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ECE 313
Lesson 5

DM, ADM and DPCM

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Contents

Ø DM
Ø ADM
Ø DPCM
Ø Adaptive DPCM

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Delta Modulation

• is a technique which provides a staircase

approximation to an over-sampled version of
the message signal (analog input).

• sampling is at a rate higher than the Nyquist

rate – aims at increasing the correlation
between adjacent samples; simplifies
quantizing of the encoded signal

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Illustration of Delta modulation process

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Delta Modulation

• If the pulse at time tn+1 is higher in amplitude

value than the pulse at time tn, then a single bit,
say a “1”, is used to indicate the positive value.
• If the pulse is lower in value, resulting in a
negative value, a “0” is used.
• This scheme works well for small changes in
signal values between samples.
• If changes in amplitude are large, this will result
in large errors.

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Delta modulation components

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Delta demodulation components

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8
Quantization issues

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 Adaptive DM

• Adaptive delta modulation

Ø A better performance can be achieved if the value of
δ is not fixed.
Ø The value of δ changes according to the amplitude of
the analog signal.
• Quantization Error
Ø DM is not perfect.
Ø Quantization error is always introduced in the process.
Ø Much less than that for PCM.

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ADM Waveform

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 Adaptive DM

• In order to overcome the quantization errors due

to slope overload and granular noise, the step
size (Δ) is made adaptive to variations in the input
signal x(t).
• Particularly in the step segment of the signal x(t),
the step size is increased.
• And the step is decreased when the input is
varying slowly.
• The adaptive delta modulators can take
continuous changes in step size or discrete
changes in step size.
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ADM Transmitter Block Diagram

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ADM Receiver Block Diagram

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 Some Applications of ADM

• This modulation method is used in voice coding and TV.

• This modulation is also used as a standard by NASA for all
communications between mission control and spacecraft.
• Motorola’s SECURENET line of digital radio products uses
12kbits/sec Adaptive Delta Modulation.
• US army forces use 16kbit/sec rates to conserve bandwidth
over tactical links. For improved voice quality US Air Forces
uses 32kbits/sec rates.
• In Bluetooth-services to encode voice signals, this
modulation is used with 32bits/sec rates.
• HC55516 decoder is used in various arcade games such as
sinistar and smash tv and pinball machines such as gorgor
or space shuttle, to play pre-recorded sounds.
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 Recall: PCM Coding Example

• The signal is sampled by flat top sampling at intervals Ts ,

2Ts , 3Ts ….. nTs .

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Differential PCM (DPCM)

• Instead of using one bit to indicate positive and

negative differences, we can use more bits ->
quantization of the difference.
• Each bit code is used to represent the value of
the difference.
• The more bits the more levels -> the higher the
accuracy.

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17
DPCM

• encodes the PCM values as differences between the

current and the previous value.

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18
DPCM Block Diagram

x(n)
x(n)

Ex. For input samples x(n) ={ 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.6, 2.7}, DPCM output is
x(n) = xq(n-1) e(n) eq (n) xq(n)= + e(n)

2.1 0 2.1 2 2
2.2 2 0.2 0 2
2.3 2 0.3 0 2
2.6 2 0.6 1 3
2.7 3 -0.3 0 3
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19 Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM)

• is a variant of DPCM that varies the size of the

quantization step, to allow further reduction of the
required bandwidth for a given signal-to-noise ratio.
• Predict future samples based on previous
samples
• Record only difference between actual samples
and predicted values
• Lossy compression

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20 ADPCM Block Diagram

a.) Transmitter

b.) Receiver

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21 ADPCM Algorithm

ØStep 1: Difference
ü Diff = Real Value - Predicted Value
ØStep 2: Error and Prediction
ü Generate error based on the step size and Diff
ü Calculate change to Predicted Value using the step
size and Diff
ØStep 3: Step Size
üChange the index value depending on the error
üChange the step size using the index value

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22 DPCM vs.ADPCM

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