 9 ¹ »¼
(Using commutativity and associativity)
3. .........
Z
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1
O
0 1 2
P
3
So, T is the mid-point of OZ, i.e.
3 § 2 · 1
u¨ ¸
4 © 3 ¹ 2 0  5 5
T
11 2 2
3. (i) 2 (ii)
28
4 249
56 4. 49 ha ha
4. (i) (ii) –1 5 5
15
96 1 249 83 3
5. Each share u ha ha 16 ha
91 3 5 5 5
6. No, because the product is not 1. 5. (i) L.H.S = a + (b + c)

5 5 2 ª 4 § 5 · º 2 ª 24  25 º
7. We first convert and to rational numbers with the  ¨ ¸ 
6 8 3 «¬ 5 © 6 ¹ »¼ 3 «¬ 30 »¼
same denominators.
2 § 1 · 20  1 19
¨ ¸
5 u 4 20 5u 3 15 3 © 30 ¹ 30 30
and
6u 4 24 8u3 24
R.H.S. of (i) = (a + b) + c
19 18 17 14
Thus we have , , ,...... as the rational § 2 4 · § 5 · § 10  12 · § 5 ·
24 24 24 24 ¨  ¸¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸
20 15 ©3 5¹ © 6 ¹ © 15 ¹ © 6 ¹
numbers between and . You can take any ten of
24 24
these. 22 5 44  25 19

15 6 30 30
–1
8. 2 ª 4 § 5 · º § 2 4 · § 5 ·
So,  ¨ ¸ ¨  ¸¨ ¸
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
3 «¬ 5 © 2 ¹ »¼ ©4 5¹ © 6 ¹
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
Hence verified.
Rational Numbers 21

(ii) L.H.S = a × (b × c) 142 7 2

11. (i) or 9 (ii)
2 ª 4 § 5 · º 15 15 7
u u¨ ¸
3 «¬ 5 © 6 ¹ »¼ 32 41
(iii) (iv)
63 48
2 § 20 · 2 § 2 ·
¯¨ ¸ u¨ ¸ 12. 16 pieces.
3 © 30 ¹ 3 © 3 ¹
13. ` 864, ` 720, ` 432
2 u 2 4
14. 3.2 ° F
3u 3 9
15. 7
= (a × b) × c
HOTS Questions :
R.H.S. = (a × b) × c
§ 2 4 · § 5 · 2 u 4 5 2 3 5 3 1
¨ u ¸u¨ ¸ u 1. We have u   u
©3 5¹ © 6 ¹ 3u5 6 3 2 2 5 6

8 § 5 · 8 u 5 40 4 1 5 3 30  5 u15  3

u¨ ¸   
15 © 6 ¹ 15 u 6 90 9 1 2 30 30
2 ª 4 § 5 · º ª 2 4 º § 5 ·
So, u u¨ ¸ u u¨ ¸ 30  75  3 42 7
3 ¬« 5 © 6 ¹ ¼» ¬« 3 5 ¼» © 6 ¹
30 30 5
4
6. lies on the left side of zero while others lie on the right distance
5 2. Speed
side of zero on the number line. time
7. Let the other rational number be x 1
1 min . hrs.
– 10 × x = –7 60

7 7 35 35 1 35
x ,x min s. u hrs hrs.
10 10 2 2 60 120
Check
7 § 7 35 ·
10 u 7 . Hence, the result is correct. ? Total time taken ¨  ¸ hrs .
10 © 2 120 ¹
8. Associative property § 7 u 60  35 ·
9. x × (y × z) = (x × y) × z ¨ ¸ hrs .
© 120 ¹
2 5 1 455 131
x=  , y=  , z = hrs hrs.
7 6 4 120 24

2 ª § 5 · § 1 · º ª § 2 · § 5 · º 1 109
 «¨ ¸ u ¨ ¸ » « ¨© 7 ¸¹ u ¨© 6 ¸¹ » u 4 Speed km / hr
7 ¬© 6 ¹ © 4 ¹ ¼ ¬ ¼ 2

2 § 5 · § 10 · 1 109 131 14279

 ¨ ¸ =¨ ¸u Distance u km
7 © 24 ¹ © 42 ¹ 4 2 24 48
3. ` 32,000, ` 12,000, ` 16,000
10 10
(Hence verified). 3
168 168 4. cup
8
7 1
10. (i) 6 (ii) 3
8 3
11 3 88 1
(iii) or 1 (iv) or 29
8 8 3 3
 EBD_7034
22 Mathematics

230 230
Ÿ 21x  1 Ÿ 21x 1
22 22
252
Single Option Correct : Ÿ 21x
22
192 192 192 y 4 252 6
1. (b) Ÿ x
168 168 168 y 4 22 u 21 11
48 48 y 6 8
6. (a) Let the number to be added be x
42 42 y 6 7
7 4
27 3 Ÿ x
2. (a) We have x 12 15
13 7
27 3 189  39 228 4 7 16  35 19
x  Ÿx Ÿx . x 
13 7 91 91 15 12 60 60

1 1 3 2 3 1
3. (d) 0.25, 0.33........ 7. (c) !  and !
4 3 10 5 10 5
8. (b) Let us consider first rational number be x.
1 1
 § 4· 28
(a) 4 3 7 7 Now, from the equation, ¨  ¸ u x
2 12 u 2 24 © 9¹ 27

§ 28 · § 4 · § 28 · § 9 · 7
1 7 1
  ,
x ¨ ¸ y ¨ ¸ ¨  ¸u¨ ¸
4 24 3 © 27 ¹ © 9 ¹ © 27 ¹ © 4 ¹ 3

(b) 0.25 < 0.29 < 0.33 ........ 1 3

9. (b) – 2 +
2 2
1 7
 8 7 88  63 25
(c) 4 24 67 13
10. (d)  ! !
2 24 u 2 48 9 11 99 99

? all are correct. 7 8 63  88 25

 ! !
4. (a) L.C.M. of 13, 11, 9, 7 = 117 × 77 = 9009 11 9 99 99

11 693 7623 9 819 7371 8 7 7 8

u , u ?  } 
13 693 9009 11 819 9009 9 11 11 9

7 1001 7007 5 1287 6435 1 ª 1 ­ § 1 · ½º

u , u 11. (b) 13 2  « 4 2  ®3  ¨© 2  2 ¸¹ ¾ »
9 1001 9009 7 1287 9009 ¬ ¯ ¿¼

6435 7007 7371 7623 5 7 9 11

   or    . 27 ª 9 ­ § 4  1 · ½º
9009 9009 9009 9009 7 9 11 13 = 2  « 2  ®3  ¨ 2 ¸ ¾ »
¬« ¯ © ¹ ¿¼»
3 § 8 · § 5 · 125
5. (c)  x ¨ ¸¨ ¸  27 ª 9 ­ 3 ½º
7 © 21 ¹ © 22 ¹ 462 =  «  ®3  ¾»
2 ¬ 2 ¯ 2 ¿¼
9  21x  8 125 5
Ÿ 
21 462 22 27 ª 9 § 6  3 · º
 ¨ ¸
2 «¬ 2 © 2 ¹ »¼
=
21x  1  125  105
Ÿ 27 ª 9 3 º 27 ª 6 º
21 462   
= =
2 «¬ 2 2 »¼ 2 «¬ 2 »¼
21x  1  230 21x  1  230
Ÿ Ÿ 21 1
21 462 21 462 = = 10
2 2
Rational Numbers 23

More Than One Option Correct :

5  2 3 3  21 18
3 3
7 7 7 7
12 6
1. (b, d) Because is its simplest form
26 13
2 7 2 8 2 ª 7 § 8 · º
4. (b) u  u u ¨ ¸
6 12 18
and
7 5 3 10 3 9 3 «¬ 10 © 9 ¹»¼
13 26 39 28 20
5. (c) Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition.
1 7 5
Because is simplest form of &
4 28 20 2 8 2 5 2 § 8 5 ·
6. (a) u  u u¨  ¸
5 9 5 9 5 © 9 9¹
§ 5 2 · 5 3 5 10
2. (b, c) ¨ y ¸ u 
© 9 3¹ 9 2 6 12 Assertion & Reason :
3. (c, d)
4. (b, d) Let the other number be x 1. (a) Assertion : True, Reason : True.
2. (d) Assertion : True, Reason : Fasle.
15 16
ux 3. (a) Assertion : True, Reason : True.
14 35
1 1 1 9 1
16 § 15 · 16 14 4!5Ÿ  Ÿ  
x y¨ ¸Ÿx u 4 5 4 40 5
35 © 14 ¹ 35 15
Multiple Matching Questions :
16 2 32
x u
5 15 75 1. (A) o (p, r); (B) o (p, r); (C) o (p, q, r, s); (D) o (p, r)
5. (a, b and d)
Integer Type Questions :
6. (a, c and d)
1. (6) x × (y + z) = xy + xz
Passage Based Questions :

3 7 2 3 2 7 4 § 1 §  7 · ·
1. (a)     [Commutative Property] L.H.S. x × (y + z) = u¨  ¨ ¸¸
5 6 5 5 5 6 3 © 2 © 5 ¹¹

§ 3 2 · 7 § 3  2 · 7 4 § 1 7 · 4 § 5  14 ·
= ¨  ¸ ¨ ¸ u¨  ¸ ¨ ¸
©5 5¹ 6 © 5 ¹ 6 3 ©2 5¹ 3 © 10 ¹
[Associative Property]
4 9 6
7 6  (7) 1 u
1 3 10 5
6 6 6

7 11 5 7 5 11 4 1 4 § 7 ·
    R.H.S. xy + xz u  u¨ ¸
2. (b) 3 2 3 © 5 ¹
3 2 3 3 3 2
[Commutative Properties]
2 2 10  28 18 6

§ 7 5 · 11 3 15 15 15 5
¨  ¸ [Associative Property]
© 3 3¹ 2
§ 4 1 · § 7 ·
§ 7  5 · 11 11 8  11 19 Denominator of x  y u z ¨  ¸u¨ ¸
© 3 2¹ © 5 ¹
¨ ¸ 4
© 3 ¹ 2 2 2 2
§ 8  3 · § 7 · 5 7 7
¨ ¸u¨ ¸ u
5 2 5 2 © 6 ¹ © 5 ¹ 6 5 6
3. (d)  3  3 [Commutative property]
7 7 7 7 ?unit digit = 6

§ 5 2 ·
¨©  ¸¹  3 [Associative Property]
7 7
 EBD_7034
24 Mathematics

§2 5· 8  25 33 19
2. (8) ¨  ¸
©5 4¹ 20 20 5

33 20 So, k = 5
Reciprocal of 6. (3) It is given that,
20 33
3 9
20 Sum of the numbers and, One of the numbers
Sum of digits of numerator and denominator of 5 20
33
Suppose the other rational number is x. Since the sum is
=2+0+3+3=8 3
3. (2) Because 5 is not the multiple of 2. 5

45 § 9 · 3
4. (5) Product of two numbers ? x¨ ¸
56 © 20 ¹ 5

3 § 9 ·
9 Ÿ x ¨ ¸
One of them 5 © 20 ¹
7
3 9 ª § 9 · 9º
45
ux
9 Ÿ x  «  ¨© 20 ¸¹ 20 »¼
Let other be x, 5 20 ¬
56 7
3 u 4  9 u 1
9 45 9 56 Ÿ x
x y u 20
7 56 7 45
3 u 4  9 u 1 12  9 3
Other number = 8/5. Denominator = 5. Ÿ x
20 20 20
§ 4 12 · § 3 21 · 16 3 k= 3
5. (5) ¨ u ¸  ¨ u ¸ 
© 3 5 ¹ © 7 15 ¹ 5 5
 C ha pter Linear Equations in
2 One Variable

INTRODUCTION

A statement of equality of two algebraic expressions involving a variable is called an equation.

In this chapter, we learn how a mathematical problem is converted into an equation and it will be solved to find the solution of
the problem. Solution of an equation can be find out algebrically.
There are many types of equations. But here we study only about Linear equation in one variable.
Forming the equation(s) and solving it, has great use in many branch of mathematics. It is used as a great tool in algebra and has
its application in all spheres of life, be it Finance, Economics, Business, Marketing, Health, Sciences, etc.
 EBD_7034
26 Mathematics
VARIABLE OR UNKNOWN
In an equation, the symbol (letter) whose numerical value can vary is called a variable. Variables are usually denoted by letters
x, y, z .... etc.

LINEAR EQUATION
When two algebraic expressions are connected by the sign of equality (=), they form an equation. e.g. 2 x  5 10 or 2 x  4 6x  2
are examples of an equation. There ' x ' is a variable.
Both the above example contain only one variable and the maximum power of variable is one. These type of equations are called linear
equations.

Solution of a Linear Equation oF One Variable

The value of variable which satisfy a given equation is called solution of the equation. The solution is also known as root of the
equation. For e.g., for a linear equation: 2 x  8 0 , x 4 is a solution or root, because by putting x 4 in the equation, both sides
of the equation become equal. In other words, x 2 satisfies equation 2 x  8 0 .

NOTE : Solution of an equation is also known as root of the equation.

ILLUSTRATION : 1
Verify that x 3 is a solution of equation 3 x  5 14
SOLUTION :
If x 3 is a solution of the given equation, then by putting x 3 in the given equation will make both sides of equation equal
? Put x 3 in the equation, we get
L. H. S. 3 u 3  5 9  5
14 R H S
Hence x 3 is a solution of 3x  5 14
ILLUSTRATION : 2
Verify that x 2 is a solution of 2 x  3 5 x  6 .
SOLUTION :
By putting x 2 , we get
L. H. S. 2 x  3 2 u 2  3 7
R. H. S. 5 x  6 5 u 2  6 4
So x 2 is not a solution of 2 x  3 5 x  6
Rules for Solving a Linear Equation in One Variable
While solving a linear equation, following rules are to be remembered.
(a) Addition/ subtraction of same quantity to/from both sides of an equation does not change the equality
(b) Multiplication by a same number on both sides of an equation does not change the equality
(c) Division by a same non-zero number on both sides of an equation does not change the equality.
(d) Any term may be transposed from one side of equality to another side by changing the sign of the term (from + to –, or from –
to +),
(e) A multiplier may be removed from one side of an equation by making it a divisor on the other side.
(f) A divisor may be removed from one side of an equation by making it a multiplier on the other side.

SOLVING EQUATIONS HAVING VARIABLE TERMS ON ONE SIDE AND NUMBER(S) ON

THE OTHER SIDE
Following examples will illustrate the methnod of solving linear equations in one variable having variable terms on one side and
numbers on the other side.