The document provides an overview of the emergence of Pakistan, beginning with the history of Muslim rule in India and the replacement of Persian with English as the official language in 1835. It discusses the growing divide between Hindus and Muslims in terms of language, culture, and religious practices. Key events that led to the formation of Pakistan are covered, including the establishment of the Muslim League in 1906, the Lahore Resolution of 1940 calling for independent Muslim states, and the final acceptance of the partition plan by the Indian National Congress in 1947.
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Emergence of Pakistan - MCQs
The document provides an overview of the emergence of Pakistan, beginning with the history of Muslim rule in India and the replacement of Persian with English as the official language in 1835. It discusses the growing divide between Hindus and Muslims in terms of language, culture, and religious practices. Key events that led to the formation of Pakistan are covered, including the establishment of the Muslim League in 1906, the Lahore Resolution of 1940 calling for independent Muslim states, and the final acceptance of the partition plan by the Indian National Congress in 1947.
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THE EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN
CHAPTER 1
1. During Muslim Rule, Persian was the official language.
2. English replaced Persian as official language in 1835. 3. Urdu was the common language of Hindus and Muslims living in cities of upper India. 4. W. W Hunter writing in 1871, observed the Muslims of India are and have been for many years, a source of chronic danger for British Power in India. 5. Observance of caste is equivalent to Dharma, that is religious observance, righteousness and moral obligations. 6. Cow is a sacred as Brahmin the highest caste of all. 7. Muhammad Bin Qasim invasion in 712 AD and ending with Ahmed Shah Abdali’s victory over the Maratha confederacy in 1761 AD. 8. Foundation of Delhi Saltanate by Qutbuddin Aibak in 1206 AD. 9. In center and South, only 15 % to 5 % of the total population were Muslims. 10. Rajendra Parasad, was the first president of the Union of India. 11. The revenue, and financial administration, particularly, was almost run by Hindus. 12. Trade continued to be mainly in Hindu hands. 13. Any article of food and drink touched by Muslims became impure. 14. There was no intermarriage between two communities except for a short time in Akbar’s court. 15. Dietary habits, one community was vegetarian and other was not, stood in the way of free social intercourse but the greatest obstacle was caste. 16. It was the caste which divided the two communities for all times. 17. Basic vocabulary and syntax of Urdu were Hindi but it was embellished by Persian and Arabic words to form a new and flexible instrument of great adaptability and beauty. 18. Aurangzeb was the last Mughal emperor. 19. For a century and a half, the English had been humble petitioners to the Mughal Emperors and their Viceroys. 20. Tehzib ul Akhlaq was the journal introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Ali Khan. 21. Mohammedan Anglo – Oriental College at Aligarh in 1877. 22. The struggle for freedom which led to the uprising of 1857 ended in disaster. 23. W.W Hunter, writings in 1871, observed the Musalmans of India are, and have been for many years, a source of chronic dangers to the British Power in India. 24. Practically every measure taken by the Brithish, from the battle of Plassey in 1757 till the end of nineteen centuries, affected Muslims for the worse. 25. In 1885 the Indian National Congress was formed on the initiative of the retired British official, Allan Octavian Hume, and under the guidance of the Viceroy, Lord Dufferin. 26. The Spell of European supremacy had been broken by the victory of Japan over Russia in 1905. 27. The Minto Morley reforms of 1909 accepted the principles of election. 28. The demand of separate electorate had been put to Viceroy Lord Minto in 1906 by Muslim deputation led by the Agha Khan. 29. Toward the end of 1906, The All India Muslim League was formed in Dacca to protect political and other rights of Muslims. 30. The invitation to this historic meeting of Muslim Leaders was issued by Nawab Salimullah Khan of Dacca. 31. Agha Khan was elected 1st president of the Muslim League. 32. Jinnah was an active lieutenant of Gopal Karishna Gokhale, the leader of the moderates within the Congress. 33. There was struggle for supremacy in the congress between the extremists, whose leader was Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the moderates. 34. Tilak advocated the attainment of Swarage. 35. In 1905, Lord Curzon carried out mainly for reasons of administrative efficiency, readjustment of boundaries of Bengal. 36. Bengal was a province of 78 million people. 37. Curzon divided the province of Bengal and by combining it with eastern province and Assam the bulk of whose population was Muslims. 38. The British government submitted to Hindu agitation in 1911 the provincial reorganization 1905 was undone and Muslims of eastern Bengal reverted to their previous position. 39. Largely through the efforts of Jinnah, who was hailed the ambassador of Hindu- Muslim unity, an agreement on the scheme of constitutional reforms was reached between the Congress and the League at their annual sessions held in Lucknow in 1916 which was to be known as Lukhnow Pact. 40. Muslim National University, which was later transferred to Delhi and became known as the Jamia Millia Islamia. 41. The Hindu university at Benaras, which was under the protective care of the orthodox Hindu leader Pandit Malaviya, did not undergo a similar ordeal. 42. In the middle of 1918, Montague and Lord Chelmsford the Viceroy published a joint report on Indian Constitutional reform which formed the basis of Government of India Act, 1919. 43. The match that ignited the great conflagration was security legislation passed in 1919 and known as Rowlett Acts. 44. In Jallian Wala Bagh in Amritsar, was drowned in blood by General Dyer who opened fire on the crowd without warning and within a few minutes 379 persons were killed and over 1200 wounded. 45. Elections to the central and provincial legislatures, which were held in November, 1920, were boycotted by the Congress, but about a third of the electorate voted. 46. Gandhi returned to India in 1915, he was then a follower of Gokhale and by no means an extremist. 47. Gandhi was tried on a charge of sedition and sentenced to six years’ imprisonment. 48. Finally, in 1932, Prime Minister Ramsay McDonald made what is called the Communal Award. 49. The deliberation of the Round Table Conference resulted in the Government of India Act 1935. 50. In Punjab, Sir Fazli Hussain had organized the Unionist Party, which comprised Muslims, Hindu and Sikhs. 51. In Bengal, Fazlul Haq had formed the Krishak Proja Party and was able to head a coalition Government which included the Muslim and independent Schedule caste Group. 52. In NWFP, the Red Shirts led by Abdul Gaffar Khan had aligned themselves with Congress and had won 19 of the 50 Seats in the Provincial Assembly. 53. In Assam Muslim League won a fair number of seats and a coalition Ministry under Sir Muhammad Saadullah was formed. 54. Jinnah declared Dec 22, 1939 as a day of deliverance Thanksgiving in a token a relief from a tyranny oppression and injustice of the Congress regime. 55. On March 23, 1940 at the historic session of the Muslim League held in Lahore, the resolution that came to be known as Pakistan Resolution was passed. 56. The Resolution was moved by Bengal Chief Minister , A.K Fazlul Haq and was seconded by Khaliquzzaman and others. 57. Under the leadership of Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Usmani of Deoband, Jamaitul Ulama i Islam consisting of Ulama in favour of Pakistan was organized in opposition to the Jamaitul Ulama i Hind a body of Ulama aligned with the Congress. 58. Mountbatten left for London on May 18, 1947 accompanied by V.P Menon. 59. British Cabinet approved the plan and Mountbatten put it to conference of Seven Leaders. 60. In Punjab, Bengal and Sind the decision was left to the provincial assemblies. 61. If the Punjab decided on partitioned, a referendum would be held in NWFP to determine which constituent assembly it would join. 62. If it was decided that Bengal should be partitioned, a referendum would be held in district Sylhet in Assam to determine whether this predominantly Muslim district should join with contiguous East Bengal. 63. Mountbatten introduced a new paragraph 20 of the plan under its heading “Immediate Transfer of Power”. 64. According to Abul Kalam Azad, Gandhi spoke in favor of partition at this meeting. 65. The letter which Kripalani sent to viceroy, on behalf of the Congress Working Committee accepted the plan subject to acceptance of the proposals by the Muslim League and a clear understanding that no further claims will be put forward. 66. In case Indian Union decided to go out of the Commonwealth, Pakistan should not be allowed to remain in it. 67. Attlee announced the plan in the House of Commons on June 3,1947. 68. On June 9, the council of All India Muslim League met in Delhi and passed a resolution in favor of plan. 69. On June 14, All India Congress Committee passed a resolution accepting the plan, although it regretted the session of some parts of the country, Govind Bhalabh Pant moved the resolution, Abul Kalam and some others opposed it. 70. Gandhi threw Abul Kalam’s support in favor of the resolution and it was carried by 157 votes to 29 with 32 abstentions. 71. The caliphate, for which they had struggled so sincerely, was to receive its death blow, not at the hands of enemies but from a Muslim hero, Mustafa Kamal Ataturk. 72. Under Mustafa Kamal Ataturk leadership, the Turks determined to make a new start as a modern nation and decided to unburden themselves of the load of the caliphate. 73. In the Punjab, Sir Fazli Hussain’s orders to reserve 40 percent of the seats for Muslims in some government colleges and provincial government services aroused a storm of controversy in the Hindus press. 74. In December 1928 to consider the Nehru Report, Jinnah proposed three main amendments one third representation for the Muslims in the central legislature, Muslim representation in the Punjab and Bengal on the basis of population for ten years, and residuary powers for the provinces and not for the central government. 75. An all-parties Muslim conference held in Delhi under the chairmanship of the Agha Khan in January 1929, demanded the retention of separate electorates. 76. The fourteen points (March 1929), formulated by Jinnah, give a fair idea of the state of Muslim opinion at that time. 77. The year 1930 opened with a threat by the Congress of mass civil disobedience under Gandhi’s personal command. 78. In December, 1930 the Muslim League held its annual session in Allahabad (Alama Muhammad Iqbal) 79. Three years later (in 1923), in his evidence before the Frontier Enquiry Committee, Sardar Gul Muhammad Khan of Dera Ismail Khan had proposed a partition of India by which the Muslims were to get the area from Peshawar to Agra. 80. Chaudhary Rehmat Ali, a student at Cambridge, England, coined the word “Pakistan” in which P Stands for the Punjab, A for Afghania, (North-West Frontier Province), K for Kashmir, S for Sind and Tan for Baluchistan. The Word itself means “the land of the pure”. 81. In the Central legislature, one third of the British Indian seats was reserved for Muslims. 82. Government in India Act 1935 came into force on April 1, 1937. 83. No Muslim was elected from the United Provinces on the Congress Ticket. 84. Symbols of Hindu raj and Hindu culture were adopted in government institutions paid for by all taxpayers. Vidya Mandirs, Hindu temples of learning, were opened. 85. “A Confederacy of India,” by Kifayat Ali, written under the pseudonym “A Punjabi”. CHAPTER 2 THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION 1. In the Punjab and Bengal, whose chief ministers owed allegiance to the Muslim League, provincial governments cooperated with defense authorities, especially the Punjab, which was known as the sword-arm of India. 2. In his struggle against the British and other opponents, Gandhi used what he called “soul force” to bend the other party’s will to his own. 3. For instance, when, despite Gandhi’s opposition, Subhas Chandra Bose was r+eelected President of the Congress in 1939, Gandhi made it impossible for him to continue in office and forced him to resign within a few months. 4. It is not surprising that Ambedkar called him “the greatest enemy the untouchables have even had in India”. 5. They numbered 100 million, but were only one fourth of the total population of the subcontinent. 6. Jinnah was in many ways the exact opposite of Gandhi. 7. Muslim Students Federation under the leadership of Hamid Nizami Played a significant part in changing the climate of opinion. 8. The most prominent daily in English was the Dawn, in Urdu, Nawai Waqt, and in Bengal, Azad. 9. By April, 1940, the phase of the “phony war” was over. 10. With the fall of France, England stood alone against the victorious arms of the Axix power. 11. On August 8, 1940 the Viceroy, Lord Linlighgow, made an offer on behalf of the British government to expand the Executive Council Immediately by including representatives of political parties, and to set up a War Advisory Council containing representatives of Indian states and of other interests. 12. By March, 1942, it appeared to many in India that the Japanese could overrun India with the same ease with which they had conquered southeast Asia. 13. Subhas Chandra Bose, who had escaped from India in 1940, was organizing the Indian National Army with Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese. 14. Under Raja Gopalachar leadership the Congress members in the Madras legislature passed a resolution in April, 1942, recommending acceptance of Pakistan in Principle. 15. These ideas were formally adopted by the All-India congress committee meeting held at Bombay, on August 8, 1942, in the famous Quit India resolution, which demanded the “withdrawal of the British Power from India”. 16. To Gandhi’s slogan “Quit India” Jinnah replied with “Divide and Quit”. 17. In February 1943, Gandhi went on a twenty-one day fast. 18. When Lord Wavell succeeded Lord Linlithgow as Viceroy in the fall of 1943, the tide of war was turning in favor of the Allies. 19. The worst sufferer was Bengal, which was ravaged by a severe famine in 1943. 20. Hindu-Muslim differences, talks took place between Gandhi and Jinnah in September 1944. 21. In May, 1945, Viceroy Lord Wavell decided to hold a political conference to which he invited Congress and League representatives. 22. The conference began in Simla on June 25, and lasted till July 14, but it failed to achieve anything. 23. When the Premier of the Punjab, Sir Sikandar Hayat, died in 1942, he was succeeded by Khizar Hayat Tiwana, who lacked the suppleness of his predecessor and soon fell out with Jinah over the status of the Muslim League in the Punjab. 24. The Second World War came to an end with the surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945. 25. The British general election at the end of July resulted in a large Labour majority. 26. Conservatives like Lord Linlithgow had emphasized it as much as had the soldier-statesman Lord Wavell. 27. The Congress leaders expected even stronger support from the Labour party on this issue, which was dividing the Congress and the Muslim League. 28. The results showed a decisive victory for Pakistan, the League won all the Muslim seats in the central assembly and 446 out of a total 495 Muslim seats in the provincial assemblies. 29. In Bengal, the Muslim League won 113 out of total of 119 Muslim seats and was able to form a ministry with Husain Shaheed Suhrawardy as Chief Minister in the Punjab, the Muslim League captured 79 out of 86 Muslim seats. 30. In Sind, a Muslim League ministry was formed. Only in the North-West Frontier Province did the League fall short of the majority by winning only 17 out of a total of 36 Muslim seats, and the Congress formed a ministry under Dr Khan Sahib. 31. The Sikh sect had been founded in the sixteenth century by Guru Nanak, a Hindu mystic, who under the influence of Islam had preached the Unit of God and the brotherhood of man. 32. In the first half of the nineteenth century, Ranjit Singh carved out a Sikh Kingdom in the Punjab, which after his death, was lost to the British in 1849. 33. Although Sikhs were to be found all over India, their home was in the Punjab. 34. In the Punjab assembly and in government service Sikhs were allowed 20 percent representation 35. in 1946 their leadership was in the hands of the impetuous Tara Singh, a Hindu converted to Sikhism, and his financial supporter, Baldav Singh, whose economic interests tied him to Hindu India. 36. The Elections of 1946 had been fought on the issue of Pakistan and the Muslims of the Punjab had given a clear verdict in its favor. 37. In fact, the original scheme for Pakistan, put forward by Iqbal in December 1930, had contemplated the separation of Ambala division. CHAPTER 8 THE PARTITION PLAN 1. Having obtained the acceptance of the Indian Leaders to an outline of the revised partition plan, including an early date for the transfer of power, Mountbatten left for London on May 18, 1947, accompanied by V.P Menon. 2. The British Cabinet approved the plan, and Mountbatten on his return to Delhi put it to a conference of seven Leaders – Nehru, Patel, Kripalani (then President of the Congress), Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Abdur Rab Nishtar, and Baldev Singh on June 2. 3. The plan had been cast in the form of a statement to be issued by His Majesty’s Government on June 3, 1947. 4. In the Punjab, Bengal, and Sind the decision was left to the provincial assemblies. 5. At the meeting Mountbatten circulated a thirty-pages memorandum on “The Administrative Consequences of Partition”. 6. Attlee announced the plan in the House of Commons on June 3, 1947. 7. But the most serious handicap for Pakistan was in the time allowed for the implementation of the plan – seventy-two days.