The Nature of Language English?

Will you be able to communicate with the - Intonation

What is Language? Chinese? The answer is yes. Though it will be a challenge - Clarity and Brevity
Together with the creation of human life is the creation of a for you and your Chinese friends to try to understand each - Timing and Relevance
wonderful and dynamic human capacity – language. other, eventually, you will be able to communicate as you
Animals are said to be able to communicate with each slowly learn each other’s Parts of Verbal Communication
other. Whales sing wolves howl, dogs bark, and birds languages. What is happening here is called language
chirp. The sounds these creatures produce often reflect contact. The result of such contact may be a new form of 1. Oral Communication
the state of their emotions. While it may be true that language. It is possible that in your Oral communication is the interchange of verbal
animals communicate, only human beings are truly attempt to communicate with each other, you and your messages between sender and receiver.
capable of producing language. Chinese friend will produce a new language form that is Oral communication can be terms as, “Spoken
understandable to both of you. Your languages may also communication which can be defined as communication
What exactly is language? Linguists agree that language change as you constantly interact and communicate with our thoughts through words.”
can only be called a language if it has a system of rules each other. Thus, language change is the result of
(also known as grammar), a sound system (phonology), language contact. Language is indeed a complex human Forms of Oral Communication
and a vocabulary (lexicon). These are the requirements for capacity. It is, therefore, essential to be aware of its
identifying a means of communication as a language features and behavior to be able to use language more Informal face to face talk
effectively and productively in communicating with others. Interviews
When people use language, they can understand each Group communication
other because they belong to the same speech TYPES OF COMMUNICATION - Debate of Group Discussion
community. They can understand each other because, in - Meeting
their speech community, people share the same set of Communication - the word communication is derived from - Conferences
rules in the language system. While growing up in a the Latin word ‘communis’, which means common. It is a Speeches and Presentation
community, people acquire the languages used by those in process of exchange of facts, ideas, opinions and a
the community. This is the process of language means that individuals or organizations share the meaning 2. Written Communication
acquisition. The languages acquired while growing up are and understanding with one another Written communication is a creative activity that requires a
known as mother tongues, which may also be referred to lot of imagination and effort to arrive at the finished
as first languages. People discover later on that other DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATIONS product.
languages are needed for various reasons. These other - Communication is a process of sharing Written communication can be terms as, “Transformation
languages may be referred to as second languages. experience till it becomes a common possession. of information through in any written form like letters,
People learn their second languages in school or on their It modifies the disposition of both parties who notives, circulars, memos, reports etc.
own. This is the process of language learning. partakes it. - John Dewey
- Communication is sharing of ideas and feelings Forms of Written Communication
What happens if people visit another speech community in a mood of mutuality. -Edgar Dale Letters Circulars
that is different from their own? Americans and British - Communication is a means of persuasion to Orders Reports
speak English. However, they spell influence other so that desired effect is achieved. Forms and Questionnaires Manuals
English words differently. They pronounce words - Aristotle Newsletters Handbills
differently. They have different ways of expressing the Bulletin boards Books
same concepts. It can be said that the Americans and the One Way VS Two Way Communication (Didactic Method
British belong to two speech communities that do not have VS Socratic Method Non-Verbal Communication
exactly the same set of rules for their languages. This is Through signs and symbols
why there are differences in their languages. Verbal Communication - is an exchange of information Non-verbal can go without verbal communication
using words including both the spoken and written word. Verbal cant’t go without non-verbal communication
What happens if you, for example, who speaks a mother The most important aspects of verbal communication are
tongue and English, go to work in China where the - Language Types of Non-verbal communication
residents speak Putonghua(Mandarin) and a little bit of - Pacing Kinesics (Body Language)
 - Facial Expression - Face is the index of mind. Visual Sighs - And Symbols speak a universal language - An indication of empathy
Think how mych information can be converyed understood by people all over the world and are easy to Sign
with a smile or a frown. By facial expressions we grasp and remember. Paralanguage \ Vocalic
can show or we can understand happiness. - It includes the use of posters, drawings, cartoon - Attributes of speaking which include the pitch, the
sadness, anger, and fear and much more. maps, diagrams, photographs tone, volume, tempo, rhythm, articulation.
- Head - If someone move his \ her head up and For examples, resonance , nasality, and even the accent of the
down means he \ she is agree with you or saying - Anybody anywhere can recognixe the sign for a speaker collectively known as paralanguage, we
yes and it also means understanding and telephone booth or a no smoking, or a factory. can understand mood and the situation by
acknowledgement - Traffic lights red, yellow, green on roads and the paralanguage expressions.
- Eye Gaze - looking at another person can lights at railway station ● Symbolic Communication - It involves the verbal
indicate a range of emotions like anger, grudge, - Lights are used to mark celebrations, festive and nonverbal symbolism to convey meaning. Art
and danger, a dangerous look can tell you occasions, etc. and music forms of symbolic communication
someone is uunhappy and not comfortable with - Hoardings, lights on top of VIP vehicles or an used by nurses to facilitate understanding and
- Gestures ambulance serve their purpose. healing the patient.
- Postures Audio Signs ● Metacommunication - It is ‘communication about
- Shape of Body - Or signals have been used to send message communication’ so that the deeper ‘message
- Personal Apperance Adornment - appearance since the early days of civilization within a message’ can be uncovered and
can indicate our profession, it shows your nature, - It is also universal in nature as they are understood. When a patient tells the nurse that
interest and your taste. It can also point out our understood by people easily. he is cool to undergo surgery with his body rigid
religious and cultural values. - Audio signals include the use of drum, beating, and sharp voice, a nurse can interpret that he is
alarms , hooters, buzzers, whistles, bells, sirens. anxious as evidenced by the body language.
Haptics (Touch Language) etc. ● Written Communication - Another important form
of communication is written communication. It is
Proxemics (Space Language) Artifacts Environmental the best method when the communicator and the
- To communicate while keeping a distance is - Appropriateness recipient are beyond oral cimmunication.
called proxemics - Climate
- The amount of distance we need and the amount - Microenvironments
of space we perceive as belonging to us is - Scent(Olfactics) 1.2 Communication According to Context, Purpose and
influenced by a number of factors including social - Color Style
norms, situational factors, personality - Lighting
characteristics and level of familiarity Communication is a process of exchanging
Chronemics (Time Language) - Information
- A call at 2a indicates some kind of emergency - Ideas
Signs - You reached in a party on time shows you are - Thoughts
Features of Sign Language punctual - Feelings
- Sign language is an art of communication with Silence - Emotions
the use of pictures, drawings, sounds, etc. - Allowing silence in a conversation puts pressure Through
- It is an expression of one’s feelings through the on the other person - Speech
use of symbols. - Silence can indicate hostility - Signal
- It requires just common sense and not an formal - Disagreement - Writing
education for being understood. - Profoundness, such as horror - Behavior
- Respect
Aspects of Sign Language - Contemplation
- Intentional rudeness
- The creation of a listening space
 - It includes face-to-face conversations, - Surrounding - room size,
speech, telephonic conversation, lighting decorations,
video, radio, television, voice over furnishings
internet. - Body Language
- Communication is influence by pitch, - Facial expressions, gestures,
volume, speed and clarity of speaking. postures
- Advantages - it brings quick feedback. - Sounds
In a face-to-face conversion, by reading - Voice tone, volume, speech
facial expression and body language rate
one can guess whether he/she should
trust what’s being said or not. C. Visual Communication
- Disadvantages - In a face-to-face - Type of communication that uses visuals to
discussion, user is unable to deeply convey information and/or messages.
Definition of Communication think about what he is delivering, so this - Examples are signes, symbols, imagery, maps,
- The process by which people exchange can be counted as a fault. graphs, charts, diagrams, pictograms, photos.
information or express their thoughts and feelings - Written Communication Drawings or illustrations, and even various form
- In written communication, written signs of electronic communication.
Context or symbols are used to communicate.
- Is the circumstance or environment in which - In written communication message can Communication according to Context
communication styles take place be transmitted via email, letter, report, A. Intrapersonal Communication
- May include the physical or actual setting, the memo, etc. - Is communication that occurs in your own mind
value positions of a speaker/listener, and the - Is most common form of communication - It is the basis of your feelings, biases, prejudices,
relevance or appropriateness of a message being used in business. and beliefs.
conveyed. - Advantages - Messages can be edited - Examples are when you make any kind of
and revised. Written Communication decision - what to eat or wear. When you think
Communication can be classifies according to : provide record and backup. A written about something - what you want to do on the
- Communication mode message enables receiver to fully weekend or when you think about another
- Context understand it and send appropriate person.
- Purpose and Style feedback.
- Disadvantages - Written communication B. Interpersonal Communication
Communication according to Mode doesn’t bring instant feedback. It take - Is the communication between two people but
A. Verbal more time composing a written message can involve more in informal conversion
- Spoken rather than written as compared to word-of-mouth and - Examples are when you are talking to your
- Relating to words or using words number or people struggles for writing friends, a teacher and student discussing a
- Relating to a verb ability. treatment an assignment,
- It refers to the form of communication in which - A patient and a doctor discussing a treatment
message is transmitted verbally. B. Non-verbal communication - A manager and a potential employee during an
- Communication is done by word of mouth and a - Is the sending or receiving of wordless interview
piece of writing. messages. Such as gestures, body language,
- In verbal communicatio remember the acronym posture, tone of voice or facial expression. C. Extended Communication
“KISS” (keep it short and simple). - Is all about the body language of speaker - Involves the use of electronic media
- Verbal Communication is divided into : - Elements : - Includes tele, audio, or phone conferencing
- Oral Communication - Appearance - Video Conferencing
- Spoken words are used - Speaker - clothing, hairstyle, - Skype calls
neatness, use of cosmetics - Other technological means
D. Organizational Communication - They share all in the values, practices, vision, B. Communication Process
- The focus is on the role that communication and missions of the organization.
plays in organizational contexts.
- For an organization to be successful, a system of E. Intercultural Communication
communication should be put in place. - It is the communication between or among
- Types : people having different linguistic, religious, ethnic,
- Formal - allows communication to take social, and professional backgrounds.
place via designated channels of
messages flow between positions in the Communication According to Purpose and Style
organization. A. Formal Communication
- Four approaches - Employs formal language delivered orally or in
- Downward Communication - is written form.
the type that flows from upper to - Lectures, public talks/speeches, research and
lower positions, i.e., president to project proposals, reports, and business letters,
a manager or supervisor, a among others
manager to ordinary staff. Is C. Principles of Communication
top-down or from a superior to a B. Informal Communication 1. It is an interaction situation wherein the
subordinate, usually asking - Does not employ formal language participants are affected by each one’s
certain individuals to perform a - Involves personal and ordinary conversation with behavior.
certain task. friends, family members, or acquitances about 2. One does communicate
- Upward Communication - anything under the sun 3. The message received is not
message transmission is - The mode may be oral as in face-to-face, necessarily the message sent
bottom-up in which subordinates ordinary or everyday talk and phone calls, or 4. Communicaation occurs simultaneously
send communication to their written as in the case of e-mail messages, at more than one level.
superiors/bosses bearing their personal notes, letters, or text messages.
views/feedback on organizational - The purpose it simply to socialize and enhance General Principles of Effective Communication
policies, and issues related to relationships. Since communication is a two-way process, it is
their jobs important that you know the principles to be observed to
- Horizontal Communication - is make it effective. For both oral and written communication,
lateral in approach as it take 1.3.1 Communicaion : Its process, Principles, and Ethic should be able to apply the following principles:
place among people belonging to A. Componets of Communication 1. Know your purpose in communicating.
the same level but coming from ● Sender 2. Know your audience
different departments or units to ● Messages 3. Know your topic
facilitate performance or task ● Channel 4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the
through proper coordination. ● Noise situation.
- Crosswise Communication - is a ● Context 5. Work on the feedback given you
diagonal in nature as employees ● Receiver
from different units ir different ● Feedback Principles of effective oral communication
units or departments working at 1. Be clear with your purpose
various levels communicate with 2. Be complete with the message you deliver
each other. 3. Be concise
- Dictate the kind of behavior that employees 4. Be natural with your delivery
should possess as well as the extent of 5. Be specific and timely with your feedback
commitment expected from them by the
organizations
Principles of effective written communication 1.3.2 Communication Models 4. David Berlo’s Communication Model - David
Be clear Be concise “ The art of communication is the language of leadership.” Berlo (1960)
Be concrete Be correct James Humes
Be coherent Be complete
Be courteous Why is it important to know the process of
communciation? To help you understand how the process
D. Ethics of Communciation : Straight talk and nonviolent works and knowing the flow of communication will enable
communciation you to make the communication effective

1. Seek to elicit best in communications and Communication Models

interactions with other group members 4 models of communication :
2. Listen when others speak
3. Speak non-judgementally 1. Aristotle’s Communication Model 2.1 Process, Barriers and 7C’s for Effective
4. Speak from your own experience and Communication
perspective, expressing your own thoughts,
needs, and feelings The Communication Process
5. Seek to understand others
6. Avoid speaking for others
7. Manage your own personal boundaries. Share
only what you are comfortable sharing.
8. Respect the personal boundaries of others
9. Avoid interrupting the side conversions
10. Make sure that everyone has time to speak. 2. Laswell’s Communication Model - Harold Dwight
Laswell (1948)
Communication ethics emphasizes that morals
influence the behavior of an individual, group, or
organization thereby affecting their communication. Be Components of Communication Process
guided and observed code of ethics as it determines the ● Sender / Encoder
kind of behavior that is proper and desirable over one that is a person who sends the message. A sender
is displeasing and offensive. A code of ethics sets the makes use of symbols (words or graphic or visual
standards to be observed by a person or a company that aids) to convey the message and produce the
will create a good reputation or a positive image not only 3. Shannon - Weaver’s Communication Model - required response.
for an individual but also for the organization. It will , Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver For instance - a training manager conducting
therefore, pave the way for the attainment of the desired (1949) training for new batch of employees. Sender may
results leading to the success of an individual or the entire be an individual or a group or an organization.
company. Success in decision- making will likewise impact The views, background, approach, skills,
the company’s reputation. competencies, and knowledge of the sender
have a great impact on the message.

● Message Message is a key idea that the sender

wants to communicate. It is a sign that elicits the
response of recipient.
Communication process begins with deciding
about the message to be conveyed. It must be
 ensured that he mair objective of the message is - Linguistic - different languages and vocabulary
clear. - Lack of knowledge of any language
● Encoding - Encoding is the process where the - Low IQ
information you would like to communicate gets - From receiver’s side - interrupting the speaker;
transfered into a form to be sent and decoded by asking too many questions for the sake of
the receiver probing
● Channel - Channels are the way you convey your - From the sender’s side - unclear messages;
message. These channels include verbal such as incomplete sentences, no clarification
telephone, and face-to-face conversations as well
as non-verbal such as e-mail and text 7C’s for Effective Communication
messaging. Each individual channel has its Organizational Barriers
strengths and weaknesses in terms of - Theses barriers arise when duties and line of Completeness
communicating. authority are not clearly defined. Various types of - The communication must be complete
For instance - Written medium is chosen when a organizational barriers are: - It should convey all facts required by the
message has to be conveyed to a small group of - Policy audience
people, while an oral medium is chosen when - Rules and regulations - The sender must take into consideration the
spontaneous feedback is required from the - Facilities receiver’s mind set
recipient as misunderstandings are cleared then - Complex Organization - Features :
and there. - Status and position - No crucial information is missing
● Decoding - Decoding is on the receiving end of - Gives additional information
communication. This stage is just as important as Phychological barriers - Leaves no questions
encoding. Communication can go downhillat this - Poor pronunciation - Check for the five W’s and one H’s for
stage if the receiver is not practicing active - Confused thinking completeness
listening skills or if they do not possess enough - Communication overload - Who - What
information to accurately decode the message. - Attitude - When - Where
● Receiver - Receiver is a person for whom the - Fear and anxiety - Why - How
message is intended or aimed. The degree to - Suspicious, jealousy, anger
which the decoder understands the message is - Resentment, antagonism and prejudices Conciseness
dependent upon various factors such as - Lack of interest and lack of listening - It means wordiness - communicating what you
knowledge of recipient, their responsiveness to want to convey in least possible words
the message, and the reliance of encoder on Physical Barriers - Features :
decoder. - Physical health - Highlights the main messages
● Feedback - Feedback is the main component of - Poor hearing - Avoid using excessive and needlless
communication process as it permits the sender - Distances: Four distinct zones may greatly vary words
to analyze the efficacy of the message. It helps in different cultures, 18” - intimate, 4” - personal, - Provides short and essential message in
the sender in confirming the correct interpretation 12” - social, 20” - public limited word
of message by the decoder. Feedback may be - Message becomes appealing and
verbal (through words) or non-verbal (in form of Mechanical Barriers comprehensible to the audience
smiles, sighs, etc.). It may take written form also - Non availability of proper machines - Eliminate wordy expressions
in form of memos, reports, etc. - Presence of defective machines - Use single words in place of phrases.
- Interruption Even Winston Churchill made extensice
- Power failure use of simple, one syllable words
- Ex. Wordy - At this time, Concise - Now
Perceptional Barriers
- Lack of common experience
Consideration - Implies there are no grammatical errors in - Be Concise - The message should not include
- Implies “stepping into the shoes of the others” communication. any unnecessary details. It should be short and
- Take note ofo audience’s view points, - Feature complete
background, mind-set, education level, etc. - The message is exact, correct and wwii - Be concrete - one should be specific, definite and
- Envisage your audience, their requirements, timed vivid rather than vague and general
emotions and problems. - Correct communication, boosts the - Be Correct - correct language should be used
- Do not hurt self-respect emotions of audience confidence level. and the sender must ensure that there is no
- Modify your words to suit the audience’s needs - Correct message has impact on the grammatical spelling mistakes
- Features audience/readers - Be Coherent - it refers to the written or spoken
- Emphasize on “you” approach. Show - Precisoin and accurateness of facts and communication express clearly, logically, adn
optimism towards your audience figures given importance intellibly
- Emphathize and exhibit interest in - Be complete - one should include all the relevant
audience to stimulate a positive The right form of language, accuracy and acceptable information as required by the intended audience
reaction. words - Be courteous - it implies that he sender must take
Concreteness - Select ther right level of language for your into consideration both the feelings and
- Be particular and clear rather than fuzzy and communication either formal or informal viewpoints of the receiver such that the
general. - Realize that formal language is most often used messages positive and focus at the audience.
- It strengthens the confidence in business commnication
- Concrete messages are not misinterpreted - Check for correct figures, facts, and words 2.3 Effective Listening
- Features: - Apply the principles of communication to your What is listening?
- It is supported with specific facts and writing - Listening is the most important communication
figures. skill
- Make use of words that are clear and - We probably spend more time using our listening
that build the reputation. 2.2 General Principles of Effective Communication skills than any other kind of skill
Clarity For both oral and written communication, you should be - Like other skills, listening takes practice
- Emphasise a specific message or goal at a time, able to apply the follocing principles - Real listening is an active process
rather than trying to achieve too much at once a. Know your purpose in communication - Listening requires attention
- Features b. Know your audience
- It makes understanding easier. c. Know your topic Effective Listening
- Clarity to thoughts and ideas enhances d. Adjust your speech or writing the context of the - Effective listening is the process of analyzin
the meaning situation sounds, organising them into recognizable
Courtesy e. Work of the feedback given to you patterns, interpreting the patterns and
- Shows sender’s expression and respect to the understanding the message by inferring the
receiver Principles of Effective Oral Communication meaning
- The sender of the messages should be sincerely - Be clear with your purpose - Many of the problems we experience with people
polite, judicious, reflective and enthusiatics - Be complete witht the message you deliver in our daily lives are primarily attributable to
- Features - Be concise ineffective listening or lack of listening
- Taking into consideration vith viewpoints - Be natural with your delivert
and feelings of the receiver - Be specific and timely with your feedback Listening Comes First
- Courteous message is positive and The first and foremost communication still that we learn in
focused at the audience Principles of Effective Written Communication : The 7C’s our lives is nothing but “Listening”
- Use terms showing respect for the - Be Clear - Message to be delivered must be clear
receiver of message in the mind of the sender Listening - Speaking - Reading - Writing
Correctness
Difference between Listening and Hearing Active Listening Process - SELECTIVE LISTENING - It involves selecting
Listenin island hearing are not the same. Hearing is the - Hearing - is the first essential step in the listening the desired part of the message and ignoring the
first stage of listening. Hearing occurs when our ears pick process and refers to the sensory perception of undesired part of the message.
up sound waves whcihi are taransported to our brain. This sound. The listener further processes the - INTUITIVE LISTENING - It means listening
stage is our sense of hearing perceived sound. The learning to be effective, through the intuitive mind by silencing the other
hearing need to be done with attentiveness and forms of internal dialogues going on
Listening is a communication process and to be concentration. simultaneously.
successful is an active process. In other words, we must - Filtering - The next step involves sensing and
be an active participant in this communications process. In filtering of heard sounds.The heard message is Barriers of Effective Listening
active listening, meaninad evaluationof a message must categorized as wanted or unwanted. The • Physical Barriers
take place before a listener can respond to a speaker. unwanted message is discarded. The sense of • People - Related Barriers
Therefore, the listener is actively working while the judgement of the individual come into play, that is - Physiological Barriers
speaker is taking. the filtering process is subjective and a person - Psychological Barriers
chooses to retention what makes sense to him.
Importance of Listeing - Comprehending - The listener understands what Physical Barriers
- Communicaiton is not complete without effective the speaker has tried to convey. This activity can • Noise
listening be described as absorbinbg , grasping or • Poor acoustics
- An attentive listener stimulates better speaking assimilating. The listener uses his knowledge, • Defective mechanical devices
by the speaker experience, perception and cognitive power. • Frequent interruptions
- A good listener learns more than indifferent - Remembering - The assimilated message is • Uncomfortable seating arrangements
listener sotres in memory to facilitate future recall. • Uncomfortable environment
- A good listener can restructure vague speaking in - Responding - responding to a message takes • Message overload
a way that produces clearer meaning place at the end of the communication,
immediately after or later, to show that the Physiological Barriers
Objectives of listening message is being received and comprehended. • State of Health - State of health of the listener and the
- To learn speaker affects the listening ability. Fever, pain or any
- To increase one’s understanding Types of Listening other form of bodily discomfort makes it difficult for a
- To advise or counsel - Discriminative listening - it involves identifying the person to listen or speak comfortably.
- To relieve one’ boredom (listeniohng to music) difference between various sounds. It also • Disability - Hearing deficiencies may lead to poor
enables one to differentiate between familiar and listening. Similarly, speech disorders of the speaker may
Facts about Listeinng unfamiliar language. make a speech incoherent to the listener. Speaker's
- One quarter of our waking time is spent in - COMPREHENSION LISTENING - It involves accent may also make it difficult for the listener to
listening attaching meaning to what is being listened to. It comprehend.
- Research shows that at the workplace, on an may also include comprehending the non verbal • Wandering attention - Human mind can process words at
avarae, personnel spend about: 32.7% of their messages being conveyed by the speaker. the rate of about 500 per minute, whereas a speaker
time listening - EVALUATIVE LISTENING - It involves evaluating speaks at the rate of about 150 per minute. The difference
- 85% of what we have learned is from listening and analyzing the message being received. It between the two leaves the listener with sufficient time to
- After lisntin to someone talk, we can immediately involves judging the acceptability of what is said let his mind wander.
recall about 50% of what was said. Even less is depending on how logical one finds it to be.
we didn’t like the subject or the person - ATTENTIVE LISTENING - It involves paying Psychological Barrlers
- On hour later, we remember less than 20% of attention to the words that are being spoken. •Being unsure of the speaker's ability - Based on past
what we heard - PRETENCE LISTENING - It involves more experience or inputs from sources, the listener may have a
- Less than 2% of the population has had formal hearing than listening. It means pretending preconceived notion of the speaker's ability. He may
educational on how to listen. through facial expressions that one is listening perceive the speaker to not be well informed, or to be
when actually one is not.
lacking in depth and ability. Hence the listener will not • Ask questions. If you are not sure you understood what It means transmitted sound. Thus, in this mode of
listen to what the speaker has to say. the speaker has said, just ask. For example, you might communication, only
• Personal anxiety - Sometimes the listener is preoccupied say, the voice of the speaker is heard. There are some
with personal concerns and anxieties. This makes it "When you said that no two zebras are alike, did you downsides of this mode, an
difficult to perceive what is being said by the speaker. mean that the stripes are different on each one?" obvious downside , is not being able to see the body
• Attitude - The listener may be highly egocentric with a • Give feedback. Sit up straight and look directly at the language or cues of the
"know it all attitude" and may not listen as he feels that he speaker. Now and then, nod to show that you understand. person you are talking to.
already knows what the listener has to say. At appropriate points you may also smile, frown, laugh, or ❖ Text –based communication
be silent. These are all ways to let the speaker know that Under this mode, we have e-mail, facsimile, text
Psychological Barriers you are really listening. Remember, you listen with your messaging, and instant
• Impatience - The listener may not have patience to wait face as well as your ears! messaging. Social networking sites such as Facebook,
for the other person to finish what he has to say. He may Twitter, and Instagram likewise offer text-based interaction.
be intolerant or may be eager to add his own points to the While text-based communication mode
discussion. As a result, his desire to speak overcomes his "We were given two ears but only one mouth, because does not originally provide video and audio benefits, it has
desire to listen, thus acting as a barrier. listening is twice as hard as talking.” a wider reach and
• Emotional blocks - Our deep seated beliefs in certain can disseminate information to a bigger audience quickly.
ideas may make it difficult for us to listen to ideas which go 2.4 Communication and Technology The last three modes are all virtual in nature. Those
against our belief. We may hear such an idea wrongly or it ➢ Modes of Communication engaged in
may get distorted in our mind to match our perception or Communication mode refers to the channel through which communication are able to hear and/or see each other in
we may completely block it off by not listening to it. Many a one expresses real time stimulating the actual physical setting.
time, we block something off completely because of his/her communicative intent. It is the medium through ❖ Communication Aids and Tools
painful memories associated with it. which one convey Microsoft Power Point, and other web-based or online
his/her thoughts. Views or feelings can be communicated presentations are
TIPS FOR BEING A GOOD LISTENER through : some of the tools popular in today’s generation. These
• Give your full attention on the person who is speaking. ❖ Face-to-face interaction aids are valuable for
Don't look out the window or at what else is going on in the The most common of all the modes, it is informal or casual speakers-amateur or professionals-because they can help
room. conversation you enthrall your
• Make sure your mind is focused. It can be easy to let between two or more people. People engage in audiences and make them understand and appreciate
your mind wander if you think you know what the person is conversations to establish more your conveyed
going to say next, but you might be wrong! If you feel your relationships or maintain them. It is one way of gaining message. Indeed, they can help you build your credibility
mind wandering, change the position of your body and try new acquaintances or friends . and boost your
to concentrate on the speaker's words. ❖ Video confidence. How ever, if you do not know how to use them
• Let the speaker finish before you begin to talk. Speakers Web cameras are used so that two or more people who effectively, they can
appreciate having the chance to say everything they would cannot interact ruin your presentations.
like to say without being interrupted. When you interrupt, it face-to-face can communicate. If there are no technical ❑ MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
looks like you aren't listening, even if you really are. glitches encountered, this could be very effective mode of This has been known as the most popular software since
• Let yourself finish listening before you begin to speak! communication especially for people its launch 25
You can't really listen if you are busy thinking about what separated by distance. You may engage in conversation years ago. Its popularity can be attributed to its features
you want to say next. via Skype .Other which are very easy to use. Microsoft provides tutorials
• Listen for main ideas. The main ideas are the most electronic applications that allow video calls are Viber, which can be accessed through
important points the speaker wants to get across. They WhatsApp, Apple, FaceTime, Facebook Messenger, http://office.Microsoft.com/en-001/powerpoint-help/create-
may be mentioned at the start or end of a talk, and among others. In more formal settings, people can also your-first-
repeated a number of times. Pay special attention to engage in video conferencing. presentation-RZ001129842.aspx or
statements that begin with phrases such as "My point is... ❖ Audio http://office.Microsoft.com/en-001/?CTT=97.
or "The thing to remember is...'
Another option is to look for more online resources that aid ✓ Use high contrast between background color and text
you to get started color.
with Power point ✓ Check the spelling and grammar.
❖ WEB-BASED OR ONLINE PRESENTATIONS
The following are some of the online presentations as
alternatives to
Power point. What is good about these online
presentations is that they offer
free access . There are actually more online presentations
available given the
popularity of digital media.
1. Empressr (http://www.empress.com/Default.aspx) To
learn more aboutthis
tool, go to this link http://www.empress.com/Learn.aspx
2. Slideshare (http://wwwslideshare.net/). For support,
access this link:
http://help.slideshare.com/home.
3. Prezi (http://prezi.com). To learn more, access the given
URL.
4. Sliderocket (http://www.sliderocket.com). To get started
, go to
http://support.sliderocket.com/home.
5. Zohoshow
(https://www.zoho.com/docs.faq/online-presentation-faq.ht
ml).
Access the given link to know more about Zohoshow.
6. Zentation (http://www.zentation.com/). Frequently asked
questions can be
found at http://www.zentation.com/support-faq.php.
❖ General Guidelines in Creating An Effective
Presentations
Microsoft (2018) provides tips in creating an effective
PowerPoint
presentations.
✓ Minimize the number of slides.
✓ Choose a font style that your audience can read from a
distance.
✓ Choose a font size that your audience can read from the
distance.
✓ Keep your text simple by using bullet points or short
sentences.
✓ Use art to help convey your message.
✓ Make labels for charts and graphs understandable.
✓ Make slide backgrounds subtle and keep them
consistent.