Quiz-4 Hypothesis Testing for Large Sample (Z- Test)

Question1. A sample of 250 men is found to have a mean monthly salary of Rs. 30,568. Can it
be reasonably regarded as a sample from a large population with mean monthly salary of Rs.
30348 and SD Rs. 1200? Test at 5%level of significance.

a). z=0.183, |z|<1.96 Accept null hypothesis

b). z=2.899, |z|> 1.96 Reject null hypothesis
c) z=1.965, |z|>1.96 Reject null hypothesis
d) z=2.865, |z|>1.96 Reject null hypothesis

Let's define the null and alternative hypotheses:

Null Hypothesis (H0): The sample is from a population with a mean monthly salary of Rs. 30,348.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The sample is not from a population with a mean monthly salary of Rs.
30,348.
We can calculate the test statistic using the formula for the z-test:

z = (x̄ - μ) / (σ / √n)

Where:
x̄ is the sample mean,
μ is the population mean,
σ is the population standard deviation, and
n is the sample size.

Let's calculate the test statistic:

Sample mean (x̄) = Rs. 30,568

Population mean (μ) = Rs. 30,348
Population standard deviation (σ) = Rs. 1,200
Sample size (n) = 250

z = (30,568 - 30,348) / (1,200 / √250)

z = 220 / (1,200 / 15.8114)
z = 220 / 75.897
z ≈ 2.898
Next, we need to compare the test statistic with the critical value at a significance level of 5% (α =
0.05). The critical value for a two-tailed test is approximately ±1.96.

Since the test statistic (2.898) is greater than the critical value (1.96), we reject the null hypothesis.
This means that the sample cannot be reasonably regarded as a sample from a large population with a
mean monthly salary of Rs. 30,348 and a standard deviation of Rs. 1,200.

Therefore, there is evidence to suggest that the sample mean salary of Rs. 30,568 is significantly
different from the population mean of Rs. 30,348 at the 5% level of significance.

Question 2. The mean yield of wheat from a district A was 210 kg with SD= 10 kg per acre from
a sample of 100 plots. In another district B, mean yield was 220 kg with SD of 12 kg per acre
from a sample of 150 plots. Assuming that the SD of the yield in the entire state was 11 kg test
whether there is any significant difference between the mean yield of crops in the two districts.
Test at 1% level of significance.
a). z= 1.42, Critical value, zo= 1.96, |z|< zo, Accept Null hypothesis
b). z= 7.42, Critical value, zo= 1.96, |z|>zo, Reject Null hypothesis
c). z= -7.04, Critical value, zo= 2.58, |z|> zo, Reject Null hypothesis
d). z= 2.42, Critical value, zo= 2.58, |z|< zo, Accept Null hypothesis
Here are the null and alternative hypotheses for the test:

Null Hypothesis (H0): The mean yield of crops in district A is equal to the mean yield of crops in
district B.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The mean yield of crops in district A is not equal to the mean yield of
crops in district B.

We can calculate the test statistic using the formula for the z-test:

z = (x̄1 - x̄2) / sqrt ((σ1^2 / n1) + (σ2^2 / n2))

Where:
x̄1 is the mean yield in district A,
x̄2 is the mean yield in district B,
σ1 is the assumed population standard deviation of district A,
σ2 is the assumed population standard deviation of district B,
n1 is the sample size of district A, and
n2 is the sample size of district B.

Let's calculate the test statistic:

Mean yield in district A (x̄1) = 210 kg

Mean yield in district B (x̄2) = 220 kg
Assumed population standard deviation of district A (σ1) = 11 kg
Assumed population standard deviation of district B (σ2) = 11 kg
Sample size of district A (n1) = 100 plots
Sample size of district B (n2) = 150 plots

z = (210 - 220) / sqrt ((11^2 / 100) + (11^2 / 150))

z = -10 / sqrt (1.21 + 0.8123)
z = -10 / sqrt (2.0223)
z ≈ -10 / 1.42
z ≈ -7.04

Next, we need to compare the test statistic with the critical value at a significance level of 1% (α =
0.01). Since this is a two-tailed test, we will divide the significance level by 2, resulting in an α/2 =
0.005 for each tail.

The critical value for the z-test with α/2 = 0.005 can be obtained from a standard normal distribution
table or statistical software. Let's assume the critical value is approximately ±2.58.

Since the test statistic (-7.04) is outside the critical region (±2.58), we reject the null hypothesis. This
means that there is a significant difference between the mean yield of crops in districts A and B at the
1% level of significance.

Therefore, we can conclude that there is evidence to suggest that the mean yield of crops in the two
districts is significantly different using the z-test.
Question 3. In a certain city 100 men in a sample of 400 were found to be smokers. In another
city the number of smokers was 300 in a random sample of 800. Does this indicate that there is a
greater proportion of smokers in the second city than in the first? Test at 1% level of
significance.
a). z= 2.42, Critical value, zo= 1.96, |z|>zo, Accept Null hypothesis
b). z= 3.42, Critical value, zo= -1.645, |z|> zo, Reject Null hypothesis
c). z= -4.31, Critical value, zo= -2.33, |z|> zo, Reject Null hypothesis
d). z= 1.42, Critical value, zo= -2.33, |z|< zo, Accept Null hypothesis

Here are the null and alternative hypotheses for the test:

Null Hypothesis (H0): The proportion of smokers in the first city is equal to the proportion of smokers
in the second city.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The proportion of smokers in the second city is greater than the
proportion of smokers in the first city.

We can calculate the test statistic using the formula for the z-test for comparing two proportions:

z = (p1 - p2) / sqrt ((p * (1 - p)) * ((1 / n1) + (1 / n2)))

Where:
p1 is the proportion of smokers in the first city,
p2 is the proportion of smokers in the second city,
p is the pooled proportion (combined proportion of smokers),
n1 is the sample size of the first city, and
n2 is the sample size of the second city.

Let's calculate the test statistic:

Number of smokers in the first city = 100

Sample size of the first city = 400

Number of smokers in the second city = 300

Sample size of the second city = 800

p1 = 100 / 400 = 0.25 (proportion of smokers in the first city)

p2 = 300 / 800 = 0.375 (proportion of smokers in the second city)

p = (100 + 300) / (400 + 800) = 0.28125 (pooled proportion)

z = (0.375 - 0.25) / sqrt ((0.28125 * (1 - 0.28125)) * ((1 / 400) + (1 / 800)))

z = 0.125 / sqrt (0.20596 * (0.0025 + 0.00125))
z = 0.125 / sqrt (0.0009201)
z ≈ 0.125 / 0.030331
z ≈ 4.116

Next, we need to compare the test statistic with the critical value at a significance level of 1% (α =
0.01). Since this is a one-tailed test in the direction of the alternative hypothesis (greater than), we will
use the critical value for the upper tail.

The critical value for the z-test at a 1% level of significance is approximately 2.33.
Since the test statistic (4.116) is greater than the critical value (2.33), we reject the null hypothesis.
This means that there is evidence to suggest that the proportion of smokers in the second city is
greater than the proportion of smokers in the first city at the 1% level of significance.

Therefore, we can conclude that there is a greater proportion of smokers in the second city compared
to the first city based on the z-test.

Question 4. Fill in the blanks: All parametric tests are based on the assumption of
a). Complexity
b). Normality
c). population mean and standard deviation are known.
d). None of the above

Question 5. State the formulae for standard errors of sample mean and sample proportion.
a). Standard errors of sample mean = σ/√(n-1) Standard error of sample proportion is σ/√(n-1)
b). Standard errors of sample mean= (σ/√n) Standard errors of sample proportion= (σ/√n)
c). Standard errors of sample mean = σ/√n Standard errors of sample proportion= (σ/√n) √[(N-n) / (N-
1)]
d). none of the above

Sampling and Testing of Hypothesis (Quiz 3)

Question 6. What is the impact of increasing the sample size?

a). As we go on increasing the sample size, the sampling distribution of mean approaches
normality, regardless of the shape of the population distribution.
b). As we go on increasing the sample size, the sampling distribution of mean remains unaffected.
c). As we go on increasing the sample size, the sampling distribution of mean approaches zero,
regardless of the shape of the population distribution.
d). none of the above.

Question 7. What are the different types of Sampling?

a). Purposive sampling, Random Sampling
b). Simple Sampling, Stratified Sampling
c). Systematic Sampling, Cluster Sampling
d). All the above

Question 8. What is Type I Error?

a). A type I error occurs if one rejects the null hypothesis when it is true.
b). A type I error occurs if one does not reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
c). A type I error occurs if one rejects the null hypothesis when it is false.
d). none of the above

Question 9. What is the critical value & critical region for left tailed test at 1% level of
significance for large sample?
a). The critical value is -2.33 & critical region will be to the left of -2.33.
b). The critical value is -2.33 & critical region will be to the right of -2.33.
c). The critical value is 2.33 & critical region will be to the left of 2.33.
d). The critical value is 2.33 & critical region will be to the right of 2.33.
Question 10. Fill in the blanks: Critical value Ze = ....... at 5% level of significance for two tailed
tests.
a). 2.33
b). 1.96
c). 2.58
d). none of the above

Question 11. Fill in the blanks: Critical value Ze = .............. at 1% level of significance for two
tailed tests.
a). 2.58
b). 1.96
c). 2.33
d). None of the above

Question 12. The important parametric tests are:

a). z-test
b). t-test
c). Chi square test
d). F-test
e). all the above

Question 13. Fill in the blanks: If a population is distributed normally with mean μ and
standard deviation σ then the means of all positive random samples of size n are also distributed
normally with mean ….and SE …….
a). mean μ, standard error σ/n
b). mean μ, standard error σ/n-1
c). mean μ, standard error σ/√n
d). none of the above

Question 14. For a population of 1000 people, how many people should be randomly selected so
that the sample size is ensures an accuracy ±85%.
a). 38
b). 41
c). 69
d). 54

Question 15. A researcher is interested in carrying out a prevalence study using simple random
sampling from a population of over 11,000 university students. She would like to estimate the
prevalence to within 5% of its true value. What should be the sample size?
a). 96
b). 232
c). 384
d). 550
 Quiz-2 (Basics of Research)

Questions Fill in the blanks:

1. The research, which is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or
involving quality or kind is called “qualitative research”.
2. Conceptual research" is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used
by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.
3. "Empirical research" is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable
of being verified by observation or experiment.

4. The technique for defining research problem involves the undertaking of the following
steps generally one after the other:
a). Only statement of the problem in a general way and understanding the nature of the
problem
b). Only surveying the available literature and developing the ideas through discussions
c). Only rephrasing the research problem into a working proposition.
d). All the other options

5. The technique for defining research problem does not involve the following step:
a). statement of the problem in a general way
b). understanding the nature of the problem
c). clustering of researchers
d). developing the ideas through discussions

6. Fill in the blanks: The ............... which deals with the method of selecting items to be
observed for the given study.
a). observational design
b). sampling design
c). statistical design
d). operational design

7. Fill in the blanks: The ................ which relates to the conditions under which the observations
are to be made.
a). sampling design
b). statistical design
c). operational design
d). observational design

8. Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study but may affect the
dependent variable are termed as "extraneous variables."

9. When do you use clustered sampling?

a). when there is considerable variation within each group, but the groups are essentially
similar to each other.
b). when there is similarity within each group, but the groups are essentially similar to each
other.
c). when there is considerable variation within each group, but the groups are dissimilar to each
other.
d). None of the above
10. Which is the correct sequence of the steps for research design:
A. collecting the data.
B. developing the hypothesis.
C. determining sample design.
D. extensive literature survey.
E. formulating the research problem.
F. preparing the research design.
G. execution of the project.
H. analysis of data.
I. hypothesis testing.
J. generalisations and interpretation, and
K. preparation of the report or presentation of the results

a). ABCDEFGHIJK
b). EDBFCAGHIJK
c). BADCFEGHIJK
d). EBDACHGIJK

1. What is the necessity of defining research problem?

a). Enable the researcher to be on the track whereas an ill-defined problem may create hurdles.
b). In order to know only what data are to be collected?
c). In order to know only what relations are to be explored?
d). Otherwise, PhD will not be awarded.

2. A feature of good design is

a). Flexible, appropriate, efficient, economical
b). Colourful Design
c). Simple Problem statement
d). Experimental error can be neglected.

3. Research design in case of exploratory research studies includes.

a). Formulating a problem for more precise investigation or of developing the working
hypotheses from an operational point of view.
b). Concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual, or of a group.
c). Such studies require procedures that will not only reduce bias and increase reliability.
d). Survey of concerning literature

4. Empirical research is also called as Experimental method

5. 2 criteria of Good Research

a). procedural design of the research is carefully planned.
b). purpose of the research should be clearly defined.
c). research procedure not decided.
d). No Conclusions
e). Option 5

6. Applied research aims at

a). finding a solution for an immediate problem
b). concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory.
c). Ex post facto research
d). some abstract idea(s) or theory.
7. What do you mean by Research?
a). collection of data
b). documentation of critical information
c). analysis
d). interpretation of that data/information
e). All the above

Quiz 5: (T, F and Chi Square Test)

Question 1. Ten individuals are chosen at random from a normal population and the heights are found to
be in inches 63, 63, 66, 67, 63, 69, 70, 71, 75 and 71. In the light of these data, discuss the suggestion that
the mean height in the population is 66 inches at 5% level of significance.

a). df=9, calculated t value =2.26, Null hypothesis is accepted.

b). df=9, calculated t value =1.69, Null hypothesis is rejected.
c). df=9, calculated t value =1.39, Null hypothesis is accepted.
d). df=9, calculated t value =1.89, Null hypothesis is rejected.

Question 2. For a random sample of 10 pigs fed on diet A, the increase in weight in pounds in a certain
period were 10, 6, 16, 17, 13, 12, 8, 14, 15, 9 lbs. For another random sample of 12 pigs, fed on diet B, the
increase in the same period were 7, 13, 22, 15, 12, 14, 18, 8, 21, 23, 10, 17 lbs. Test whether diets A and B
differ significantly as regard to its effect on increasing weights of pigs. Test at 5% level of significance.

a). df=20, calculated t= 1.6, Null hypothesis is accepted.

b). df=19, calculated t= 1.96, Null hypothesis is accepted.
c). df=20, calculated t= 2.6, Null hypothesis is rejected.
d). df=19, calculated t= 1.6, Null hypothesis is rejected

Question 3. The standard deviations calculated from two random samples of sizes 9 and 13 are 2.1 and 1.8
respectively. May the samples be regarded as drawn from normal populations with the same SD? Test at
5% level of significance.

a). DF (8,12), F= 1.41, Null hypothesis is rejected.

b). DF (8,12), F= 1.41, Null hypothesis is accepted.
c). DF (12,8), F= 0.71, Null hypothesis is rejected.
d). DF (9,13), F= 0.71, Null hypothesis is accepted.

Question 4. Two batches each of 12 experimental animals are inoculated and the other not inoculated
were exposed to the infection of a disease. The following frequencies of dead and surviving animals were
noted in the two cases. Can the inoculation be regarded as effective against the disease? Test at 5% level
of significance. Inoculated- Dead 2, survived 10; Not inoculated- Dead 8, survived 4.

a). df=2, Chi square= 4.269, Inoculation is said to be effective against the disease.
b). df=1, Chi square= 4.286, Inoculation is said to be effective against the disease.
c). df=2, Chi square= 3.84, Inoculation is not effective against the disease.
d). df=1, Chi square= 3.84, Inoculation is said to be effective against the disease.

Question 5. A fertilizer mixing machine is set to give 12 kg of nitrate for every quintal bag of fertilizer.
Ten 100kg bags are examined. The percentages of nitrate are: 11, 14, 13, 12, 13, 12, 13, 14, 11, 12. Is there
reason to believe that the machine is defective? Test at 5%level of significance.

a). df=9, calculated t= 1.47, Reject Null hypothesis.

b). df=9, calculated t= 2.26, Reject Null hypothesis.
c). df=9, calculated t= 1.47, Accept Null hypothesis.
d). df=9, calculated t= 2.26, Accept Null hypothesis.