1

General Biology 1
First Quarter
Module No. 3 of 5
The Cell Cycle
Writer: Roland R. Agra

HONOR CODE
AS A MEMBER OF THE NAMUAC ACADEMY EAGLES FAMILY, I WILL CONDUCT
MYSELF WITH INTEGRITY & SINCERITY AT ALL TIMES, DEMONSTRATE COMPASSION &
JUSTICE IN ALL MY ACTIONS, UPHOLD THE VALUE OF EXCELLENCE, AND ABIDE BY THE
EXPECTATIONS SET FORTH IN THE STUDENT HANDBOOK.
I MAKE THIS PLEDGE IN THE SPIRIT OF HONOR & TRUST.

PERFORMANCE TASK IN GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

GOAL To create a properly labelled 3D model of an animal or plant cell using
available materials
ROLE Scientist, Visual artist, Craftsman
AUDIENCE Science Club members
SITUATION You were invited to speak before the science students of your Alma
mater. You are expected to share your experiences as a molecular
biologist and will help the school win in the Cell Art Competition. You
and the students will create a cell model of your choice and select items
to represent various cell structures to justify the actual parts of the cell
and its function.
PRODUCT 3D Model
STANDARDS Appearance, Creativity & Resourcefulness, Cell Type, Details &
Representation, Labelled Organelles, Functions of Organelles

21ST CENTURY SKILLS CORE VALUE TASK

CRITICAL THINKING Excellence How to create a 3D model of a cell
CREATIVITY Excellence The learners will use various materials to create a
3D model
COLLABORATION Justice The learners will work together to come up with a
3D model
CROSS CULTURAL
UNDERSTANDING
COMPUTER/ICT
CAREER/SELF RELIANCE
COMMUNICATION Integrity The learners will present the parts and functions of
the cell

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SCORING RUBRIC FOR THE PERFORMANCE TASK

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
The cell model The cell model The cell model is The cell model
stands out stands out like the rest, stands out
from the rest, from the rest, showing from the rest,
showing evidence of showing evidence of evidence of showing evidence
excellent effort. considerable effort. considerable of fair effort.
effort.
The cell model The cell model The cell model The cell model
uses materials not uses materials not uses materials uses materials
often seen in most often seen in most often seen in often seen in most
projects and projects and most projects projects and
demonstrates demonstrates and demonstrates fair
commendable considerable demonstrates creativity and
creativity and creativity and commendable resourcefulness.
resourcefulness. resourcefulness. creativity and
resourcefulness.
The cell is an The cell is a clear The cell is a The cell is a fair
excellent representation of an considerable representation of
representation of an animal or plant cell. representation of an animal or plant
animal or plant cell. an animal or cell.
plant cell.
All organelles & cell All organelles & cell All organelles & All organelles &
parts parts cell parts cell parts are fairly
are accurately are considerably are considerably detailed and
detailed and clearly detailed and detailed and represented. Not
represented. represented. represented. Not all organelles are
Actual numbers of o Actual numbers of o all represented.
rganelles are rganelles are organelles are
represented. represented. represented.
11+ organelles 8-10 organelles 5-7 organelles Less than
are correctly are correctly are correctly 5 organelles
located and located and labeled located and are correctly
properly labeled on on the model. labeled on the located and
the model. model. labeled on the
model.
The functions of all The functions of all The functions of The functions of all
organelles are organelles are some organelles are
excellently considerably organelles are somewhat
described in detail. described in detail. considerably described in detail
described in with a lot of errors.
detail with minor
errors.

EXPECTATIONS

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-6).
2. Explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-8)

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3. Identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle
(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-9)

PRE-TEST

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What is the importance of the cell cycle?

2. What happens when the cell cycle is disrupted?

OVERVIEW

One the distinct characteristics of living things is being able to preserve themselves. Cells need
to undergo cycles as part of their growth and to repair or replace damaged parts. Cell cycle enables a
living thing to continue its existence by multiplying itself in controlled and systematic processes. This
lesson will enhance your understanding on cell cycle. This will provide learners with the concepts on the
different stages of cell cycle and the two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis and explain their
significance on an organism.

LESSON PROPER

THE CELL CYCLE

The cell cycle is an ordered series of

events involving cell growth and cell division that
produces two new daughter cells. Cell on the path
to cell division proceeds through a series of
precisely timed and carefully regulated stages of
growth, DNA replication, and division that produces
two identical cells. The cell cycle has two major
phases: interphase and the mitotic phase. During
the mitotic phase, the replicated DNA and
cytoplasmic contents are separated, and the cell
divides. (Belardo, 2016)
Stages of Cell Cycle

During interphase, the cell undergoes normal growth processes while also preparing for cell
division. In order for a cell to move from interphase into the mitotic phase, many internal and external
conditions must be met. The three stages of interphase are called G1, S, and G2.

1. G1 Phase (First Gap). In this

stage the cell is accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal DNA and the associated
proteins as well as accumulating sufficient energy reserves to complete the task of replicating
each chromosome in the nucleus. In this phase, the cell also grows physically larger.

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2. S Phase (Synthesis of DNA). Throughout the interphase, nuclear DNA remains in a

semi-condensed chromatin configuration. The S phase, DNA replication can proceed through
the mechanisms that result in the formation of identical pairs of DNA molecules- sister
chromatids- that are firmly attached to the centromeric region. The centrosome is duplicated
during S phase.
3. G2 Phase (Second Gap). In this phase, the cell replenishes its energy stores and
synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation. Some cell organelles are
duplicated, and the cytoskeleton is dismantled to provide resources for the mitotic phase. There
may be additional cell growth during G2 phase.

The mitotic phase is a multistep process during which the duplicated chromosomes are aligned,
separated, and move to opposite poles of the cell, and then are divided into two new identical daughter
cells, the process of which is necessary to replicate non-sex cells (somatic or body cells). The first
portion of the mitotic phase is karyokinesis or nuclear division. The second portion is cytokinesis, the
physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into the two daughter cells.

1. Karyokinesis
a. Prophase. During this phase, the nuclear envelope starts to dissociate into small
vesicles, and the membranous organelles fragment and disperse toward the periphery
of the cell. The nucleolus disappears. The centrosome begins to move to opposite poles
of the cell. Microtubules that will form the mitotic spindle extend between the
centrosomes, pushing them farther apart as the microtubule fibers lengthen. The sister
chromatids begin to coil more tightly with the aid of condensing proteins and become
visible under light microscope.
b. Prometaphase. During this phase, many processes that were begun in the prophase
continue to advance. The remnants of the nuclear envelope fragment. The mitotic
spindle continues to develop as more microtubules assemble and stretch across the
length of the former nuclear area. Chromosomes become more condensed and discrete.
Each sister chromatid develops a protein structure called a kinetochore in the
centromeric region. The proteins of the kinetochore attract and bind mitotic spindle
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microtubules. As the spindle microtubules extend from the centrosomes, some of these
microtubules come into contact with and firmly bind to the kinetochores. Once a mitotic
fiber attaches to a chromosome, the chromosome will be oriented until the kinetochores
of sister chromatids face the opposite poles. Eventually, all the sister chromatids will be
attached via their kinetochores to microtubules from opposing poles. Spindle
microtubules that do not engage the chromosomes are called polar microtubules. These
microtubules overlap each other midway between the two poles and contribute to cell
elongation. Astral microtubules are located near the poles, aid in spindle orientation, and
are required for the regulation of mitosis.
c. Metaphase. During this phase, al the chromosomes are aligned in a plane called the
metaphase plate, or the equatorial plane, midway between the two poles of the cell. The
sister chromatids are still tightly attached to each other by cohesion proteins. At this time,
the chromosomes are maximally condensed.
d. Anaphase. At this stage, the cohesion proteins degrade, and the sister chromatids
separate at the centromere. Each chromatid, now called a chromosome, is pulled rapidly
towards the centrosome to which its microtubule is attached. The cell becomes visible
elongated as the polar microtubules slide against each other at the metaphase plate
where they overlap.
e. Telophase. The chromosomes reach the opposite poles and begin to decondense,
relaxing into chromatic configuration. The mitotic spindles are depolymerized into tubulin
monomers that will be used to assemble cytoskeletal components for each daughter cell.
Nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes, and nucleosomes appear within the
nuclear area.

2. Cytokinesis. It is the second main stage of the mitotic phase during which cell division is
completed via the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells.

In animal cells, cytokinesis

follows the onset of anaphase. A
contractile ring composed of actin
filaments form just inside the
plasma membrane at the former
metaphase plate. The actin
filaments pull the equator of the
cell inward, forming a fissure
called cleavage furrow.
In plant cells, a new cell wall
must form between the daughter
cells. During interphase, the Golgi
apparatus accumulates enzymes,
structural proteins, and glucose
molecules prior to breaking into
vesicles and dispersing
throughout the dividing cell.
During the telophase, these Golgi
vesicles are transported on microtubules to form phragmoplast at the metaphase plate.
There, the vesicle fuse and coalesce from the center toward the cell walls; this structure is
called cell plate. As more vesicles fuse, the cell plate enlarges until it merges with the cell
walls at the periphery of the cell. Enzymes use the glucose that has accumulated between
the membrane layers to build a new cell wall.

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➢ G0 Phase. Not all cells adhere to the classic cell cycle pattern in which a newly
formed daughter cell immediately enters the preparatory phases of interphase,
closely followed by the mitotic phase. Cells in G0 are not actively preparing to divide.
The cell is in quiescent (inactive stage) that occurs when an external signal triggers
the onset of G1. Other cells that never or rarely divide, such as mature cardiac
muscle and nerve cells permanently remain in G0.

Different cells take different lengths of time to complete the cell cycle. A typical
human cell might take about 24 hours to divide, but fast-cycling mammalian cells,
like the ones that line the intestine, can complete a cycle every 9-10 hours when
they're grown in culture. Different types of cells also split their time between cell
cycle phases in different ways. In early frog embryos, for example, cells spend
almost no time in G1 and G2 and instead rapidly cycle between S and M phases—
resulting in the division of one big cell, the zygote, into many smaller cells (Khan
Academy, 2015)

SIGNIFICANCE OR APPLICATIONS OF MITOSIS/MEIOSIS

Did you know that all life forms are made up of cells? Yes! In fact, your body contains trillions of
cells but you only came from a single egg cell fertilized by a single sperm cell to form a single-celled
zygote. You might wonder how this single cell gave rise to the trillions of cells you have in your body,
surely you do, right? We have mitosis and meiosis to thank for. I know, you’re excited, so let’s begin.

Cells divide and reproduce in two ways, mitosis and meiosis. They are both vital processes for
the existence of living things that reproduce sexually.

As discussed in the previous lesson, mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, Meiosis
makes four identical cells needed for sexual reproduction (sperm cells and eggs) to occur needed for
growth and development.

Meiosis reduces the amount of genetic information. While mitosis in diploid cells produces
daughter cells with a full diploid complement, meiosis produces haploid gametes or spores with only one
set of chromosomes. During sexual reproduction, gametes combine in fertilization to reconstitute the
diploid complement found in parental cells. The process involves two successive divisions of a diploid
nucleus.

1. First Meiotic Division. The first meiotic division results in reducing the number of chromosomes
(reduction division). In most cases, the division is accompanied by cytokinesis.

a. Prophase I—has been subdivided into five substages.

i. Leptotene—Replicated chromosomes have coiled and are already visible. The
number of chromosomes present is the same as the number in the diploid cell.
ii. Zygotene—Homologue chromosomes begin to pair and twist around each other in
a highly specific manner. The pairing is called synapsis. And because the pair
consists of four chromatids it is referred to as bivalent tetrad.

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iii. Pachyntene—Chromosomes become much shorter and thicker. A form of physical

exchange between homologues takes place at specific regions. The process of
physical exchange of a chromosome region is called crossing-over. Through the
mechanism of crossing-over, the parts of the homologous chromosomes are
recombined (genetic recombination).

iv. Diplotene—The two pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other. It
is at this point where crossing-over is shown to have taken place. The area of contact
between two non-sister chromatids, called chiasma, become evident.

v. Diakinesis—The four chromatids of each tetrad are even more condensed and the
chiasma often terminalize or move down the chromatids to the ends. This delays the
separation of homologous chromosomes.

In addition, the nucleoli disappear, and the nuclear membrane begins to break down.

b. Metaphase I—The spindle apparatus is completely formed and the microtubules are
attached to the centromere regions of the homologues. The synapsed tetrads are found
aligned at the metaphase plate (the equatorial plane of the cell) instead of only replicated
chromosomes.

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c. Anaphase I—Chromosomes in each tetrad separate and migrate toward the opposite poles.
The sister chromatids (dyads) remain attached at their respective centromere regions.
d. Telophase I—The dyads complete their migration to the poles. New nuclear membranes may
form. In most species, cytokinesis follows, producing two daughter cells. Each has a nucleus
containing only one set of chromosomes (haploid level) in a replicated form.

2. Second Meiotic Division The events in the second meiotic division are quite similar to mitotic
division. The difference lies, however, in the number of chromosomes that each daughter cell
receives. While the original chromosome number is maintained in mitosis, the number is reduced
to half in meiosis.
a. Prophase II - The dyads contract.
b. Metaphase II - The centromeres are directed to the equatorial plate and then divide.
c. Anaphase II - The sister chromatids (monads) move away from each other and migrate to
the opposite poles of the spindle fiber.
d. Telophase II -The monads are at the poles, forming two groups of chromosomes. A nuclear
membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and cytokinesis follows. The
chromosomes uncoil and extend.

Below is a comparison which highlights the key differences and similarities between the two types
of cell division:

Mitosis Meiosis
1.Requires one nuclear division 1.Requires two nuclear divisions
2. Chromosomes do not synapse nor cross over 2. Chromosomes synapse and cross over

3.Occurs in all organisms except viruses 3.Occurs only in animals, plants and fungi
4.Creates all body cells 4. Creates germ cells (egg and sperm) only
5. Preserves chromosome number 5.Halves chromosome number
6.Produces two daughter nuclei 6.Produces four daughter nuclei
7.Daughter cells are genetically identical 7. Daughter cells are genetically different
8. Used for asexual reproduction and growth 8. Used only for sexual reproduction

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Mitosis is the process responsible for the following important living processes:
1. Regeneration and repair. Regeneration and replacement of worn-out and damaged tissues
is a very important function of mitosis in living organisms. Mitosis helps in the production of
identical copies of cells and thus helps in repairing the damaged tissue or replacing the worn-
out cells.
2. Cell growth and development. Cells can grow old and wear off or they can get bruised and
injured but eventually, they repair and regenerate. Mitosis help in increasing the number of
cells in a living organism thereby playing a significant role in the growth of a living organism.
3. Genetic stability. Mitosis helps in the splitting of chromosomes during cell division and
generates two new daughter cells. Therefore, the chromosomes from the parent
chromosomes by copying the exact Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). Therefore, the daughter
cells formed as genetically uniform and identical to the parent as well as to each other. Thus
mitosis helps in preserving and maintaining the genetic stability of a particular population.
4. Asexual reproduction- Mitosis is used in the production of genetically similar offspring. For
example, budding of hydra and yeast, binary fission in amoeba, etc.

Meiosis is a form of cell division which functions in the production of gametes (sex cells such as
sperm and ovum (egg) in animals. Organisms that reproduce sexually are thought to have an advantage
over organisms that reproduce asexually, because novel combinations of genes are possible in each
generation. Furthermore, with few exceptions, each individual in a population of sexually reproducing
organisms has a distinct genetic composition. We have meiosis to thank for this variety.

Meiosis has a very important role in the following biological processes:

1. Diversity. One of the benefits of sexual reproduction is the diversity it produces within a
population. That variety is a direct product of meiosis. Every sex cell made from meiosis has
a unique combination of chromosomes. This means that no two sperm or egg cells are
genetically identical. Every fertilization event produces new combination of traits. This is why
siblings share DNA with parents and each other but are not identical to one another. Crossing
over produces a new combination of traits and variations. Meiosis continually reshuffles the
genes resulting in a great variety of offspring. Without meiosis we would all look alike. Meiosis
allows each offspring to be different and so potentially better than the parent. If a disease
comes along, there is a good chance that some of the population would not get sick or die
because everyone’s DNA is not exactly alike.
2. Production of gametes. Meiosis is a form of cell division which functions in the production
of gametes (sex cells such as sperm and ovum (egg) in animals). It reduces the number of
chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is
required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction. During reproduction, when
the sperm and egg unite to form a single-celled zygote, the number of chromosomes is
restored in the offspring.
3. Activation of the genetic information. Formation of sex cells is a central part of human
reproduction. In fertilization, an egg cell and a sperm cell combine. Sperm cells are produced
in men’s testicles and egg cells are produced in women’s ovaries. Sex cells contain only half
of the total amount of human genetic information. When sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, the
resulting cell has a full set of genetic information again.

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THE CELL CYCLE: ABNORMALITIES & DISORDERS

Did you know that our body is made up of trillions of tiny building blocks called cells that come
together to form complex tissues and organs? Tissues and organs grow and repair through cell division
where a single parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells. Deoxyribonucleic Acid provides
the chemical instruction manual or the blueprint for cell division. Each cell contains six feet of DNA and it
will be broken into 46 distinct packages of information. And every time a cell divides it must copy all this
information and then deliver an identical set of DNA to each one of its daughter cells. But glitches in that
process can give birth to abnormal cells that misbehaves and fuel the development of diseases like
cancer. Come on, let us investigate the mechanisms how errors in cell division leads to human disease.

Mistakes during cell division frequently generate changes in chromosome content. Errors in cell
division can be categorized into the following:
1. Nondisjunction. This happens
when the sister chromatids fail
to separate. One cell is given
three copies (trisomy) of a
chromosome while the other
gets only one (monosomy).
Nondisjunction causes errors in
chromosome number such as
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
and monosomy X (Turner
syndrome. It is also common
cause of early spontaneous abortions.
2. Deletion. Sometimes during mitosis, the
chromosomes can be damaged. If the
chromosomes get broken the fragments
can be lost. If this happens the genetic
material, they contain is deleted.
Deletions are responsible for an array of
genetic disorders, including some cases
of male infertility, Duchene muscular
dystrophy and cystic fibrosis, and spinal
muscular atrophy, the most common
genetic cause of infant death. Symptoms
of spinal muscular atrophy includes muscle weakness and
decreased muscle tone, limited mobility, breathing
problems, delayed gross motor skills and scoliosis.
3. Duplication. In chromosomal duplications, extra copies
of a chromosomal region are formed, resulting in different
copy numbers of genes within that area of the
chromosome. Duplications may affect phenotype by
altering gene dosage. Example of a disease resulting from
chromosomal duplication is the Charcot-Marie Tooth
disease type. It is one of the most common inherited nerve
disorders characterized by a progressive loss of muscle
tissue and touch sensation across various parts of the
body, from the arms, legs to the spinal cord and brain.

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4. Translocation. If the chromosome

breaks, it can reattach. Sometimes it
reattaches to the wrong chromosome.
In reciprocal translocation, segments
from two different chromosomes are
exchanged while in Robertsonian
translocation, an entire chromosome
attaches to another. Translocations
generate novel chromosomes but are
often linked to disorders like infertility
and cancer. Several forms of cancer
are caused by acquired translocations
which has been described mainly in
leukemia. Chromosomal translocation
can also result to infertility in which one of the would-be parents carries a balanced translocation,
where the parents are asymptomatic but conceived fetuses are not viable.
5. Inversion. When the fragment gets re-attached, it gets reattached to the right chromosome but
upside down. When this
happens, it gives incorrect
codes for information. In
some cases, chromosomal
inversion has been
associated with congenital
anomalies, growth
retardation, infertility,
recurrent pregnancy loss,
and cancer.

Mitosis is a process where

a single cell divides into two
identical daughter cells (cell
division). During mitosis one cell divides once to form two identical cells. The major purpose of mitosis
is for growth and to replace worn out cells. If not corrected in time, mistakes made during mitosis can
result in changes in the DNA that can potentially lead to genetic disorders.

Although errors in mitosis are rare, the

process may go wrong especially during early
cellular divisions in the zygote. Mitotic errors can
be especially dangerous to the organism
because future offspring from this parent cell will
carry the same disorder such as the following:
1. Cancer. The deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA), sometimes called a genetic
blueprint, contains the hereditary
material in nearly all organisms. The
improper copying of DNA produces two
types of errors, or mutations. Silent
mutations have no impact on the DNA
sequence, but missense mutations,
which alter amino acid sequences,
often impact the associated function.
Missense mutations can multiply over
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time, leading to cell cycle disruption and the formation of tumors, which are the product of
runaway cell reproduction. Cancer occurs when mutated cells ignore or override the normal
"checkpoints" regulating mitosis and begin to reproduce uncontrollably.
2. Hemophilia. It is a blood-
clotting disorder which is linked
to what geneticist refer to as
Mosaicism, wherein some cells
may have a mutant version of a
gene while others have the
normal version of the same
gene.
3. Marfan syndrome. It is a
genetic disorder that affects
the body’s connective tissue.
Connective tissue holds all the
body’s cells, organs and tissue
together. It also plays an
important role in helping the
body grow and develop
properly. Connective tissue is
made up of proteins. The protein
that plays a role in Marfan
syndrome is called fibrillin-1.
Marfan syndrome is caused by
a defect (or mutation) in the
gene that tells the body how to
make fibrillin-1. This mutation
results in an increase in a
protein called transforming
growth factor beta, or TGF-β.
The increase in TGFβ causes
problems in connective tissues
throughout the body, which in
turn creates the features and medical problems associated with Marfan syndrome and some
related conditions. Because connective tissue is found throughout the body, Marfan syndrome
can affect many different parts of the body, as well. Features of the disorder are most often found
in the heart, blood vessels, bones, joints, and eyes. Some Marfan features – for example, aortic
enlargement (expansion of the main blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the
rest of the body) – can be life-threatening. The lungs, skin and nervous system may also be
affected. Marfan syndrome does not affect intelligence.

WRAP- UP
The multicellular organisms depend on this process. Cells that are damaged and lost will be
replenished when cells divide. Errors in mitosis lead to an incorrect copy of the DNA which may produce
deadly functional consequences depending on the error. The positive correlation with the malfunction of
these processes to the onset of major diseases such as cancer, stroke, atherosclerosis, inflammation,
and some neurodegenerative disorders in increasingly proven in various studies

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VALUING

Cell division is key to life: from the moment we are first conceived, we are continually changing
and growing. In order for our bodies to grow and develop, they must produce new cells—and allow for
the death of old cells. Cell division is also an essential component of injury repair. If our cells couldn’t
divide and create new cells, our bodies could never produce new skin cells to heal road rash, or grow a
fingernail back. However, when cell division goes awry, dramatic results may occur. Without sufficient
cellular oversight, repeated rounds of unregulated cell division can lead to a minor condition like psoriasis
or a life-threatening disease like cancer. Cell division takes occurs by a strict cycle, with multiple stages
and checkpoints to ensure things don’t go awry.

Perhaps most importantly, without cell division, no species would be able to reproduce—life
would simply end (or would have ended a long time ago). Every human, as well as every sexually
reproducing organism, begins life as a fertilized egg (embryo) or zygote. Trillions of cell divisions
subsequently occur in a controlled manner to produce a complex, multicellular human. In other words,
that original single cell is the ancestor of every other cell in the body. Single-celled organisms use cell
division as their method of reproduction.

POST-ASSESSMENT

A. Enrichment Activities

1. Present the cell cycle creatively. You may choose one from the following options based from
your interest.
Intelligence Activities
Spatial/visual Create a model (mitotic phase only) using recyclable materials.
Logical/Mathematical Create an info graph about the cell cycle.
Verbal/linguistic Write an informative poem about the key points in the cell cycle
Bodily kinesthetic Create a Zumba dance about the stages of the cell cycle.
Musical Compose a 3 minute- song about the cell cycle.

2. Directions: Fill in the needed information in each column to compare mitosis and meiosis.
Answers shall be a yes or no

Mitosis Meiosis
1. Purpose of process in multicellular organisms
2. Number of daughter cells produced
3. Number of chromosomes in parent cell (human)
4. Number of chromosomes in one daughter cell (human)
5. Daughter cells diploid (2n) or haploid (n)?
6. Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cell?
7. Daughter cells are genetically identical to each other?

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3. To highlight what you have learned, COMPLETE the concept map below:

Cell Cycle

Eukaryote Prokaryote

Reproduces asexually through

Reproduces sexually through

produces

produces important for the processes important for the processes

B. Post-Test.

Direction: The diagram below shows cells in various phases of the cell cycle. Note the cells are not
arranged in the order in which the cell cycle occurs. Use the diagram to answer questions 1-6. Write you
answer in CAPITAL letters.

1. ________Interphase (G2) 4. _________Metaphase

2. ________Prophase 5. _________Anaphase
3. ________Prometaphase 6. _________Telophase & Cytokinesis

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