Chemistry 11

Lesson 1 - Matter and Its Properties

Matter - is anything that occupies space and has a mass. Matter composes of atoms.
Volume - amount of space
Mass - amount of matter
Weight - how heavy, and is something to do with gravity

States of Matter

Solid
have a definite volume and a definite shape
particles are closely packed together
have low kinetic energy
particles vibrate slowly and have fixed positions

Liquid
Have a definite volume
Have a indefinite shape
They take shape of the container
have higher kinetic energy than solids
particles are not closely packed together as in solids

Gases
have a indefinite volume and shape
take the shape of a container
particles have lot of spaces between them
have high kinetic energy
 Lesson 2 - Properties of Matter

Physical Properties

perceived by senses
can be observed, measured, and tested without changing the composition of
substance
stays consistent
Examples : Color, Taste, Hardness, Melting Point, and Boiling Point.
can either be Intensive or Extensive

Intensive Properties
do not depend on the amount of matter present or being measured.
there is no change in the amount of matter
properties remains the same
Examples : Color, Hardness, Boiling Point, Temperature and Luster.

Extensive Properties
depend on the amount of matter present or being tested.
there is change in the amount of matter
properties change
Examples : Volume, Mass, Length, Shape, and Weight.

Physical Properties of Matter

Color - red, blue, yellow, etc.
Odor - smell of an object
Taste - sweetness, sourness, saltness, etc.
Hardness - ability of a material to resist scratching.
Melting Point - the temperature where solid changes to liquid
Boiling Point - the temperature where liquid changes to gas
Solubility - the property of a substance to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gas
Luster - pertains to the interaction of light on the surface of metals.
Malleability - the ability of a metal to be hammered or shaped into thin sheets
without breaking or cracking.
Ductility - ability of a material to be drawn into wires
Brittleness - the tendency of a material to break even when a small amount of
force is applied
Density - mass of an object per unit volume.
Chemical Properties
involved in the transformation of substances into another materials
change in chemical composition of a substance

Chemical Properties of Matter

Flammability - the ability of matter to be burn
Reactivity - the ability of matter to chemically combine with another
The Ability to Rust

Lesson 3 - Classifications of Matter

Matter

Pure Substance Mixture

Compound Element Homogenous Heterogenous

Mixture Mixture

Colloid Suspension
Pure Substance - Only one kind of element or compound. It has a constant composition.
Elements - are substance composed of only one atom. It can be classified to metals,
nonmetals, and metalloids.
Examples : ( H ) Hydrogen, ( O ) Oxygen, ( Au ) Gold
Compound - are substances composed of two or more kinds of atom. It can be
classified as salt, bases, or acids.

Mixture - two or more substances which are mixed together but are not chemically
combined. It can be Homogeneous or Heterogenous.
Homogeneous Mixture - also known as “solution”, has only one phase and a uniform
composition all throughout.
Heterogeneous Mixture - has two or more phase. It does not have a uniform
composition. One substance can be easily separated from the other.
Heterogeneous Mixture
Colloid - particles are evenly distributed without setting off bottom, also appears
homogeneous, but the particles are recognizable at the microscope.
Suspension - are heterogeneous mixtures that have particles bigger than those of
colloids.

Lesson 4 - Methods of Separating Mixtures

Evaporation
separating a soluble solid to a liquid or a solvent •
the solution is subject to heat until the liquid (solvent) evaporates and the soluble
solid will be left

Filtration
often used to separate water-soluble from water-insoluble components.
requires a filtering medium like cheese cloth or filter paper
the solid that remained on the filter paper is the residue.
an example is a mixture of sand and water.

Sedimentation
used to separate components of mixtures based on their varying weights
heavy suspended particles are allowed to settle at the bottom of the container
After some time, the water becomes clearer, and then the liquid portion is poured
out carefully in such a way that sediments are not disturbed
An example is a mixture of mud and water

Decantation
Process of separating the liquid from the solid component of a mixture
Pouring out the liquid carefully without the sediment being disturbed so that it
remains at the bottom

Distillation
is the separation of mixtures through the continuous cycle of evaporation and
condensation of the volatile components of the mixture
An example is a mixture of alcohol and water

Chromatography
used to separate and identify the components of a mixture using a moving and a
stationary phase
An example is the black ink of a white board marker