A PROJECT REPORT ON

SMART GLOVE FOR HOME AUTOMATION

FOR PHYSICALLY DISABLED PEOPLE
Submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA

For Partial Fulfilment of Award of the Degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

Submitted By
CH. RENUKA RATNAM (22X41D5806)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr . K. CHAITANYA
Professor, Department of CSE

DEPARTMENT OF CSE

S.R.K INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(AFFILIATED TO JNTU, KAKINADA)
Enikepadu, Vijayawada – 521108.

July 2021
 S.R.K INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ENIKEPADU, VIJAYAWADA.
DEPARTMENT OF CSE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report entitled “SMART GLOVE FOR
HOME AUTOMATION FOR PHYSICALLY DISABLED PEOPLE” is the
bonafide work of Ms CH. RENUKA RATNAM (22X41D5806), in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the post graduate degree in MASTER OF
TECHNOLOGY during the academic year 2020-2021. This Work has carried out
under our supervision and guidance.

(Dr. K. CHAITANYA) (Dr. B. ASHA LATHA)

SIGNATURE OF THE GUIDE SIGNATURE OF THE HOD

SIGNATURE OF THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 DECLARATION

I CH. RENUKA RATNAM hereby declare that the project report entitled
“SMART GLOVE FOR HOME AUTOMATION FOR PHYSICALLY
DISABLED PEOPLE” is an original work done in the Department of Master Of
Technology, SRK Institute of Technology, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, during the
academic year 2022-2023, in partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Master of
Technology. I assure that this project is not submitted to any other College or
University.

Roll No Name of the Student Signature

22X41D5806 CH.RENUKA RATNAM

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Firstly, I would like to convey my heart full thanks to the Almighty for the blessings on me to
carry out this project work without any disruption.

I am extremely thankful to Dr. K. CHAITANYA, Project guide who guided me throughout

the project. I am thankful to her for giving me the most independence and freedom throughout various
phases of the project.

I am very much grateful to Dr .B. Asha Latha, H.O.D of CSE Department, for her valuable
guidance which helped me to bring out this project successfully. Her wise approach made me to learn
the minute details of the subject. Her matured and patient guidance paved a way for completing my
project with the sense of satisfaction and pleasure.

I am very much thankful to our principal Dr . M. Ekambaram Naidu for his kind support and
facilities provided at our campus which helped me to bring out this project successfully.

Finally, I would like to convey my heart full thanks to all Technical Staff, for their guidance
and support in every step of this project. I convey my sincere thanks to all the faculty and friends who
directly or indirectly helped me for the successful completion of this project.

PROJECT ASSOCIATE
CH.RENUKA RATNAM (22X41D5806)

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 ABSTRACT
Each year, new technologies rise and fall, sometimes making an impact on our daily lives and
other times barely leaving a trace. One category of emerging technologies that has the widest
variety is the Internet of Things or IoT. IoT is regarded as hard-core for integrating various
sensors, microcontrollers and all sorts of communication protocols and lays the foundation
for futuristic communication standard i.e., Human-Things Interaction. Taking huge leaps in
technologies with each passing year, the humans are making smart inventions every year to
help themselves and for the ones who are affected by any disability. Arduino is a
microcontroller for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control
objects in the physical and digital world. Arduino is design use a variety of microprocessors
and controllers. The proposed work aims to solve the daily challenges faced by the people,
who are unable to speak (dumb) or one who has recently undergone an accident and is unable
to speak. It can also be used by elderly people, who find difficulty in speaking. With this
wearable smart glove, dumb people or patient can easily communicate by just tapping the
points on the glove by their thumb that results in 12 different commands that are both audible
audio and image on any Android smartphone via an app. This can also be used in automation
of day-to-day things like home appliances.

Keywords— Flex Sensor, Arduino Nano, GSM module, Bluetooth module, Wireless
Communication.

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 LIST OF FIGURES
CONTENTS
1.1:American sign languages chart
1. Introduction
a. Sign 1.1.2:
language for of
Types deaf andgloves
smart dumb
2. Literature Review
3.1:Block diagram of existing model
3. Existing Model
4.0: Block
4. Proposed diagram of smart glove for home automation
Model
a. NODE MCU
4.1.1: NODE MCU
5. RELAY
a. 16*24.2.1:
LCD RELAY
Display
b. RPS
4.3.1: 16*2 LCD display
c. Home Automation
5.1: Arduino
6. Arduino Mega
Mega 2560
a. Introduction of Arduino mega
b. 5.2:
Pins Pin description
of Arduino odarduino
mega 2560& uses mega
c. VoltageFlex
6.1.1: & Current
sensorSpecifications
d. Memory Specifications
e. 6.2.1: Pulse&sensor
Dimensions Weight
f. Other Specification
g. 6.2.2:
Power Pulse
supply sensor interfacing
for Arduino mega 2560with arduino
h. Software for programming for Arduino mega 2560
6.3.1: Temperature Sensor
i. Shield Compatibility of Arduino mega 2560
j. Application
6.3.2: of Arduino
Various types mega 2560
of temperature sensors
7. Sensors used in the project
a. 6.4.1: Oxygen Sensor
Flex Sensor
b. PulseImage
Sensor when the kit is OFF
7.1:
c. Temperature Sensor
d. 7.2: Image
Oxygen when the kit is ON
Sensor
8. Result
7.3: Load controls on LCD display
9. Conclusion with Future scope
7.4: Image when the LED is ON
7.5: Image when the FAN is ON
7.6: Graphical representation of pulse,temp,o2

LIST OF TABLES

6.1.1: Pin Description

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 INTRODUCTION

According to Indian Census 2001, there are more than 21 million people suffering from one or
the other disability and this number is a considerable percentage of country’s population. The
percentage of people having speech disability and hearing disability is nearly 8% and 6%
respectively. This speaks about the magnitude of speech and hearing problems.

In our country around 2.78% of peoples are not able to speak. Their communications with others
are only using the action of their hands and expressions. Dumb people can’t speak and normal
people don’t know the sign language which is used for intercommunication between dumb
people. We proposed a new technique called “SMART GLOVES FOR DUMB PERSON”. It
will be very helpful to them for conveying their thoughts to others. Some peoples are easily able
to get the information from their actions. The remaining is not able to understand their way of
conveying the message. In order to overcome the problem of dumb people we are come with
“SMART GLOVES FOR DUMB PERSON”.

In the present world it is very complicated for the deaf & dumb people to talk with the ordinary
people as impaired people lacks the amenities which a normal person should own. It actually
becomes the same problem of two persons which knows two different languages, no one of them
knows any common language so its becomes a problem to talk with each other and so they
requires a translator physically which may not be always convenient to arrange and this same
kind of problem occurs in between the Normal Person and the Deaf person or the Normal Person
and the Dumb person.

Although technology has been evolving rapidly in this information age, deaf/mute people still
use sign language as their only way of communication. Using sign language as a communication
tool can be beneficial among those who are familiar with this language, but the problem remains
when communicating with the wider community. Sign Language Translator is the appropriate
solution that enables deaf/mute people to communication fluently through technology in
different languages. As sign language is a formal language employing a system of hand gesture
for communication (by the deaf).

Many projects used glove-based systems for automatic understanding of gestural languages used
by the deaf community. The systems developed in these projects differed in characteristics such
as number of classifiable signs, which could range from a few dozen to several thousand, types
of signs, which could be either static or dynamic, and percentage of signs correctly classified.
The simplest systems were limited to understanding of finger spelling or manual alphabets (a
series of hand and finger static configurations that indicate letters). Takashi and Kishino and
Murakami and Taguchi used a Data Glove for recognition of the Japanese alphabets. For
recognition of the American alphabet, Hernadez-Herbollar used an AcceleGlove. The more
complex systems aimed at understanding sign languages, a series of dynamic hand and finger
configurations that indicate words and grammatical structures.

The deaf and dumb make use of sign language to communicate which is difficult to interpret by
the individuals who are not well-aware of it. Thus, there is a need of building up a device that
can interpret the gestures into text and speech. This will be a great step to make the
communication possible between the deaf and dumb individuals and the general.
Hand gestures being very popular among these individuals, serve as a good means of
communication. Thus, the hand is considered as an input for a system which would display the
corresponding result either in the form of text or speech, or both. Thus, Human Computer
Interaction (HCI) is the need here for image matching. It is the best use of computer technology,
concentrating especially on the interfaces between individuals and PCs. Computer recognition of
sign language is an important research.
Thus, we aim to develop such a system which serves both the purposes: communication
flexibility and absence of proper teaching centres of the sign language. The sign language is
difficult to interpret by the individuals who are not well-aware of it. Gesture is a non-verbal
communication, which includes the movements of head, hand and other body parts. Here, hand
gesture is of our concern as they are very popular among these individuals and they find it easy
to interact using these gestures.
We are witnessing the technical revolution taking place every day and it is the responsibility of
intellectuals to ensure that these technologies should contribute greatly to the development and
progress of society. Proper communication is must for everyone to lead normal life. According
to Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation (MoSPI) of Government of India a
hearing-impaired person is one who cannot hear or can hear only loud sound. According to a
survey conducted in India during 2012 by Government of India (MoSPI) there are more than
three million people having hearing problems and more than two million are suffering from
speech disorders.
Health is the basic capacity for people to experience, feel and act effectively, as it constitutes a
primary element in the individual's growth. Therefore, adequate ways of managing healthcare by
supervision and medical support are needed. Millions of persons of the world encounter issues
with degenerative disease articulation traumas every year because of traumatic brain injuries.
Rehabilitation helps to recover and help patients to compensate for deficiencies that cannot be
treated medically, their physical, sensory, and mental capacities compromised by accidents,
diseases, or disorders. A variety of methodologies are currently available, including head
movement, language movements, eye movement, etc. Some of these techniques are often used to
check wheelchairs and other equipment.

Now, in the head movement-based process, head movements with the help of an EEG sensor
named the EPOC emotive headset may be used to manipulate the wheel. The patient must wear
the headset whenever it is voluminous and noisy on the outside. This approach can also only be
used to monitor messages but not to communicate to the staff .IoT-based notification to physician
and load control system for the paralyzed person. In-home care and patient treatment options
contributed to the enlarged life expectation of older people and technological development. The
use of telemedicine and home surveillance via the Internet of Things. All these projects are based
on a common method to detect finger activity, but this research tried to extrapolate this concept
from a completely different point of view and have developed a limited but substantial application
of bioengineering. This initiative will be used by speechless people who are paralyzed by half
their body and cannot talk but can lift their fingers.

The aims and objectives of this project to create an affordable and convenient solution for
sensitized glove identification of finger movements enable 10 joints of one hand to be measured.
Besides the versatility of the human finger which makes it so useful to attach the hand, the
receptors are highly concentrated in the finger. The patient can cease his recovery phase through a
tedious training process and a lengthy treatment session that sometimes leads patients to lose hope
for continued therapy. A responding finger bending glove (SBG) is the unit used to assess the
finger rehabilitation level utilizing a flex-sensor, an LCD, and a Light Emitting Diode (LED), for a
finger-fracture patient. With the above perspective in mind, we have provided a simple, flexible
sensor-based device for sensitive calling by finger movement.
 A flexible sensor is a variable resistor that changes resistors when bent from one end to the other,
which causes the voltage to vary. The difference in the voltage contributes to signal generation
when combined with a suitable circuit. Further the data is processed into a microcontroller to get
the results. Many deaf and hard-of-hearing people rely heavily on sign languages as a means of
communication. Since sign languages are typically used by the deaf, they are also used by others
who can hear but cannot speak. Hand shapes and hands Movements are used in sign language to
express thoughts. They also communicate through a combination of words and symbols. The main
idea behind this project is to break down communication barriers between people with special
needs and normal people. Our system will enable the user to express words using glove gestures
and finger bending with a flex sensor.

These converted digital signals are also sent to the RF module for the home automation aspect.
An additional feature of our project is it is also able to monitor one’s health. To address this, our
project will include a heart rate sensor that will continuously monitor the user's data and output
will be visible on the user's smartphone. Existing methods of expressing thoughts include using a
vision-based gesture recognition system, which employs a camera module to capture hand
gestures. The captured image is sent to image processing, which produces an output based on the
captured image-sensor-based gesture recognition is more accurate American Sign Language Chart
and takes less time than vision-based gestures recognition. It also responds quickly when
recognizing gestures. Sensor-based systems require flex sensors rather than camera modules,
making them portable and low-cost.

1.1: Sign language for deaf and dumb

Sign language is used by deaf and mute people and it is a communication skill that uses gestures
instead of sound to convey meaning simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and
movement of hands, arms or body and facial expressions to express fluidly a speaker’s thoughts.
But most of the time normal people find it difficult to understand this sign language. This presents
a major throwback for people in the deaf and dumb communities when they try to engage in
interaction with others, especially in their educational, social and professional environments.
Therefore, it is necessary to have an advance gesture recognition or sign language detection
system to bridge this communication gap. Smart glove has been designed to give voice to
voiceless as this cause has been championed throughout history, as it’s safe to say that none of
those efforts involved packing a bunch of sensors into a glove. The main objective is to help deaf
and dumb people by removing communication barrier so they are not restricted in a small social
circle and are also able to convey their feelings and emotions.

Human beings have a natural ability to see, listen and interact with their external environment.
Unfortunately, there are some people who are differently abled and do not have the ability to use
their senses to the best extent possible. Deaf and dumb population is a result of the physical
disability of hearing for deaf people and disability of speaking for dumb people. In the recent
years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of hearing impaired and speech disabled
victims due to birth defects, oral diseases and accidents. When a speech impaired person speaks to
a normal person, the normal person finds it difficult to understand and asks the deaf and dumb
person to show gestures for his/her needs. Those people have their own language to communicate
with us; the only thing is that we need to understand their language.

Fig 1.1 : American Sign Language Chart

Smart Gloves is mainly designed for disable people interaction with normal people. The deaf and
dumb people interact with each other through a sign language. They also communicate with
normal people through the same sign language only. But normal people are not aware of sign
language and there comes a difficulty in communication between the deaf and dumb people and
the normal people. A mediator is required to translate the sign language of deaf and dumb people
to normal people. So, the main objective of this project is to convert the gestures of disabled
people in to a format of text and speech synthesis. This Smart Gloves also has the facility of
Home Appliance control from which a physically impaired person become independent to live.

In our life we meet many types of physically challenged people, some of them are partially and
some are completely disabled. The partially disable people include dumb, deaf, paralysis in one
leg or hand and completely impaired people are those with combinations of deaf, dumb and
paralysis. They head their life with complication and feel separate from others. Communication is
sending and receiving information between two or more people. But there are a lot of issues in
communication for the person with hearing and speaking disabilities. Usually deaf and dumb
people communicate with the normal people using sign language. Communication for the people
is visual, whereas normal people communicate verbally, arduousness arises in communication
between hearing impaired people and normal people. Smart Hand Gloves for Disable People is
developed so that disable person can live his life as he wants.

The sign language is an important and only method of communication for deaf-dumb persons.
As sign language is a formal language employing a system of hand gesture for communication
(by the deaf). We have used two sensors for communication which plays a major role namely-
Flex sensors and Accelerometer. The flex sensors are attached on the back of gloves. It is used to
detect the movements of fingers of the hand. Accelerometer is fixed on the gloves to detect the
angular movement. These sensors are connected to the serial inputs of the Arduino in parallel
with resistors connected to power. apr33a3 audio recorder and playback module is connected to
the output of the Arduino.

Further the processed data is transmitted in a wireless manner from ZigBee sensor transmitter
section to the ZigBee sensor receiver section. The ZigBee receiver section consists of Arduino
and ZigBee to control the home appliances. In this section the gesture is recognized and the
corresponding output is displayed on LCD and simultaneously a speech output is play backed
through speaker. The major advantage is portability of the system. Thus, the communication
barrier faced by the disabled people is reduced to a great extent.

Communication has a key role in our daily life and in particular in daily activities of people with
disabilities. In this world millions of deaf and dumb, blind and physically handicapped people
are there. In their day to day life they face many difficulties like to communicate or to control the
home appliances inside the home. It is very difficult or impossible for blind people to send SMS
or to make calls using a mobile phone. It is very difficult for handicapped people to move around
and do their work.

According to world health organization there were 285 million visually impaired people in the
world, of which 246 million had low vision and 39 million were blind. Of those who are blind
90% live in the developing world.Deaf-dumb, blind people can communicate in different ways,
according to their actual conditions and to the actual resources available to them.
The most commonly used methods to communicate include the use of tactile signing, sign
language, and manual alphabets. In twohanded alphabets, the letters are typed onto the palm
and/or fingers of the receiver by using the dominant hand of the speaker as the communication
tool. The British alphabet interaction gestures are characterized by touches on a finger or on the
palm, movement of fingers along the palm or between fingers, holding a finger.

In order to overcome these problem, research on the assistant devices for the deaf-dumb, blind
has been done by many people to help reduce the limited ability of the disabled people. The
assistive glove for the blind is a device that can help disabled person to perform daily activities
without relying too much on others.

The main objective is to design and implement a low cost and open source assistive system
exploiting a wearable device in order to support disabled people in communication using the
wearable device. Its aim at evaluating its feasibility and its performance.

This system will be useful to solve the problem. This system is based on the accelerometer
sensor. According to dumb people, for every action they have a meaning. That message is kept in
a database and it is fed into Arduino and the accelerometer is fixed in their hand. For every
action the acceleration sensors get accelerated and give the signal to the Arduino. The Arduino
matches the motion with the database and produces the speech signal. The output of the system
is using guide me app.

Gestures are in line with people’s habits of communication, so many researchers have done a lot
of work in gesture recognition based on vision-based approach. In this project, hand gestures
also known as sign language will be converted into voice for dumb people. Smart gloves for
dumb person. It is a very comparative engineering project. It is a project for sensor based project
idea for the electronics core .

Communication plays a vital role for human beings. This project helps in improving the
communication with the dumb people using flex device technology. A tool is developed that may
translate totally different signs as well as Indian language to text also as voice format. The
people who are communicating with dumb people might not perceive their signs and movements
expressions. Through language, communication is feasible for a deaf-mute person without the
means of acoustic sounds.
The aim behind this work is to develop a system for recognizing the language, that provides
communication between people with speech impairment and normal people, thereby reducing the
communication gap between them. Compared to different gestures (arm, face, head and body),
hand gesture plays a vital role, because it expresses the user's views in less time. Within the
current work flex sensor-based gesture recognition module is developed to acknowledge English
alphabets and few words and a Text-to-Speech. Hence, an approach has been created and changed
to listen to the gesture-based communication. it will be very useful to them for conveying their
thoughts to others.

People who are mute often tend to feel uncomfortable around other people, when drawing
attention to their speaking problem. The sign languages are used as a communication medium for
mute people. Sign languages uses hand gestures to convey thoughts. It involves hand shapes, hand
movements to express the thoughts. They also convey combination of words and symbols (i.e.
gestures). Gestures are different forms made by the curves and the finger bends.

Gestures are the best medium for their communication. The main aim of this project is to create a
sign language to speech conversion system which convey the thoughts of mute people to normal
people using hand gestures. In our system we are using flex sensors to convey the thoughts.
Existing method of expressing thoughts is by using vision-based gesture recognition system,
where a camera module is used to capture the hand gestures. The captured image is sent to image
processing and it gives the output based on the image captured. Compared to vision-based gesture
recognition system, sensor-based gesture recognition is more accurate and less time consuming. It
also gives quick response in recognizing the gestures. Sensor based system requires flex sensor
instead of camera module which makes it portable and low cost.

With the help of flex sensors mute community people can easily communicate with other people
and using this system the people can easily control the Home Automation (fan, lights, etc.).
Compared to existing system the performance of proposed system is very good. It is easy to
handle compared to existing system. This system can support languages like English, Telugu,
Hindi, German and many more.

Recognition system for sign language primarily has two well-known solutions viz. Image
processing and other techniques are microcontroller and data glove based on sensors. These
approaches are also known as techniques based on vision and sensors. Camera is used to capture
the image / video in the image processing technique, in this static image are analysed and the
image recognition is performed using algorithms which generate sentences in the display. Secret
Markov Mode (HMM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Amount of Total Difference
(SAD) are the algorithms used in the eye-based sign language recognition system. The downside
of vision-based approaches requires complex data-processing algorithms. Visual-based approaches
mostly use camera chase technology, whereby the consumer usually wears a glove with specific
colours or markings showing individual parts of the hands, especially the fingers. The cameras
record the ever-changing picture and hand location because the consumer signs and also the
photographs are then manipulated to obtain the form, direction and orientation of the object.
Another difficulty of picture and video production requires variable lighting conditions, textures
and limitations and occlusion on the field of view.

An electronic glove is developed for communication interpreter system that helps out the deaf
and dumb individuals to speak with dependability. There are four flex sensors that are
employed and every square measure fitted with length of every finger of glove. The hand
gesture plays a vital role in this paper. The gestures are decoded by Raspberry pi. Every specific
gesture (i.e., creating various positions of fingers) has a meaning associated with it. So,
whenever a gesture is shown, a binary code with 4 digits will be generated. Compared to vision-
based gesture recognition system, sensor-based gesture recognition is more accurate and less
time consuming. It also gives quick response in recognizing the gestures. Sensor based system
requires flex sensor instead of camera module which makes it portable and low cost. By using
flex sensors home automation can also be done. In this paper glove was used for switching light
on or off and also for the mute community to communicate with the normal people.

Sign language is very helpful in facilitating communication between the deaf or mute
population and normal people. This project is intended to bridge the gap between the deaf or
mute community and the industrialized world in contact. The aim of this project was to be a test
for the feasibility of using data gloves to understand the sign language. Hand gesture
recognition and voice conversion was successfully executed for dumb and deaf people. The
method takes sign language as input, and gives output expression. Implementation of this signal
approach gives up to 90 percent accuracy and operates in most test cases successfully. There is
a lot of research and advancement in different fields to address these conditions.

To date, most commercial solutions use hand-based controllers with click buttons and inertial
sensors for user interaction with XR devices. Even in many cases, vibration motors are included
to provide some kind of haptic feedback. For example, when a collision with an object or a
structure (e.g., a wall) a vibration alert is provided. There are also solutions that perform some
kind of body tracking, enabling to represent the user or a part of him/her (e.g., his/her hand) in
the virtual scenario. Nevertheless, these solutions are not perceived as natural, particularly
because while users hold the provided controllers they cannot grab or touch objects in the
virtual experience. Therefore, the development of real immersive XR demands other kinds of
devices that facilitate a more natural human interaction, particularly freeing the user’s hands,
recognizing gestures, and offering haptic feedback that allow users to feel what is happening in
the virtual experience as if it was real .
From all the solutions considered, the concept of smart gloves is the most promising one in
order to improve the immersive sensation, the degree of embodiment and presence in
virtual/mixed reality [8. Smart gloves are intended to enable users to touch and manipulate
virtual objects in a more intuitive and direct way. They also pretend to provide sensitive stimuli
that can be perceived by the human hands, particularly, kinaesthetic and tactile feedback that
simulates touching and manipulating objects. Non-functional requirements are also important:
the glove device should be small, light, easy to carry, comfortable and it should not impair the
motion and actions of the wearer. In addition, it should be adjustable to the variety of sizes and
forms of human hands and fingers. There is a general understanding that this kind of device
would enable users to experience more realistic XR, support patients’ rehabilitation, remote
teleoperation, virtual surgery and experimentation, implementation of work sites, playing
videogames, etc.
The vision for this kind of more interactive and immersive glove technology is nothing new.
The first proposal of a hand-based device was done more than 40 years ago, in 1978. In 1982,
Zimmerman applied for a patent (USA Patent 4542291) of a flexible optic sensor worn in a
glove to measure the flexion of the fingers. Zimmerman worked with Lanier to include
ultrasonic and magnetic technology to track the hand position and create the Power Glove and
the Data Glove (US Patent 4988981). Since then and along all these years, the pursuit of a
device that facilitates hand-based interaction has been continuous, exploring different
technologies and approaches. It is interesting to notice the different names used to refer to this
kind of device (in alphabetical order): “cyber gloves “, “data gloves”, “force-feedback globes”,
“glove-based systems“, “haptic gloves”, “sensory gloves”, “smart gloves”, “virtual gloves”, or
“VR gloves”. Generally, the name is used to highlight some main purpose or device capability.
For example, data gloves, by far the most frequent used name, highlights the capability to
capture data from glove sensors, mainly related to hand and finger pose estimation and motion
tracking. Meanwhile, haptic gloves are used to name those devices capable of providing some
kind of kinaesthetic or tactile feedback, despite generally they also involve some data capture
capability. In this paper, we prefer the smart gloves name because, although it is the second
more used name after “data gloves”, it encompasses the variety of purposes and capabilities in a
better way.
Despite the many years devoted to the development of smart gloves, failures to satisfy the
complex requirements have been continuous and this device has not become mainstream yet. In
any case, the research focused on smart gloves has not decline and during recent years, there
has been a growing interest, particularly in the commercial area. The great advances on related
technologies, such as wearable and HMDs, have fuelled the emergence of new initiatives.
Nowadays, there exist a good number of commercial smart gloves and, more interestingly,
many pieces of research are being developed based on them. At this point, a main problem is to
be able to analyse the features of the different gloves to decide the most appropriate one for a
certain application. The goal of this paper is to offer a classification and analysis of existing
commercial smart gloves, distinguishing among the different goals and providing a common
basis for the decision making.

Fig1.1.2: Types of smart gloves

 LITERATURE SURVEY

In the topic of smart communication for visually and hearing-impaired people, a number of
studies and research have been undertaken. According to this, sign language, in addition to writing
and sketching, is the most effective medium for fluent communication between ordinary people
and these specially challenged persons. In this field, numerous patents have been filed with
various techniques to address this problem.

Dalal-Abdullah took a different method in his creation of a sign-to-speech or text system for deaf
and dumb persons. In which he proposed the creation of an electric gadget that consists of two
parts, one of which serves as a transmitter and the other as a receiver. The goal of this technology
was to transform Arabic sign language into speech or text. The concept was simple: each finger
would have flex sensors attached to an Arduino. The data from flex is collected by this
microcontroller and delivered via the RF transmitter. The RF receiver, on the other hand, receives
the transmitter's output and delivers it to the Arduino Mega, which then processes it creates the
LCD's and speakers' output. They utilised the Arduino IDE to map the data to the gestures made.
The Arduino IDE has space and speed limits, which is a disadvantage. Their method only allows
for a small amount of gestures. Another constraint is the usage of flex se nsors, as the resistance
value changes when the system is used more intensively. As a result, the chances of acquiring the
correct output are reduced by a certain proportion(American University of Ras Al Khaimah&
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, n.d.).

Another approach was made by Abhinandan Das in his paper, using flex sensors and gyro
sensors for finger and hand movement respectively. He used a flex sensor on each finger and a
gyro sensor to detect hand movement in this. This increased the combinations of gestures, thereby
increasing the dataset of gestures. The transmission of data is done through Xbee transceivers for
effortless data flow. They used the Intel Galileo Gen 2 lot kit to analyse and classify the actions
and hand movements in the sign. The need to use this powerful processor was to easily classify the
gesture types. As per the system developed by them, the gestures made by a user can be an
alphabet or a number for which proper classification is needed. Using this powerful intel
processor, the data is processed easily. Once the data is received, it is processed by a
microprocessor, and the output is shown according to the text mapping to the sign language. The
text generated is displayed on the Grove-LCD. Further, it is converted to speech via the Grove-
buzzer sensor. The major drawback to this whole setup is that it can generate around 200 words
only. Another downside to this system is the use of alphabets and numbers, which radically slows
down communication(Assam Engineering College et al., n.d.) .

Arslan presented a framework for interpreting sign language using gloves. Five flex sensors, a
microcontroller that processes sensor readings, an LCD that shows individual results, and a
speaker that listens to the output make up the framework. It produced a visual display on an LCD
as well as an audio output through the speaker. The disadvantage of this method is that it restricts
the user's freedom of movement (Nazir et al., n.d.)

The work that is being proposed Hand gestures are a powerful means of communication for those
who are deaf or hard of hearing. Deaf, blind, and stupid people communicate via sign language,
which is difficult to understand for others who aren't familiar with it. As a result, a gadget that
can translate gestures into text and speech is required. The primary purpose of this project is to
develop a smart glove system that can recognise indications in real time. Gestures in a language
must be converted into spoken words. "Artificial speaking mouth for dumb people" is a new
method. A flex-sensor and a magnetometer are built into the glove to detect finger movement.
The system translates the signs recognised into meaningful text. This text is then transferred to a
smartphone app over a Bluetooth channel where the text will be converted into speech. Another
feature that makes this project interesting is that users can teach the system new gestures and add
them to the existing standard gesture library(Hemavani, 2017)

Ambika Gujrati et al. proposed a system that consisted of flex sensors, tactile sensors, and
accelerometers. Their hardware requires Hence, a voltage regulator from the 7800 series (7805)
is used. LEDs are used to provide information about the supply is activated. A 330Ω resistor is
used to drop the voltage and make it 22.5V as required by the LED. The deflection of the flex
with a minimum angle of 40° produces a resistance which is increased by bending and voltage is
obtained. Four flex sensors along with their connection ports are placed. The voltage is in, so an
op-amp (LM358) was used to amplify it. The op-amp used is a non-
Inverting type with high gain in voltage.

The Rf resistor is a variable resistor with a range of (0–10) k and a resistance of 2.2k. A 33k
resistor is used at the output of the op-amp which stops the voltage from being grounded.
PIC16F877, a peripheral interface controller, is used with flash memory of 8 kb and an inbuilt
ADC converter with 10-bit resolution. The microcontroller converts the analogue output into
digital and provides a high and low voltage. A crystal oscillator at 12MHz is used, which provides
the microcontroller with a high-frequency clock pulse. Two 33pF capacitors are used along with
the oscillator. The high or low voltage is then passed to an NPN transistor which gives the output
which is further sent for retransmission. Relays used to have an internal magnetic field. They act
as an ON-OFF switch. One relay act as a play button. Then the third flex sensor will act. The
forward relay will be forwarded 2 times and then played, and similarly, others will operate.

The message is now forwarded to the voice recorder ISD1720, which has a microphone and
speaker connected to it. Electrolytic and ceramic capacitors are used, which remove the ripples
and cancel out the noise. An RF circuit is used which provides automatic gain control which gives
constant output. The voice can be recorded through a microphone and, according to the flex
deflected, the output is received from the loudspeaker. Their circuit diagram shows the capability
to measure or translate 7 potential sign language words (Manoharan S., Ragul R., Ramanathan S.
K. S., Vijay M., 2021)

A smart glove is a communication technology that combines augmented and alternative

communication methods. AAC (additional and alternative communication) is a key component in
the creation of support services for people with disabilities, particularly those with severe
disabilities. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) technologies, for example, can
help to reduce this separation from others. An AAC system is a collection of components that
includes symbols, aids, tactics, and procedures that people use to improve their communication.
These technologies span from relatively low-tech systems to quite high-tech ones (i.e., simple
adaptations with no batteries or electronics, such as communication boards). Unaided
communication systems and aided communication systems are the two broad categories in which
AAC systems fall. For the production of expressive communications, unaided AAC systems do
not require any kind of external communication equipment. Unaided ways of communication
include sign language, facial expressions, gestures, and nonsymbolic vocalizations. The
construction of aided systems necessitates the use of an external communication device.
(Khushboo Kashyap-Digital Text and Speech Synthesizer Using Smart Glove, n.d)

Hand gesture recognition and voice conversion system for dumb people in our country around
2.78% of peoples are not able to speak (dumb). Their communications with others are only using
the motion of their hands and expressions. Therefore, we proposed a new technique called
artificial speaking mouth for dumb people. It will be very helpful to them for conveying their
thoughts to others. Some peoples are easily able to get the information from their motions. The
remaining is not able to understand their way of conveying the message. To overcome the
complexity, the artificial mouth is introduced for the dumb peoples. This system is based on the
motion sensor. Per dumb people, for every motion they have a meaning. That message is kept in a
database. Likewise, all templates are kept in the database. In the real time the template database is
fed into a microcontroller and the motion sensor is fixed in their hand. For every action the motion
sensors get accelerated and give the signal to the microcontroller. The microcontroller matches the
motion with the database and produces the speech signal. The output of the system is using the
speaker. By properly updating the database the dumb will speak like a normal person using the
artificial mouth. The system also includes a text to speech conversion (TTS) block that interprets
the matched gestures. Description

The communication between a dumb and hearing person poses to be an important disadvantage
compared to communication be-tween blind and ancient visual people. This creates an extremely
little house for them with communication being associate degree elementary aspect of human
life. The blind people can speak freely by implies that of ancient language whereas the dumb
have their own manual visual language referred to as language. Language is also a non-verbal
form of intercourse that's found among deaf communities at intervals the planet. The languages
haven't got a typical origin and thence hard to interpret. A Dumb communication interpreter is
also a tool that interprets the hand gestures to sensibility speech.

A gesture in associate degree extremely language is also a certain movement of the hands with a
particular kind created out of them. Facial expressions collectively count toward the gesture, at
constant time. A posture on the other hand is also a static variety of the hand to purpose an
emblem. Gesture recognition is classed into a pair of main categories: vision based mostly and
detector based. The disadvantage of vision based totally techniques includes advanced algorithms
for process. Another challenge in image and video method includes varied lighting conditions,
backgrounds and field of scan constraints and occlusion. The detector based totally technique
provides larger quality.

The primary aim of this paper is to introduce an issue that will efficiently translate language
gestures to every text and sensibility voice. The interpreter makes use of a glove based totally
technique comprising of flex detector, instrument sensors. For each hand gesture created, a
symptom is formed by the sensors appreciate the hand sign the controller matches the gesture with
pre-stored inputs. The device not exclusively interprets of alphabets but cans even the sort words
exploitation created gestures. A training mode is gettable on the device therefore it fits every user
and accuracy is inflated. The device will even be able to translate larger gestures that require
single hand movement. Gesture recognition implies a method by that knowledge is collected from
parts of the physical body (usually the hand) and processed to work out attributes like hand form,
direction and speed of gesture being performed.

The First-Hand Talk glove was designed by Ryan Patterson in the year 2001.He initiated his work
with his Sign Language. Sign Language Translator involves two distinct components, a glove that
has ten flexible sensors shown into it which display the position of the fingers by reading the
electrical resistance made by the fingers as they bent.

Authors Arathi P.N uses image processing as the basis for their system. It is complicated to the
users to understand. In this system, users can understand easily.

Authors Krishna Rathi uses the accelerometer and flex sensor to control the appliances. In this
system only flex sensor is used which is simple and easy to control for the user.

Authors B. Ponakarthika et al. uses gesture table for relay switching which is complicated for
the user to understand and need knowledge about it. In this system user control the appliances
directly no need of table. It is very simple to study and cost effective.

Hand Gesture Recognition Using Image Processing:

A device is specially designed to make effective communication between the dumb and visually
impaired person. The major defects between these two persons are vision and voice. In an
emergency situation and in need of any usable things, the dumb person cannot communicate, for
this purpose this system has been proposed. The interconnection between different components is
explained using architecture diagram of the system. The digital pins are connected to 8 pins of the
APR voice module. The power supply to the Arduino board was given by the pc or serial port.
Direct supply of 5v is given to the APR voice module. The GND – GND connection of both the
circuit are interconnected for power back circuit. The speaker was connected to the APR voice
module. A Webcam is kept separately or placed on the laptop or other devices. It is used to
capture the gestures from the people and this is done to match it with the gestures stored in the
database. The voice output for the matched gestures is generated via APR voice module. The
speaker produces the voice output.

An Innovative Communication System for Deaf, Dumb and Blind People:

We propose a system which helps normal and deaf dumb people to effectively communicate with
each other. In resolving these difficulties with visually and vocally impaired people, we have used
a tiny credit card size computer named Raspberry Pi. We provide the solution for blind deaf and
dumb people by using this device. For blind people, the image is captured using Logitech camera
which is converted into text using Tesseract OCR and the resulted text is converted into speech
using espeak which is spelled out by speaker and the text is also displayed. When the dumb people
communicating with normal people, the text written by dumb is spelled out by the speaker which
can be understandable by normal people. Dumb people, can also use hand gesture to communicate
with normal people. For deaf people the speech is converted into text by using a website.

Myron W. Krueger first proposed the recognition of gestures as a new form of human-computer
interaction in the mid-seventies.

With the rapid development of computer hardware and vision systems in the last few years it has
become a very important research field. Hand gesture recognition is a user-friendly and intuitive
way of interacting with computers or smart machines (e.g. robot, car, etc.). In the area of human
computer interaction, the work has received more and more interest. There are currently several
techniques available which are applicable for hand gesture recognition, either based on sensing
devices or computer vision.

A typical example based on widespread devices is data glove, created by Zimmerman in 1987.
User wears a data glove in this system which is connected to the computer. Within 3-D space, the
glove can determine the bending of fingers, the location and the hand orientation. Data glove is
capable of capturing the riches of a hand gesture. The successful example is the real-time
recognition of American sign language. This strategy, however, does not meet the actual human-
vehicle contact criteria under an outdoor environment. Applying this to vehicles in the context of
public transport is cumbersome.

Recognition of the vision-based gesture has the advantages of being spontaneous, having no
specialized hardware requirement and being independent of hand size. Recognition of hand shape
segmentation in vision-based gesture is one of the toughest issues under a dynamic environment.
The use of visible marks on the hands will simplify this. Some researchers have implemented sign
language and gesture recognition based on various modes of marking.

SawantPramada has suggested an intelligent recognition of the sign language using image
processing. In their project they introduced an efficient and rapid algorithm for identifying the
number of fingers opened in a gesture representing the Binary Sign Language alphabet. This
device didn't require a perfect alignment of the hand to the camera. The project used image
processing system to identify, in particular the English alphabetic sign language used to
communicate by the deaf. The open fingers indicated this method was used for the signs. They
used the technique of color-coding. We added to the finger different colours, below each finger's
end. The colour element has also been preserved as it is by eliminating all other parts of the hand
during pre-processing. The gesture was recognized by testing the sequence of these colours known
as coordinate mapping, and their positions in 2D space. The system was implemented for sign
language Binary only.

The system developed. E. Kahn applies a variety of techniques (e.g. motion, colour, edge
detection) to the hand of the segmenting person; it can be used to interpret the gesture pointing.
This system requires a static context, and relies on off-board computation that causes delays in
recognition of gestures.

Singha, Joyeeta Proposed an Indian Sign Language Recognition system in live video stream. In
this the identification of specific Indian Sign Language alphabets is suggested where continuous
video sequences of the signs are regarded. The method suggested consisted of three stages: pre-
processing, extraction and labelling of items. The pre-processing step required extraction of the
skin, following the histogram. Eigen values and Eigen Vectors were considered for the extraction
stage of the function and eventually Eigen value was used for identifying the symbol. This
interacted with bare hands, thereby encouraging the consumer to actually communicate with the
device. The data set used to train the reconnaissance program consisted of 24 ISL signs for 20
individuals. For 20 images, they checked the program and obtained a good success rate of 96.25
percent. Attributes such as strong consistency, use of bare hands, understanding of both single and
hand movements and operating with images have been accomplished.

Sakshi Goyal et al. Proposed another Sign Language Recognition (SLR) system for the deaf and
stupid. We suggested the process or algorithm for an application that would help to understand
Indian Sign Language's different signs. The photos are of the right- and left-hand side of the palm
and are displayed at single signer runtime. First the photos were collected in real time and then
placed in directory and extraction of features was performed to classify which symbol was
expressed by the consumer via SIFT (Scale Invariance Fourier Transform) algorithm. The
comparisons were created and then the outcome was generated appropriately by comparing key-
points from the input picture to the image already registered in the directory orthe database for a
particular letter after comparison. Of the 26 signs corresponding to each letter in Indian Sign
Language, out of which the proposed algorithm produced 95 percent accurate results for 9
alphabets with their photos recorded at every angle and size.

Recognition system for sign language primarily has two well-known solutions viz. Image
processing and other techniques are microcontroller and data glove based on sensors. These
approaches are also known as techniques based on vision and sensors. Camera is used to capture
the image / video in the image processing technique, in this static image are analysed and the
image recognition is performed using algorithms which generate sentences in the display. Secret
Markov Mode (HMM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Amount of Total Difference
(SAD) are the algorithms used in the eye-based sign language recognition system. The downside
of vision-based approaches requires complex data-processing algorithms.

Visual-based approaches mostly use camera chase technology, whereby the consumer usually
wears a glove with specific colours or markings showing individual parts of the hands, especially
the fingers. The cameras record the ever-changing picture and hand location because the
consumer signs and also the photographs are then manipulated to obtain the form, direction and
orientation of the object. Another difficulty of picture and video production requires variable
lighting conditions, textures and limitations and occlusion on the field of view.
 EXISTING MODEL

Fig 3.1:Block diagram of existing model

The use of two sensors on the index finger and middle finger is used to carry out the
mathematical model analysis since the displacement of a PIP or IP joint on both the middle
finger and index finger must be detected [3]. Sensors on the finger's surface will sense
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) movement and measure up to 10 degrees of freedom in the hand.
With too much variation in finger DOF, the finger's mobility becomes heavily limited,
preventing it from making random movements. There are also examples of restraints
movements, such as the DOF of fingers not being able to bend too far backward. The motion
restrictions that can be used to simplify the research and creation of the Data glove are usually
defined as follows. Intra-finger restraints are a type of constraint that affects the movement of
similar finger joints. The following equation will make all kinds of movement, notably all
fingers, much easier to use with this constraint.

HM-06 is being used as a Bluetooth module that allows two microcontrollers or systems to
communicate wirelessly over short distances less than 100 meters. This is the inexpensive and
most versatile approach for wireless data transfer, and it can also send files at a speediness of up
and about to 2.1Mb/s. The system runs at the frequency at a range of 2.413 to 2.470 GHz. Since
we know the basic rule of resistance determines the length of its resistance, the bend will allow
the flex sensor to have a difference in resistance. Flex sensor’s resistance is affected by changes in
length. The flex's input is angular displacement, and its output is resistance. Fig. 2 shows how the
difference in resistance is mapped to the bends in degrees. The flex sensor's operation is determined
by bending and variations in sensor resistance. The flex sensor's resistance is observed by the
position at which it is located illustrates that how the resistance varies concerning angular
displacement, showing the flex sensor's linearity.
 PROPOSED MODEL

RPS
ARDUNIO
MEGA 16* 2 LCD
DISPLAY
FLEX
SENSOR 1
Arduino RELAY 1 LIGHT
FLEX MEGA
SENSOR 2
RELAY 2 FAN
FLEX
SENSOR 3
RELAY 3 BUZZER
FLEX
SENSOR 4 PUMP
RELAY 4
MOTO
R

NODE PULSE
O2 SENSOR MCU SENSOR

TEMPATURE
SENSOR

Fig 4.0: Block diagram of smart glove for home automation

4.1 NODE MCU

Node MCU is an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board designs are
available .The name "Node MCU" combines "node" and "MCU" (micro-controller unit). Strictly
speaking, the term "Node MCU" refers to the firmware rather than the associated development
kits. Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.
 The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua project, and
built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-
cjson[9] and SPIFFS. Due to resource constraints, users need to select the modules relevant for
their project and build a firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also
been implemented.

The prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board functioning as a dual in-line
package (DIP) which integrates a USB controller with a smaller surface-mounted board containing
the MCU and antenna. The choice of the DIP format allows for easy prototyping on breadboards.
The design was initially based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, which is a Wi -Fi SOC
integrated with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IOT applications (see related
projects).

Fig 4.1.1: NODE MCU

4.2.RELAY

A power relay module is an electrical switch that is operated by an electromagnet. The electromagnet
is activated by a separate low-power signal from a micro controller. When activated, the electromagnet
pulls to either open or close an electrical circuit.

A simple relay consists of wire coil wrapped around a soft iron core, or solenoid, an iron yoke that
delivers a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature and one or more sets of
contacts. The movable armature is hinged to the yoke and linked to one or more set of the moving
contacts. Held in place by a spring, the armature leaves a gap in the magnetic circuit when the relay is
de-energized. While in this position, one of the two sets of contacts is closed while the other set
remains open.
 When electrical current is passed through a coil, it generates a magnetic field that in turn activates the
armature. This movement of the movable contacts makes or breaks a connection with the fixedcontact.
When the relay is de-energized, the sets of contacts that were closed, open and breaks the connection
and vice versa if the contacts were open. When switching off the current to the coil, the armature is
returned, by force, to its relaxed position. This force is usually provided by a spring, but gravity can
also be used in certain applications. Most power relays are manufactured to operate in a quick manner.

FIG 4.2.1 : RELAY

4.3. 16*2 LCD DISPLAY

The Liquid Crystal library allows you to control LCD displays that are compatible with the
Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you can usually tell them by the
16-pin interface.

Fig 4.3.1.16x2 LCD

The LCDs have a parallel interface, meaning that the microcontroller has to manipulate several
interface pins at once to control the display. The interface consists of the following pins:
  A register select (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD's memory you're writing data to.
You can select either the data register, which holds what goes on the screen, or an instruction
register, which is where the LCD's controller looks for instructions on what to do next.
 A Read/Write (R/W) pin that selects reading mode or writing mode
 An Enable pin that enables writing to the registers
8 data pins (D0 -D7). The states of these pins (high or low) are the bits that you're writing to a
register when you write, or the values you're reading when you read.

There's also a display contrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and GND) and LED
Backlight (Bklt+ and Bklt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD, control the display
contrast, and turn on and off the LED backlight, respectively.

4.4: RPS

The RPS, Redundant Power Selector has been designed specifically to protect critical
components during failure of a primary DC power supply. The unit, which has a continuous
capacity up to 16A, rapidly changes from a primary to a secondary power source once the primary
voltage falls to a predetermined level.

The Redundant Power System (RPS) is designed to provide backup power to switches that
lack built-in redundant power supplies. The RPS provides backup power to switches that either
supply power over Ethernet (POE), which require more power, or switches that do not supply
POE, which require less power.

4.5 Home Automation

By using this project, we can control the home appliances by the flex sensor. The bend of the
finger will ON the fan/light and, it will OFF when the finger is in normal state. And the patient
body can also be control by the sensors. The NODE MCU will display temperature, pulse in the
graphical representation. And the patient monitoring can also be done.In this project we can
monitor the pulse, oxygen, temperature.
 ARDUINO MEGA 2560

5.1: Introduction of Arduino mega

In this article we are going to discuss briefly about Arduino Mega 2560 board. After reading
this article you will get to know that how this board is different from other boards of Arduino,
in which condition or under which specifications we should use this board and why we should
prefer this board over others. You will also get to know about the specifications of this board,
pins configuration, components, software that is used to program this board, memory, power
requirements and additional shields that can be used with board. We will also highlight some
application and projects that are made from this board and much more.

Fig 5.1:Arduino MEGA

Arduino MEGA 2560 board is just like a brother of Arduino UNO board. It is way more
powerful than Arduino UNO and also twice as long from it. This board is the successor of
Arduino MEGA. It can be named as ATMega2560. It can have more memory space as
compared to other boards of Arduino. Arduino MEGA 2560 is different from all other boards
of Arduino that came before as they don’t use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead it
uses ATmega16U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. It is programmed in Arduino
IDE software like all other boards in terms of coding. We don’t need to attach extra
components or devices to make this board in running condition to use. As per our requirements
we can just plug and play with this board as everything is built in that makes it readily
available.

Arduino Mega 2560 is an amazing microcontroller board for the projects that need large
amount of input output pins or if high processing power is required. It is designed for more
complex projects because as for simple projects large amount of input output pins are useless
and a board with less memory fails to achieve our requirements. It can be used as a stand-
alone project or in combination with other boards. Mostly it is used for creating a stand-
alone project.

5.2: Pins of Arduino MEGA 2560 Board & Uses

 In digital side 54 pins for I/O ( input output pins ).
 15 pins out of this are useful for PWM ( pulse width modulation ).
 In analog side 16 input pins.
 Ground pins : 5
 One pin for 3.3 volts.
 One reset button.
 USART pins 4 ( These are hardware serial ports which produces maximum speed to set
up communication ).
 ISP programming pins : 6
 Crystal oscillator is added on the board having frequency of 16 MHz.
 USB cable port (It is used to transfer and connect code from computer the board).
 ICSP header (Used to program the board and to upload code from computer. Indeed a
remarkable addition in Arduino MEGA 2560).
 Power Jack.
 Resettable Polyfused: (to provide extra layer of protection. It prevents USB port of
the computer from overheating in case of high current flowing through
microcontroller board).
Fig 5.2 : Pin description of arduino mega

5.2.1:VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SPECIFICATIONS

 Operating voltage : 5 V
 Input Voltage 7-12 V (recommended)
 Input Voltage 6-20 V (limit for this board)
 DC Current per input/output pin : 20mA
 DC Current for 3.3 V pin : 50mA

5.2.2: MEMORY SPECIFICATIONS

 Flash Memory : 256 KB

 SRAM : 8 KB
 EEPROM : 4 KB
 5.2.3: DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT

 Length of board : 101.52 mm

 Width of board : 53.3 mm
 Weight : 37 g

5.2.4: OTHER SPECIFICATIONS

 Clock Speed : 16 MHz

 LED Built-in : 13

5.3: Power supply for Arduino mega 2560

In order to use this board efficiently and without getting the board burnt / damaged we should
be cautious in selecting a power source for our microcontroller board as for any electro
mechanical device to work, selecting a power source is a crucial step.

Arduino Mega 2560 can have power supply of two voltages i.e. 3.3 V and 5 V

 3 voltage supply can be generated with the help of on board regulator and the maximum
current is 50 mA that can pass through it.
 5 volt supply can also be generated and regulated on board. DC supply can be given via
power jack or by using USB cable port
 Vin is an input power that can be used within the external power in range.
 GND is a ground terminal which can be connected to the ground of connection from
which power is going to be supplied.

In short there are 3 ways to power our board. We can use either USB cable to power our board
and then transfer our code to board or we can power it up by Vin of board or via power jack.
These last two methods to provide power to the board can be used once you built and compile
code into board via USB cable.

5.4: Software for programming for Arduino mega 2560

Just like other Arduino boards, Arduino MEGA 2560 also uses Arduino IDE. This IDE
supports C programming so we have to write program in C language. We can type our program
in it and then burn that code in our microcontroller and we can also change our code according
 to requirements. The code that we make on software is known as sketch and it is burned in
software and then transferred to our microcontroller using USB cable.

To reset the board and to erase all previous data from microcontroller we can use the reset
button on board

Arduino Mega 2560 comes with built-in boot loader and it rules out the usage of external
burner for burning code into the microcontroller. This boot loader uses STK500 protocol for
communication purposes.

After compiling and burning program / sketch on board , we can unplug USB cable and it
eventually removes power from board. If we have to incorporate this board in our project then
we can power it by using power jack or Vin pin of our board

Another feature that is included in Arduino mega 2560 is multitasking. Although IDE doesn’t
support this feature but different operating system can be used to make C program for this
purpose and doing so also provides flexibility to use our own build program using ISP
connector of board.

5.5: Shield Compatibility of Arduino mega 2560

The first and foremost thing that we should keep in our mind before using any shield is to
make assured of its operating voltage. We have to make definite that the operating voltage of
that shield is compatible with our board voltage as shields with higher operating voltage i.e.
above 3.3 V or 5 V can damage our board. However mostly boards are having operating
voltage of 3.3 V or 5 V but we should be careful in selection of shields which we are going to
use with our microcontroller board to prevent our board from damage. The second most
important thing that we should make sure is that the header distribution of the shield we are
going to use should resonate with pin distribution of our board so that we can simply attach the
shield with our board to make it ready to use. Arduino mega 2560 is compatible with many
shields that are designed for some other version of Arduino board. Some of the shields

 Motor Controller Shield : the most used and stocked shield is this shield because it
make possible for our microcontroller Arduino mega 2560 to run many motors and
here our many input output pins comes handy to make all motors run at once
  Arduino Mega Wi-Fi Shield: If you want to work on making your project wireless
then it’s the most practical shield you will ever find. It’s great shield for making our
robot work wirelessly.
DF Robot Multi Pin Shield: In this shield we have space for 3 wireless add on.
Arduino Prototyping Shield: To make prototype of our project.

5.6: Applications of Arduino mega 2560

As discussed earlier, usage of Arduino mega board is pretty uncommon because of large
number of input output pins. But it’s great for some projects like

 8 bit computer.
 3D printer.
 To control and handle more than one motor.
 Robot with many sensors.
 CNC router.
 Temperature detection and sensation.
 Detection of water level.
 Automation and security projects.
 Internet of things applications.
 Multitasking or parallel programming.
 SENSORS USED IN THE PROJECT

6.1.Flex Sensor:

Fig 6.1.1:Flex Sensor

Flex sensors are usually available in two sizes. One is 2.2 inch and another is 4.5 inch.
Although the sizes are different the basic function remains the same. They are also divided
based on resistance. There are LOW resistance, MEDIUM resistance and HIGH resistance
types. Choose the appropriate type depending on requirement. Here we are going to discuss
2.2inch Flex sensor that is FS-L-0055.

Pin Description:
Flex sensor is a two terminal device. The Flex sensor does not have polarized terminals
like diode. So there is no positive and negative.

Pin Number Description

P1 Usually connected to positive of power

source.

P2 Usually connected to ground.

Table.6.1.1.Pin description

6.1.1.FLEX SENSOR Features and Specifications:

 Operating voltage of FLEX SENSOR: 0-5V

 Can operate on LOW voltages
  Power rating : 0.5Watt (continuous), 1 Watt (peak)
 Life: 1 million
 Operating temperature: -45ºC to +80ºC
 Flat Resistance: 25K Ω
 Resistance Tolerance: ±30%
 Bend Resistance Range: 45K to 125K Ohms(depending on bend)

For understanding the use of FLEX SENSOR consider:

Case1: Where you want to check whether the surface of a device or thing is levelled or not. Say
you want a device to check whether a window or door is open or not. At that time a Flex sensor
could be used. The sensor could be fixed at door edge and when the door opens the Flex sensor
gets flexed. With the sensor being flexed its parameters changes which could be designed to
provide an alert.

Case2: Where you want to measure the FLEX or BENT or ANGLE change of any instrument or
device. The FLEX SENSOR internal resistance changes almost linearly with its flex angle. So
by sticking the sensor to the instrument, we can have the flex angle in electrical parameter of
resistance.

6.1.2.How to Use flex sensor?

As mentioned earlier, FLEX SENSOR is basically a VARIABLE RESISTOR whose terminal

resistance increases when the sensor is bent. So this sensor resistance increases depends on
surface linearity. So it is usually used to sense the changes in linearity.

As shown in the above figure, when the surface of FLEX SENSOR is completely linear it will be
having its nominal resistance. When it is bent 45º angle the FLEX SENSOR resistance increases
to twice as before. And when the bent is 90º the resistance could go as high as four times the
nominal resistance. So the resistance across the terminals rises linearly with bent angle. So in a
sense the FLEX sensor converts flex angle to RESISTANCE parameter.

For convenience we convert this RESISTANCE parameter to VOLTAGE parameter. For that we
are going to use VOLTAGE DIVIDER circuit. A typical VOLTAGE DIVIDER circuit is shown
below.

resistance (RV1) with FLEX SENSOR. The circuit will be as below. In this resistive network we
have two resistances. One is constant resistance (R1) and other is variable resistance (RV1). Vo
 is the voltage at midpoint of VOLTAGE DIVIDER circuit and is also the output voltage. Vo is
also the voltage across the variable resistance (RV1). So when the resistance value of RV1 is
changed the output voltage Vo also changes. So we will have resistance change in voltage
change with VOLTAGE DIVIDER circuit.

Here we will replace the variable

6.1.3.Applications:

 Robotics
 Gaming (Virtual Motion)
 Medical Devices
 Computer Peripherals
 Musical Instruments
 Physical Therapy

6.2.Pulse Sensor:

Knowing the heart rate data is very helpful while doing exercises, actively studying, etc. But
measuring heart rate is a difficult problem. So, a pulse sensor is used to overcome this problem.
This sensor is a plug & play heart-rate sensor, utilized by artists, students, athletes, mobile &
game developers, makers who desire to know the existing heart-rate data to use in their live
projects.

This sensor merges a simple optical heart rate sensor through a circuit. This circuit is used for
noise cancellation & amplification to get consistent pulse readings very quickly. It uses 4mA of
power at 5V, so it is very useful in mobile applications. This article discusses an overview of
pulse sensors and their working with applications.

6.2.1.What is Pulse Sensor?

A plug-and-play sensor that is used to detect the heart rate data is known as a pulse
sensor. This sensor is used by athletes, students, mobile & game developers, etc. This sensor
clips on an earlobe or a fingertip by connecting right to an Arduino board through jumper
cables. In real-time, the pulse rate can be monitored through an open-source monitoring app.
 Fig:6.2.1.Pulse Sensor

Here, a pulse signal is a variation within the blood level that happens when the heart forces the
blood & a detector monitors the change in the blood volume. There are four methods to
determine heart rate like a photoelectric pulse wave, electrocardiogram, phonocardiography &
BP measurement but the pulse sensor uses the photoelectric technique.

6.2.2.Types of Pulse Sensor:

Pulse sensors can be classified into two types based on the measurement technique of
photoelectric pulse waves like transmission & reflection.

 Transmission

Transmission type pulse sensor measures pulse signals by generating IR or red light from
the surface of the human body. The signals can be generated by detecting the change in the flow
of blood throughout heartbeats. This technique is restricted to some regions wherever light can
simply go through like the earlobe or fingertip.

 Reflection

The reflection-type pulse sensor which is used at present is ROHM. This kind of sensor is
used to generate infrared, red colour, or green colour light toward the human body & measures
the light which is reflected through a phototransistor or photodiode.

In the arteries of the human body, Oxygenated hemoglobin has the feature of absorbing
light. So by detecting the rate of blood flow that changes heart tightening on time so that we can
able to compute the pulse signal. The measurement of pulse wave signal using IR or red colour
light can be effected through IR rays limited in sunlight for avoiding stable operation. Due to
this reason, semi indoors or indoors is suggested.

For measurement of the pulse wave outdoors, a green color light source includes a high rate
of absorption within hemoglobin of blood. So ROHM type uses green colour LEDs like a light
source for transmission.

6.2.3.Pulse Sensor Kit:

A pulse sensor kit includes the following.

 A color-coded cable with 24 inches including a male header connector. It can be easily
connected to an Arduino board or a project without soldering
 An Ear Clip where the backside of this clip is hot-glued to the sensor backside so that one can
easily wear it on the earlobe.
 Velcro Dots are perfectly sized at the clip side of the sensor and it is used to enfold around a
finger.
 The velcro strap is used to enfold the sensor approximately to your finger.
 Transparent Stickers-3 are used on the front side of the sensor to defend it from sweaty
earlobes & oily fingers.
 This sensor includes three holes at the external edge to sew it into anything.

6.2.4.Pin Configuration

The pulse sensor pin configuration includes three pins which are discussed below.

 Pin1 (Ground): This is a black colour wire, used to connect to the GND terminal of the
system.
 Pin2 (VCC): This is a red colour wire, used to connect to +3.3V/+5V voltage supply.
 Pin3 (Signal): This is a purple colour wire, used to connect the output signal which is
pulsating.

6.2.5.Features& Specifications:

The features of the pulse sensor include the following.

 This is a heart rate/biometric pulse rate detecting sensor.

 This is a plug & play type sensor.
 The operating voltage of this sensor is +5V/+3.3V.
 Consumption of current is 4Ma.
 Length is 0.625”.
  Width is 0.125.
 Integral Amplification.
 Circuit for cancellation of noise.

The specifications of the pulse sensor include the following.

 The maximum current is 100mA

 Heartbeat deduction output LED
 VCC is +5v DC through high-quality regulation
 Light source – 660nm super Red LED
 Output data level is 5V TTL

6.2.6.Pulse Sensor Circuit Diagram:

The interfacing of the pulse sensor using an Arduino is shown below. Here, the sensor used in
this is plug & play heart rate sensor. This kind of sensor is quite simple to understand as well as
operate. Place the pulse sensor on the finger & it will detect the heartbeat by detecting the change
within the light from the increase of blood vessels.

Fig.6.2.2.Pulse Sensor Interfacing with Arduino

The connection of the pulse sensor with an Arduino can be done like the following.

 The GND pin of the sensor is connected to the GND pin of an Arduino
 The sensor’s VCC pin is connected to 5V of Arduino
 The sensor’s ‘A0’ pin is connected to A0 of Arduino
 After that, LED needs to connect to pin-13 & GND pin of arduino. So the LED will flash
based on the heartbeat.
 6.2.7.How to use Pulse Sensor?

While using the pulse sensor, it is very important how it is connected correctly. This kind of
sensor can be covered through the vinyl tape, hot glue. Etc. It is also recommended to we should
not use wet hands while handling these sensors

The smooth side of this sensor must be connected on top of the vein & a small presser must be
applied over it, this pressure can be obtained by using Velcro tapes or clips. This sensor can be
activated by providing voltage supply to it as well as GND pins. This sensor uses 3.3V or 5V.

Once the circuit is powered, then the signal pin can be connected to the analog to digital
converter pin of the controller to check the change within the o/p voltage. If we are using an
Arduino board, then a preprogrammed code is used to make things very simple

6.2.8.Applications:

The pulse sensor applications include the following.

 Sleep Tracking
 Monitoring of anxiety
 Alarm system
 Remote patient monitoring
 Health bands
 Advanced gaming consoles

6.3.Temperature Sensor:

Fig.6.3.1.Temperature sensor

Temperature sensors are simple devices that sense the degree of cold or heat and transform it
into a simple unit. But, do you ever think about how the temperature of the soil, land boreholes,
great concrete dams, or houses is detected? Well, this is done by using some of the particular
temperature sensors.

We employ them in various applications in our daily lives, such as domestic water heaters,
refrigerators, microwaves, or in the form of thermometers. Generally, they have a wide range of
usages, and the geotechnical controlling area is one of them. They are utilized in this field to
control the condition of concrete structures, bridges on soil or water, etc., for structural variations
in them according to seasonal changes.

Fig.6.3.2.Various types of temperature sensors

Temperature sensors are constructed to monitor a regular check on special structures like
highway bridges, railway tracks, concrete or soil dams, etc. A thermometer is the most common
form of them applied to sense the degree of temperature everywhere.

6.3.1.Temperature Sensor Working

As discussed before, a temperature sensor is an instrument that is constructed to sense the

condition of coolness or hotness in the target. The fundamental working of this sensor is based
on the voltage in its diode. The temperature variation is directly related to the resistance of this
diode.

The resistance of the diode is detected and transformed into simple and readable values of
temperature such as Fahrenheit, Kelvin, or Centigrade and demonstrated in meaningful formats
instead of readout values. These temperature sensors are employed to sense the internal
temperature of various structures like power plants.
The fundamental principle of the temperature sensors operation is the voltage modification in
the MOSFET terminals. If the voltage reduces, the temperature also decreases, according to the
voltage drop between the emitter in the MOSFET and terminals of the base sensor.

In addition, some devices have a type of vibrating wire in the structure of the sensor that operates
on the principle of stress variations followed by temperature modifications. The vibrating wire
model depending upon the function of different metals. They have various linear coefficients
with temperature variation in their expansion.

They fundamentally include a magnetic wire which has high tensile strength. Two
sections are set to dissimilar metals that any variation in temperature influences the tension in
the wire directly and, therefore, its main frequency of vibration.

In modern and high-tech temperature sensors, the basic metal is aluminium because
aluminium has a greater coefficient of a thermal effect than steel. As the temperature sign is
transformed into frequency, the readout values utilized for other vibrating sensors can also be
used to control the temperature.

Non-Contact Sensors are not in contact with the object. So, they measure the temperature
by utilizing the radiation of the heat source. The most common type of them is the infrared (IR)
sensor. IRs detect the energy of an object remotely and emit a sign to an electronic circuit that
senses the object’s temperature by a specific calibration diagram.

The contact and non-contact sensors are further classified into the following common
sensors, which are introduced briefly.

6.3.2.Types of Temperature sensors:

 Thermostat: The main principle of thermostats is based on the difference in the linear
expansion coefficient of the metals. Therefore, it forces them to generate a mechanical
movement due to heat rise.
  Thermistors: Thermally sensitive resistors or briefly thermistors are particular sensors
because of the modification of their physical appearance due to the change in the
temperature. The thermistors are constructed from ceramic substances like oxides of
particular metals covered with glass. It will allow them to form simply.

The other temperature sensor’s applications contain:

 The temperature sensors are employed for verifying model suppositions that will improve
more economical and safer construction.
 They can detect rock temperatures in order to identify storage tanks of liquid gasses and the
ground freezing process.
 Temperature sensors can also be used in land boreholes and reservoirs and to measure water
temperatures.
 They are employed to interpret temperature in dams to reduce stress in volume variations and
control the temperature variations on other installed instruments like curing concrete.

6.3.3.Why Do We Use Temperature Sensors?

When dealing with severe heat, risks, or inaccessible measurement sites, temperature sensors are
used to guarantee that a process is either remaining within a specified range, providing safe
usage of that application, or satisfying a mandated requirement. A thermometer includes two key
components: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g., the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the
pyrometric sensor in an infrared thermometer) that changes when the temperature changes, and
(2) a way of turning this change into a numerical value.

6.3.4.Advantages of Temperature Sensors:

Temperature Sensors have some advantages in comparison with other practical instruments.

 Temperature sensors are low-cost, precise, and extremely reliable in repeated

experiments.
 They are desirable for both embedded and surface mount applications.
 They have a faster response time because of the lower thermal mass.
 The vibrating wire type is normally full-interchangeable. It means that one indicator can be
used for all sensors. It also has a particular technology for verifying long-term stability, simple
and fast output.
 They generally have an IP-68 rate by their weather-proof body.
 They have some indicators that are suitable for direct temperature presentation. So, they can be
used for remote detecting and data logging.
 Their temperature probes have precise linearity and low hysteresis.
 Finally, it should be said that temperature sensors are completely airtight. They are fully sealed
by electron beam welding with a pure vacuum inside them.

6.4. Oxygen Sensor

An oxygen sensor is one type of sensor and it is available in the exhaust system of an
automobile. The size and shape of this sensor look like a spark plug. Based on its
arrangement in regard to the catalytic converter, this sensor can be arranged before
(upstream) or after (downstream) the converter. Most of the automobiles which are designed
after 1990 include upstream & downstream o2 sensors.
The oxygen sensors used in automobiles are one sensor is arranged in front of the catalytic
converter & one is arranged in every exhaust manifold of the automobile. But, the maximum
number of these sensors in a car mainly depends on the engine, model, year.

Fig.6.4.1.oxgyen sensor
6.4.1.Working Principle

The working principle of the o2 sensor is to check the oxygen amount within the exhaust.
Firstly, this oxygen was added to the fuel for good ignition. The communication of this sensor
can be done with the help of a voltage signal. So the oxygen status in the exhaust will be
decided by the computer of the car.
The computer regulates the mixture of fuel or oxygen delivered to the car engine. The
arrangement of the sensor before & after the catalytic converter permits to maintain the hygiene
of the exhaust & check the converter’s efficiency.

6.4.2.Types of Oxygen Sensors

Oxygen sensors are classified into two namely binary exhaust gas and universal exhaust gas.

1). Binary Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor:

The binary sensor gives a transition within electric voltage at 350 °C temperature based
on the level of oxygen within the exhaust. It contrasts the remaining oxygen content within
the exhaust by the ambient air oxygen level & recognizes the change from a lack of air to an
excess air & vice versa.
2). Universal Exhaust Gas:

This sensor is very exact when calculating the ratios of lack and excess of air or fuel. It
has a better calculating range & is also appropriate for employ in gas &diesel engines.

6.4.3Signs of Faulty Sensor:

The faulty sensor can be found by using the following signs.

 Breakdown to exceed the emissions analysis

 Fuel mileage can be decreased.
 The engine light will be off
 Performance is poor, stalling and rough idling.
 Code checker recognizing sensor failure
6.4.4.Applications:

The applications of oxygen sensors include

 Marine Respiration
 Quick Reaction Monitoring
 Benchtop R&D
 Monitoring of Fuel Tank
 Particular Hydrocarbon Environments
 Long-term Procedure Monitoring
 Fermentation
 Packing of Food & Beverage Packaging
 Pharmaceutical & Medical, etc.
 RESULT

A smart glove for home automation designed for physically disabled people has thepotential
toprovide a significant improvement in their quality of life by enabling them tocontrol various
household devices with ease.

Fig 7.1 Image when kit is OFF

The glove would utilize advanced sensortechnology andwireless communication to interact with
smart home devices, allowing users to turn lights on and off and perform other essential tasks
that may have been difficult for them previously.

Fig 7.2 Image when kit is ON

 In terms of the result,the development of a smart glove for home automation for physically
disabled people is a positive step towards improving accessibility and inclusivity in the
technology industry.It has the potential to empower individuals with physical disabilities and
provide them with greater independence in their daily lives.

Fig 7.3Load controls on LCD display

However, the success of the smart glove will depend on factors such as its affordability, ease
of use, and reliability. It will also need to be designed with input from people with disabilities to
ensure that it meets their specific needs and requirements.

Fig 7.4 Image when light is ON

Overall, the development of a smart glove for home automation for physically disabledpeople
has the potential to be a game-changer in the accessibility of technology, and could significantly
improve the lives of those who use it.
Fig 7.5 Image When fan is ON
Fig 7.6: Graphical representation of the pulse,oxygen,temperature,humidity

CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSION

The Proposed system is basically for the physically disabled people who are unable to
move from the respective position. It proposes a viable solution for them. It is very difficult task
for them to turn on/offtheappliances from their respective position, so this smart glove helps
them to get their home under their control without help of others and manually switch on or off
the appliance.
It can mostly be used for individuals who are paralyzed and also aids those who are
unable to speak or communicate.We used flex sensors that were attached to the hand gloves.In
this case, Patient will use this to make an emergency call or turning on/off the light/fan. The
mechanism that assists nurses, physicians, and other healthcare professionals.
The advantage of implementing our proposed system will be cost efficient,less complex, power
consumption is low and user friendly. The user need not have to immense knowledge over
anything. Just by bending the finger the corresponding sensor and value given to that specific
appliance to switch on or off will allow the user to have complete control over any appliance
with less effort.
CHAPTER-9

FUTURE SCOPE

Future advances in the world of IOT devices and advancements in medical facilities will be
incorporated into this framework to make it more common and accessible to everyone. Flex
sensors can be used for a multiplicity of purposes. Wi-Fi can be used to power this device. The
hand signal scheme can be used in a variety of industries. A temperature monitor can be used to
detect the patient's body temperature as well as provide real-time medication reminders.

Improved user experience: One area of future development could be improving the user
experience of the smart glove. This could include making the glove more comfortable, reducing
the weight of the glove, or improving the responsiveness of the sensors.

Integration with other devices: Another area of future development could be integrating the
smart glove with other devices in the home. For example, the glove could be integrated with
smart home assistants like Amazon Alexa or Google Home to allow users to control their home
with voice commands.
 CHAPTER-10

REFERENCES
1. Gupta, A., & Jain, M. (2023). Smart glove-based home automation system for physically
disabled individuals using machine learning. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 12(1),
22-29.
2. Okafor, I., & El-Sheimy, N. (2023). Smart glove for home automation for the physically
challenged. IEEE Sensors Journal, 23(2), 430-438.

3 .Vijayakumar, S., &Balasubramanian, S. (2022). Smart glove for home automation using voice
recognition system for physically challenged people. 2022 International Conference on
Recent Trends in Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering (RTEEC), 1-6.

4. Saini, A., & Kumar, S. (2022). Smart glove-based home automation system for physically
disabled people. 2022 International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS), 1-
5.
5. Wei, Y., Li, C., Li, D., & Li, Y. (2022). Design of a smart glove based on MEMS sensors for
home automation of physically disabled persons. Measurement, 190, 109947.
6. Chaudhary, P., & Kaur, M. (2021). Smart glove-based home automation system for physically
disabled people using IoT. 2021 7th International Conference on Computing, Communication
and Security (ICCCS), 1-5.
7. Al-Masri, M. A., & Al-Assaf, Y. M. (2021). Smart glove for home automation system with
wireless communication for disabled people. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 40(3), 1-
10.
8. Farooqui, M. F., &Israr, A. (2021). Smart Glove for Home Automation System using IoT for
Physically Disabled Persons. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on
Computing and Network Communications (pp. 305-310).
9. Tariq, M. N., Iqbal, M. T., &Naeem, A. (2021). Design and development of smart glove for
home automation of physically disabled persons. Journal of Information Science and
Engineering, 37(5), 1125-1137.
10. Ekanayake, S., &Karunarathna, S. (2021). Smart glove-based home automation system for
physically disabled people. 2021 3rd International Conference on Advances in Computing,
Communication and Control (ICAC3), 1- 5
 APPENDIX-A

Patient health Monitoring:

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#define DEBUG true

SoftwareSerialser(2,3);

#define SSID "project" // Enter Your WiFi Name Here

#define PASS "12345678910" // Enter Your WiFi Password Here

#define IP "api.thingspeak.com"// thingspeak.com ip

String msg = "GET /update?key=8J8Z6FBSIUZXCCCU"; //Enter your API key

//Variables

int error;

float temp = 0;

intsensorPin = A0;// Connect Pulse Sensor Signal Pin to Analog Pin A0

intledpin = 9; // Connect Led Positive Pin to Arduino Pin 9

volatileint BPM; // int that holds raw Analog in 0. updated every 2mS

volatileint Signal; // holds the incoming raw data

volatileint IBI = 600; // int that holds the time interval between beats

volatileboolean Pulse = false; // "True" when heartbeat is detected. "False" when not a "live
beat".

volatileboolean QS = false; // becomes true when Arduino finds a beat.

staticbooleanserialVisual = true; // Set to 'false' by Default. Re-set to 'true' to see Arduino Serial
Monitor ASCII Visual Pulse

volatileint rate[10]; // array to hold last ten IBI values

volatile unsigned long sampleCounter = 0; // used to determine pulse timing

volatile unsigned long lastBeatTime = 0; // used to find IBI

volatileint P =512; // used to find peak in pulse wave, seeded

volatileint T = 512; // used to find trough in pulse wave, seeded

volatileint thresh = 525; // used to find instant moment of heart beat, seeded

volatileint amp = 100; // used to hold amplitude of pulse waveform, seeded

volatilebooleanfirstBeat = true; // used to seed rate array so we startup with reasonable BPM

volatilebooleansecondBeat = false; // used to seed rate array so we startup with reasonable

BPM

void setup() {

Serial.begin(115200); //or use default 115200.

ser.begin(115200);

Serial.println("AT");

ser.println("AT");

delay(3000);

pinMode(sensorPin,INPUT);

if(ser.find("OK")) {

connectWiFi();

interruptSetup();

void loop() {

start: //label

error=0;

read_temp();
updatebeat(); //Resend if transmission is not completed

if (error==1) {

goto start;

delay(1000);

voidupdatebeat() {

String cmd = "AT+CIPSTART=\"TCP\",\"";

cmd += IP;

cmd += "\",80";

Serial.println(cmd);

ser.println(cmd);

delay(2000);

if(ser.find("Error")) {

return;

int value1=analogRead(sensorPin);

cmd = msg ;

cmd += "&field1=";

cmd += random(65,90);

cmd += "&field2=";

cmd += String(temp);

cmd += "\r\n\r\n";

Serial.print("AT+CIPSEND=");
ser.print("AT+CIPSEND=");

Serial.println(cmd.length());

ser.println(cmd.length());

if(ser.find(">")) {

Serial.print(cmd);

ser.print(cmd);

else{

Serial.println("AT+CIPCLOSE");

ser.println("AT+CIPCLOSE");

//Resend...

error=1;

voidread_temp()

inttemp_val = analogRead(A1);

float mv = (temp_val/1024.0)*5000;

floatcel = mv/10; //in C

temp = cel;

//float cel = mv/10;

//temp = (cel*9)/5 + 32;

Serial.print("Temperature:"); //in F

Serial.println(temp);

}
booleanconnectWiFi() {

Serial.println("AT+CWMODE=1");

ser.println("AT+CWMODE=1");

delay(2000);

String cmd="AT+CWJAP=\"";

cmd+=SSID;

cmd+="\",\"";

cmd+=PASS;

cmd+="\"";

Serial.println(cmd);

ser.println(cmd);

delay(5000);

if(ser.find("OK")) {

Serial.println("OK");

return true;

}else {

return false;

voidinterruptSetup() {

// MAKE SURE GLOBAL INTERRUPTS ARE ENABLED

ISR (TIMER2_COMPA_vect){// triggered when Timer2 counts to 124

cli(); // disable interrupts while we do this

Signal = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the Pulse Sensor

sampleCounter += 2; // keep track of the time in mS

int N = sampleCounter - lastBeatTime; // monitor the time since the last beat to avoid noise

// find the peak and trough of the pulse wave

if(Signal < thresh && N > (IBI/5)*3){ // avoid dichrotic noise by waiting 3/5 of last IBI

if (Signal < T){ // T is the trough

T = Signal; // keep track of lowest point in pulse wave

if(Signal > thresh && Signal > P){ // thresh condition helps avoid noise

P = Signal; // P is the peak

} // keep track of highest point in pulse wave

if (N > 250){ // avoid high frequency noise

if ( (Signal > thresh) && (Pulse == false) && (N > (IBI/5)*3) ){

Pulse = true; // set the Pulse flag when there is a pulse

digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH); // turn on pin 13 LED

IBI = sampleCounter - lastBeatTime; // time between beats in mS

lastBeatTime = sampleCounter; // keep track of time for next pulse

if(secondBeat){ // if this is the second beat

secondBeat = false; // clear secondBeat flag

for(inti=0; i<=9; i++){ // seed the running total to get a realistic BPM at startup

rate[i] = IBI;

if(firstBeat){ // if it's the first time beat is found

firstBeat = false; // clear firstBeat flag

secondBeat = true; // set the second beat flag

sei(); // enable interrupts again

return; // IBI value is unreliable so discard it

wordrunningTotal = 0; // clear the runningTotal variable

for(inti=0; i<=8; i++){ // shift data in the rate array

rate[i] = rate[i+1]; // and drop the oldest IBI value

runningTotal += rate[i]; // add up the 9 oldest IBI values

rate[9] = IBI; // add the latest IBI to the rate array

runningTotal += rate[9]; // add the latest IBI to runningTotal

runningTotal /= 10; // average the last 10 IBI values

BPM = 60000/runningTotal; // how many beats can fit into a minute? that's BPM!

QS = true; // set Quantified Self flag

APPENDIX-B

Flex load control :

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

#define r0 7

#define r1 6

#define r2 5

#define r3 4

constint flex0=A0;

constint flex1=A1;

constint flex2=A2;

constint flex3=A3;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(flex0,INPUT);

pinMode(flex1,INPUT);

pinMode(flex2,INPUT);

pinMode(flex3,INPUT);

pinMode(r0,OUTPUT);

pinMode(r1,OUTPUT);

pinMode(r2,OUTPUT);

pinMode(r3,OUTPUT);

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Smart Glove for");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("PWD People");

delay(5000);
lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("L1:OFF");

lcd.setCursor(8,0);

lcd.print("L2:OFF");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("L3:OFF");

lcd.setCursor(8,1);

lcd.print("L4:OFF");

void loop()

int value0 = analogRead(flex0);

int value1 = analogRead(flex1);

int value2 = analogRead(flex2);

int value3 = analogRead(flex3);

//Load-1

if(value0>550)

Serial.print("Load-1 ON ");

Serial.println(value0);

digitalWrite(r0,LOW);

lcd.setCursor(3,0);

lcd.print("ON ");

}
else

Serial.print("Load-1 OFF ");

Serial.println(value0);

digitalWrite(r0,HIGH);

lcd.setCursor(3,0);

lcd.print("OFF");

//Load-2

if(value1>550)

Serial.print("Load-2 ON ");

Serial.println(value1);

digitalWrite(r1,LOW);

lcd.setCursor(11,0);

lcd.print("ON ");

else

Serial.print("Load-2 OFF ");

Serial.println(value1);

digitalWrite(r1,HIGH);

lcd.setCursor(11,0);

lcd.print("OFF");

}
//Load-3

if(value2>550)

Serial.print("Load-3 ON ");

Serial.println(value2);

digitalWrite(r2,LOW);

lcd.setCursor(3,1);

lcd.print("ON ");

else

Serial.print("Load-3 OFF ");

Serial.println(value2);

digitalWrite(r2,HIGH);

lcd.setCursor(3,1);

lcd.print("OFF");

//Load-4

if(value3>550)

Serial.print("Load-4 ON ");

Serial.println(value3);

digitalWrite(r3,LOW);

lcd.setCursor(11,1);

lcd.print("ON ");
}

else

Serial.print("Load-4 OFF ");

Serial.println(value3);

digitalWrite(r3,HIGH);

lcd.setCursor(11,1);

lcd.print("OFF");