1) Which of the following are some of the major milestones in the history of open source software?

· The Free Software Foundation

· The Release of Microsoft Windows
· The creation of the Linux operating system
· The birth of Ubuntu

2) What are the three general governance models used in open source projects? Select all answers
that apply.

· Company-led
· Benevolent dictatorship
· Private-collective
· Governing board

3) What are the main types of Open Source Software (OSS) licenses? Select all answers that apply.

· Free of charge
· Permissive
· Proprietary
· Educational use
· Restrictive

4) Linux began:

· In 1998 when IBM made a major investment

· When UNIX was first born about 1969
· When SCO ported Xenis to the Intel 8036 processor in 1983
· In 1991 with an Internet post by a student in Finland

5) Which method best describes the way Android is developed?

· Company-Led
· Benevolent Dictatorship
· Governing Board

6) Which method best describes the way FreeBSD is developed?

· Benevolent Dictatorship
· Governing Board
· Company-Led

7) Which method best describes the way Linux kernel is developed?

· Benevolent Dictatorship
· Company-Led
· Governing Board

8) What are some of the advantages of open source software development? Select all answers that
apply.

· Stronger and more secure code

· Developers have the means to build better software
· Potentially faster bug repairs
· Reduced costs
9) From a business perspective, use of OSS (Select all answers that apply):

· Lengthens time to make, but is worth it because of improved product

· Enables use of ingredients from other sources and speeds development
· Makes marketing more difficult because it is hard to differentiate product
· Makes marketing easier as some ingredients are already well-known and trusted

10) OSS is (Select all answers that apply):

· Insecure because no one is in charge of security

· Causes security problems because developers come from different organizations and
companies and do not understand each other's code
· Can be more secure because many developers can easily see the code, look for
problems, and mitigate problems when they are discovered
· Secure or insecure depending on the quality and priorities of the project maintainers,
but at least users can judge this by open discussion and code inspection

11) For school systems at any level, use of OSS (Select all answers that apply):

· May cause problems with vendor lock-in

· Can lower costs by letting low-cost or free software be used
· Should be avoided, as students become confused by choices
· Can lower costs by letting older hardware be used

12) School systems can benefit from using OSS because (Select all answers that apply):

· Students may learn how to join projects and contribute from an early age or stage in
their education
· Students can more easily learn about how things really work as compared to using
closed source operating systems and applications
· Applications are flashier and have better integration with social media platforms than do
proprietary ones
· Making things more difficult to learn at first is giving more real world experience
· As the world's IT infrastructure becomes more and more OSS-based, students will be
better prepared to enter the work force especially as developers

13) Developers working in OSS will:

· Will have to spend a lot of time undergoing unnecessary critical review of their code even
though they know it is perfect
· Will often find it easier to get good jobs because their work will be more open to
inspection
· Have to spend a lot of useless time cleaning uo their code since more eyeballs will see it
· Will often find it harder to get good jobs because employers will not be sure what parts of the
project were contributed by the developer candidate

14) Which of the following are examples of successful open source projects? Select all answers that
apply.

· OpenStack
· ONAP
· PowerPoint
· Adobe Photoshop
· Hyperledger Fabric
· Kubernetes
15) The git version control system arose from needs of which project:

· GNU
· Apache
· Kubernetes
· Python
· The Linux Kernel

16) Which of the following are OSS projects used to construct a graphical user interface (GUI)?

· Wayland
· GNOME
· Microsoft Word
· KDE
· X Window System

17) Which of the following are projects emanating from the Free Software Foundation?

· glibc
· gcc
· gdb
· Apache
· bash

18) Which of the following are widespread fully OSS projects (Select all that apply):

· Facebook
· Google
· Instagram
· Abode Photoshop
· None of the above

19) Which of the following document preparation systems are OSS projects (Select all that apply):

· Microsoft Word
· TeX,LaTex and related versions
· Notepad
· LibreOffice
· WordStar

20) You can immediately start contributing to an open source project. No prior research, knowledge
or preparation is needed. True or False?

· True
· False

21) Most open source projects succeed. True or False?

· True
· False

22) Community members with offensive behavior will not be removed from an open source project.

· True
· False
23) When first getting involved in an OSS project, you should (Select all answers that apply):

· Consider what it is you would like to work on, either because it is needed by you, or it just
interests you
· Start by posting messages on the appropriate mailing lists, suggesting thing you would like to
see, pointing out the weak aspects of the project, etc.
· Start contributing code immediately and learn the workflow through doing
· Start by helping test and report results

24) When working on an OSS project, the best strategy is to:

· Submit changes one at a time in a sequential manner, even if the full change will not
do much until the entire patch series is incorporated
· Save up changes until you can submit multiple changes in one large patch,rather than bother
maintainers often

25) When there is someone in the project community that gets abusive or just difficult to deal with,
you should (Select all answers that apply):

· Immediately respond in kind and slap them down

· Let established community members moderate the conflict
· Actually read what they are saying; even if phrased in a nasty manner, the points
might need addressing, and you can respond to them calmly
· Find out what their demographical characteristics are (race,gender,nationality, etc.) and use
that to belittle them

26) You have worked hard on implementing a new feature for and OSS project and submitted your
work. A senior maintainer liked you ideas, but ignored your implementation and substituted their own
new one to the same end. You should:

· Demand your implementation be the one used (after all,it was your idea!), but respectfully
consider any less total changes or suggestions
· If the other implementation is successful at achieving its purpose, you should accept
the result gratefully (after registering you displeasure that rather than reviewing and
modifying you work, it was abandoned), and contribute to improving the new
implementation as needed
· Announce you are leaving the project, it is not worth you time if your work is disrespected,
and post on social media a detailed expsoe of how disputes are badly handled in the project,
and warn people to stay away

27) On a project mailing list, some inserts an irrelevant politica, or philosophical comment into an
otherwise technical discussion and this is at least mildly offensive to you. A good and proper
response could be (Select all that apply):

· Ignore the comment and just answer the technical issues

· Politely ask the post to not make such comments. If they counter with more and
stronger statements, ask any discussion moderators to quiet the issue offline if
needed
· Aggressively counter the comment and begin a discussion thread about the side topic to
increase everyone's sensitivity to the issue
· Write an entry on the episode on your blog and give detailed information on the offender, so
people can tell them what they think about their views, and be warned not to work them on
other projects.
28) Which of the following are some of the questions you have to consider when testing to ensure all
pieces of a distributed development project work as expected? Select all answers that apply.

· Does the project still compile?

· Do changes that overlap with each other conflict?
· Can changes that overlap with each other be applied at the same time?
· Are there good test suites that can be used on representative workloads, to ensure
things are working properly?

29) Continuous Integration (Select all answers that apply):

· Can be costly to set up, as it requires a server and staff and training developers to use
properly
· Minimizes regression bugs, since thorough testing is done at every stage before
release (i.e. continuously)
· Speeds up the development process, as builds and tests are fully automated
· Can put a strain on developers who have to submit changes constantly
· Can speed development, as wrong paths can be discovered before they are pursued
for a long time

30) What is the correct order of the Continuous Integration process stage?

· Integration, Delivery and Deployment

· Deployment, Delivery and Integration
· Delivery, Integration and Deployment
· Integration, Deployment and Delivery

31) Which statement is true?

· You do not need Continuous Integration if you use a revision control system such as Git
· You do not need a revision control system such as Git if you use Continuous Integration
methods
· Use of Continuous Integration and revision control methods are independent, but are
usually employed together

32) The Linux Kernel Continuous Integration Project was initiated by:

· The Apache Software Foundation

· The Free Software Foundation
· The Linux Foundation
· Linaro
· FIFA

33) There are many tooling suites used for Continous Integration. The most widely used one is:

· Jenkins
· Bamboo
· Eclipse
· Travis CI
· Emacs

34) You can switch to a different license for your project at any time, without difficulty. True or False?

· True
· False
35) What are some considerations that go into OSS license selection (Select all answers that
apply)?

· How much you want to charge for buying software on the project
· How the code will be used (i.e. good or evil)
· Policy on patents
· Should all modifications be public (restrictive vs permissive)

36) Which of the following is a "copyleft" license?

· BSD
· GPL

37) FUD stands for:

· Fear,Uncertainty and Doubt

· Elmer Fud(d)
· Free Unsupported Development
· Failure, Unbelievable and Damaged
· Fitbit, USB and Dirty

38) Select the true statement:

· If you includes OSS components in your project, you must release the full source for all
components
· OSS and Closed Source Software can co-exist in a product, but careful analysis
should be done to make sure proper boundaries are respected and enforced

39) Select the true statement:

· Use of OSS has no predetermined effect on legal costs. It can lower them, since
proper license enforcement can be built-in early, or it can raise them by having more
people pick at the code if attribution has been sloppy
· Use of OSS increases legal costs as compared to closed source, as allcode must be audited
carefully

40) Why is good leadership important for the success of an open source project? Select all answers
that apply.

· Moderate conflicts
· Have an efficient workflow
· Mentor new contributions
· Encourage contributors to give their best work

41) An open source project cannot function without trust. True or False?

· True
· False

42) A benevolent dictatorship will allow subproject maintainers to make the decisions. True or False?

· True
· False
43) In open source projects, failure is more common than success. True or False?

· True
· False

44) The abbreviation BDFL stands for:

· Better Delivery From Licensing

· Big Data For Linux
· Bad Drama From Litterers
· Benevolent Dictator For Life

45) The job of a mentor includes:

· Teaching contributors how to handle criticism, as well as how to give constructive

criticism
· Finding ways to empower people to give their maximum contribution
· Knowing when to eject someone from a project because their work is not of high enough
quality
· Training new project contributors in how to submit their work successfully in the right
form

46) If a project fails in the sense that it stops moving forward, it is likely because (Select all answers
that may apply):

· Leadership is poor
· There are not enough developers contributing
· It is just too hard to start a new project
· There is insufficient interest in the wider community of developers

47) Which statements is true?

· A project should have a clear license to begin with. It may possibly make a change
later if it really needs to, but that is often non-trivial if there are quite a few
contributors
· A project can start without a clear idea of what license to follow, and it can adopt it later, as
needed
· Most open source projects fail in the sense that they stagnate and fade away. Is this bad?
· It is not bad. Many seeds are planted and only some bloom, and it is difficult to predict
which ones. It is always good to encourage a lot of new ideas and methods, and let
them compete until the winners emerge.
· It is bad. It is a waste of time and effort that could be better spent.

48) In OSS projects, collaboration is a key element. What are some ways that promote healthy
collaboration among contributors? Select all answers that apply.

· Be respectful and open minded

· Competition between differing approaches
· Unilateral, top-down communication
· Divide work fairly among more than one group or individual, and merge late
49) OSS project should explicitly encourage diversity with respect to (Select all answers that apply):

· Height and weight

· National origin and language
· Race
· Sex and gender identity
· Weather

50) The majority of OSS projects carry out their discussions in English. Therefore (Select all answers
that apply):

· One should always speak as clearly as possible, and while not being dull, think about
the audience and what they will be familiar with
· Language misunderstandings are unlikely to occur
· Misunderstandings will only occur between native and non-native English speakers
· It is fine to often use unexplained idioms and cultural references

51) With respect to criticism, an OSS contributor and reviewer should (Select all answers that apply):

· Demand someone else review your submission and not answer specifics in any detail
· Not hold back, it is important to have open and forthright discussion
· Answer thoughtfully and point out where one agrees or disagrees, where changes are
accepted or not.
· Be very careful to never say someone is wrong, as some cultures find that offensive

52) Some one on an OSS mailing list introduces a political aside and perhaps a preference during a
technical discussion. Appropriate responses include (Select all correct answers):

· Respond immediately with your own view so the issue is not unchallenged if you disagree, or
to reinforce the stance if you do
· Acknowledge the issue but briefly without putting down anyone with differing
opinions. Avoid amplifying
· Make social media posts outside the community to alert them that someone has ignorant
views
· Ignore the point and just address the technical issues as needed.

53) You propose a new way of doing something, or adding a new feature. Another contributor points
out this idea was reject previously. You should (Select all answers that apply):

· Ask whether the need for this feature has grown; the earlier discussion may have
been premature
· Study the previous discussion and see whether it applies, including whether or not
differences between your ideas and the old ones were not seen
· Ask whether or not technical abilities have evolved to the point where something that
was not feasible can be done today
· Forget about it; no one will pay attention to you if you go forward if the other contributor has
more history and trust than you do

54) Both public and private repositories on GitHub are free of charge. True or False?

· True
· False
55) GitHub and other similar hosting providers do not offer a full GUI interface. True or False?

· True
· False

56) Select the correct statement. GitHub:

· Is maintained by the GNU project (its name starts with "g" is the clue)
· Is maintained by The Linux Foundation
· Is a private company acquired by Microsoft in 2018

57) Sites that offer services similar to GitHub include (select all that apply):

· Launchpad
· Google
· GitLab
· The OpenStack Foundation
· GitKraken

58) When using a GitHub public repository:

· Anyone on the Internet can download the data, but only authorized collaborators can
upload information and modifications
· Anyone on the internet can download the data as well as upload information and make
modifications

59) To use Git, you:

· Must be using Linux

· Be on any operating system and version that has Git installed, and almost all do

60) To use GitHub and the other sites that provide repository hosting:

· You must work from a command line

· You can work from either a graphical interface or a command line
· You must work from a graphical interface

61) What is usually the default shell for Linux?

· C Shell
· Korn Shell
· bash (Bourne Again SHell)
· Thompson Shell

62) How was The Linux Foundation formed?

· It started in 2000 as the Open Source Development Lab (OSDL), and later changed its name
to The Linux Foundation
· The Free Standards Group changed its name to The Linux Foundation
· OSDL and the Free Standards Group merged in 2007 to form The Linux Foundation
63) What are some of the most basic Linux components that are completely rooted in UNIX? Select
all answers that apply.

· Inode-based filesystem
· Multi-process scheduling
· Process creation and destruction
· Accessing hardware through device nodes

64) What are the 3 major families of Linux Distributions? Select all answers that apply.

· Red Hat
· Debian
· Ubuntu
· SUSE
· Oracle Linux

65) In order to install and use Linux:

· You must pay a fee to The Linux Foundation to obtain a license

· You have to post a public notice that you intend to honor the proper licenses
· You need a computer or an account in a cloud environment such as AWS, Azure or
Google Cloud
· You are required to notify Linus Torvalds, so he can decide if the use is appropriate

66) Which of the following are members of the Debian distribution family (Select all answers that
apply)?

· Linux Mint
· Fedora
· Ubuntu
· Gentoo

67) Which of the following are Enterprise Linux Distributions (Select all answers that apply)?

· BSD
· RHEL
· Solaris
· SUSE

68) Which of the following are important facilities Linux distributions provide?

· Make it easy to install Linux on a wide variety of hardware platforms

· Make sure all the different software on the system works together and is updated at
once without conflicts
· Provide updates, upgrades and bug and security fixes to end user systems in a timely
and controlled fashion
· Form the connecting bridge between end users and upstream developers, making
sure each is aware of the other's situations
69) Select all true answers:

· Linux is one of the many varieties of the UNIX operating system.

· Linux borrowed heavily from basic UNIX features, but is not actually an
implementation of the UNIX operating system.
· The development of Linux is determined by The Linux Foundation.
· Linux is a product of the Free Software Foundation GNU project.
· The term Linux really applies only to the core kernel, not the entire operating system.

70) What are the three basic layers on a Linux graphical interface? Select all answers that apply.

· Mutter
· The Window Manager
· GNOME
· The Desktop Manager
· The X Window System

71) All recent GNOME-based Linux distributions look very similar as far as starting up, logging in,
and shutting down. True or False?

· True
· False

72) What is the easiest way to install KDE on a CentOS 7 system?

· sudo yum groupinstall KDE

· sudo yum install KDE

73) In the X Window System:

· The client is always on the local system, while the server is always on a remote system.
· The server is always on the local system, while the client is always on a remote system.
· The server handles matters such as display and input devices, while the client can be
anywhere and is the running application.
· The client handles matters such as display and input devices, while the server can be
anywhere and is the running application.

74) Which of the following are layers of the graphical system interface?

· Desktop Manager
· Window Manager
· Network Manager
· Display Manager
· Memory Manager

75) If you are running a GNOME desktop manager:

· You can run KDE-based applications if you pay an extra fee

· You can run KDE-based applications if you install a compatibility wrapper
· You can run KDE-based applications most of the time, as long as the underlying
libraries have been installed by the distribution
· You cannot run KDE-based applications
76) Which of the following are Desktop Managers?

· KDE
· X Window System
· Wayland
· GNOME
· XFCE

77) What are ways you can launch a terminal window on a graphical desktop?

· Hit *Ctrl-Alt-Delete*
· Hit Alt-F2 and then type in the program name (e.g., gnome-termina l, konsole, xterm
etc.)
· Find the "terminal" option in the Application* or *Favorites* menu
· On many but not all desktops, right click anywhere on the background and click on
Open Terminal

78) What are some of the basic command line tools that can be found on Linux that can be used to
get help?

· man pages
· --help and help
· info

79) You can invoke the graphical help system directly from the command by doing:

· khelpcenter or kdehelpcenter if you are running a KDE desktop

· gnome-help if you are running a GNOME desktop

80) Which chapter in man contains information about standard user commands?

· 1
· 2
· 3
· 7
· 2

81) Which commands get a list of all man pages named "file" (Select all answers that apply)?

· $ man -k file
· $ what is file
· $ whatis file
· $ apropos file

82) Select the true statements about getting documentation on echo (Select all answers that apply).

· man echo gives the information about the system utility at /usr/bin/echo or /bin/echo
· help echo gives the information about the command embedded in the bash shell
· help echo gives the information about the system utility at /usr/bin/echo or /bin/echo
· man echo gives the information about the command embedded in the bash shell
83) Which of the following are command line help utilities?

· info
· help
· man
· linuxdoc
· explain

84) To get a short help message about a command such as ls, listing options and arguments, type

· help is
· ls/?
· ls-help
· ls --help
· ls help

85) What are some of the most common editors that can be found on any Linux distribution? Select
all answers that apply.

· Notes
· vi
· gedit
· emacs
· nano
· kate

86) GNOME offers a graphical interface four the vi editor, called gvim, while KDE does not offer a
graphical interface for the vi editor. True or False?

· False
· True

87) What keys does emacs use for special commands? Select all answers that apply.

· Control (Ctrl)
· Shift
· Meta
· Enter

88) Which of the following statements is true?

· Once you have begun a file in emacs, you cannot edit it in vi without running a conversion
program first to strip out embedded information in the file
· Once you have begun a file in vi, you cannot edit it in emacs without running a conversion
program first to strip out embedded information in the file
· You can go back and forth between editors as much as you would like without a
conversion process

89) Which of the following methods can be used to produce a file with 3 lines in it? Select all
answers that apply.

· $ echo line one > myfile

· $ echo line two > myfile
· $ echo line three > myfile
 · $ echo -e 'line one\\nline two\\nline three ' > myfile

· $ echo line one > myfile

· $ echo line two >> myfile
· $ echo line three >> myfile

· $ cat << EOF > myfile

· \> line one
· \> line two
· \> line three
· \> EOF $

90) Which statement is true?

· vi involves switching between command and insert mode by hitting the Escape key
· emacs involves switching between command and insert mode by hitting the Escape key
· edit involves switching between command and insert mode by hitting the Escape key
· nano involves switching between command and insert mode by hitting the Escape key

91) Which pair of editors has partisan advocates who tend to wage war over which is better than the
other?

· vi and emacs
· vi and nano
· pico and nano
· gedit and emacs

92) Which editor can always be found installed by default on virtually any Linux system?

· emacs
· WordStar
· vi
· kwrite
· libreoffice

93) Porting scripts from csh variants is relatively easy and straightforward. True or False?

· True
· False

94) Which of the following commands would add newbin, a directory in your home directory, to the
PATH (Select all answers that apply)?

· PATH=$PATH:$HOME/newbin
· PATH=$HOME/newbin:$PATH
· $PATH=$PATH:$HOME/newbin
· PATH=$HOME/$newbin:$PATH

95) To make an environment variable (VAR) effective for only one command (foobar), you should do:
 · VAR=value ; ./foobar
· VAR=value ./foobar
· VAR=value && ./foobar
· export VAR=value ./foobar

96) Which of the following expressions will give the correct mathematical result (7) for x = 10 (Select
all answers that apply)?

· $ echo $x - 3
· $ echo $(expr $x-3)
· $ echo $(expr $x - 3)
· $ echo $(($x - 3 ))

97) Which commands will get both the normal and error outputs of prog into afile?

· foo 2>&1 file

· foo >> file
· foo > file 2>&1
· foo >& file

98) Which of the following commands has the correct syntax for specifying an alias?

· alias doitall=make clean; make all; evince output.pdf

· alias doitall="make clean; make all; evince output.pdf"
· alias doitall= "make clean; make all; evince output.pdf"

99) The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) has always been administered by The Linux
Foundation. True or False?

· True
· False

100) You can create a new partition by typing p. True or False?

· True
· False

101) For the most basic commonly used partitioning scheme, you would have:

· 8 partitions
· 1 partition
· 3 partitions
· 6 parititions

102) Which of the following pseudo-directories are empty when the system is not running (Select all
answers that apply)?

· /dev
· /sys
· /proc
· /boot
· /etc

103) Which of the following statements describes the best practice?

 · The current directory should be pretended to the path
· The current directory should not be placed in the path
· The current directory should be appended to the path

104) If file does not exist, which command will produce an error?
· ln -s file file2
· ln file file2

105) Which command will list the partition information on the first hard disk and then exit?

· fdisk -l /dev/sda
· fdisk -l hd1
· fdisk /dev/sda

106) Which directory trees usually have frequently changing data, and would not be desirable on a
partition that is more static? Select all answers that apply.

· /var
· /usr
· /home
· /tmp
· /bin

107) How many versions does GRUB have?

· 1
· 2
· 3
· 4

108) What runlevel is reserved for the system halt state?

· 0
· 1
· 3
· 6

109) What is the proper order of system initialization stages on most x86-based systems?

· init (PID 1) -> BIOS -> GRUB

· GRUB -> BIOS -> init (PID 1)
· BIOS -> GRUB -> init (PID 1)

110) Which files need to be in the /boot directory for the system to boot up (select all that apply)?

· vmlinuz
· initramfs
· config
· System.map

111) Using GRUB lets you (Select all correct answers):

 · Choose which Linux kernel to user for boot
· Choose between operating systems or different Linux distributions
· Choose various options for booting up the system

112) Select the order in which the following system initialization methods were introduced:

· systemd -> SysVinit -> Upstart

· SysVinit -> systemd -> Upstart
· SysVinit -> Upstart -> systemd

113) Which is multiple user with no graphical desktop?

· 1
· 3
· 5

114) You can use the sudo swapoff -a command to turn off all swap memory. True or False?

· True
· False

115) Threads in a process do not share any information with each other. True or False?

· True
· False

116) A rather complete picture of memory usage can be gotten by viewing the following pseudofile:
· /proc/memory
· /proc/meminfo
· /sys/meminfo
· /proc/cpuinfo

117) Select all true statements:

· There is no uniform prescription for how much swap space to use.
· Memory used directly by the Linux kernel is never swapped out.
· Using swap space ties up system memory, but boosts performance.
· Using swap space lets the system pretend it has more memory than it physically has.

118) Which statement(s) are correct?

· The pthreads library enables multithreaded applications to be written just once for
many different operating systems.
· A process may contain only one thread.
· A thread may contain many processes.
· A process may contain many threads.
119) The OOM KIller
· Suspends the system until more memory becomes available
· Tries to keep the system running by killing processes which are using more memory
than can be supplied

120) Which of the following are utilities used to work with swap space?
· swapchk
· mkswap
· swapon
· swap
· swapoff

121) It is not easy to turn off the new naming scheme and go back to using the old classic names.
True or False?
· True
· False

122) Which networking configuration interface is newer and has extended capabilities?
· ip
· ifconfig

123) Using Predictable Network Interface Device Names (PNIDN) has come into use because:

· Many computers are no longer in one location; for example, laptops are on the move,
and available interfaces are subject to change
· It makes it harder for bad actors to guess interface names
· Hardware such as USB devices can be added and removed at runtime
· On modern systems, the order in which network hardware is found is less predictable

124) Which command(s) will bring the network interface eth0 up and assign an address to it?

· sudo ifconfig eth0 up 192.168.1.100

· sudo ip addr add 192.168.1.100 dev eth0
· sudo ip addr ifconfig add 192.168.1.100 add default eth0
· sudo ifconfig up 192.168.1.200 eth0

125) You can see statistics for the eth0 interface by (select all answers that apply):

· doing sudo ifconfig eth0

· doing sudo ip -s link show eth0
· looking at /sys/class/net/eth0/statistics

126) What does MTU stand for?

· Multiple Target Unleashing

· Maximum Transfer Unit (usually 1500 bytes by default) for Ethernet packets
· Many Transport Uploads
127) FileZilla is the dominant ftp server in use on Linux. True or False?

· True
· False

128) What are some of the file transfer tools available to use on Linux systems? Select all answers
that apply.

· Your browser
· FTP
· rsync
· curl
· wget

129) gnome-system-monitor is a graphical monitoring tool installed on any Linux distribution that
provides the GNOME desktop. It generates statistics in real time, but you don't have the ability to
save the data. True or False?

· True
· False

130) ksysguard is another graphical monitoring tool, which has far more extensive capabilities than
gnome-system-monitor. True or False?

· True
· False

131) Which statement is true:

· Command line monitoring tools such as top and vmstat are quite similar on all Linux
distributions, but graphical tools vary quite a bit
· Graphical monitoring tools are quite similar on all Linux distributions, but command line tools
such as top and vmstat vary quite a bit

132) Which of the following utilities can be used to monitor I/O activity? (We encourage you to try all
of them, as this is the best way to learn)
· sar
· iostat
· vmstat
· iotop

133) Which of the following utilities can be used to monitor process and system load activity? (We
encourage you to try all of them as this is the best way to learn)
· free
· top
· ps
· uptime
· df
134) Your system seems memory-starved and is slowing down. Which utilities would give you
information about your memory usage?
· vmstat
· netstat
· free
· pmap
· pstree

135) Which statement is true?

· It is easier to monitor system activity using graphical interface tools, as they vary little from
one Linux distribution to the next.
· It is easier to monitor system activity using command line tools, since they vary little
from one Linux distribution to the next.

136) Which are high level graphical system monitoring tools?

· wireshark
· gnome-system-monitor
· ksysguard
· Network Manager

137) The command that gives you information about currently loaded modules is:
· modinfo
· lsmod

138) Which are the 3 main types of devices connected to your system?
· Network devices
· Block devices
· Character devices
· Transfer devices

139) Devices are easily registered using only their names. True or False?

· True
· False

140) udev makes sure the system recognizes any new devices which are plugged in, and also when
devices are removed. True or False?

· True
· False

141) Which command should you use to disable vboxdrv?

· sudo disable vboxdrv
· sudo systemctl disable vboxdrv
· systemctl disable vboxdrv
142) Which statements are true?
· It is impossible to unload a kernel module being used by another module
· It is impossible to unload a kernel module being used by an application.
· It is possible to unload a kernel module being used by an application if you use the -f option
to either rmmod or modprobe -r
· It is possible to unload a kernel module being used by another module if you use the -f option
to either rmmod or modprobe -r

143) The lsmod utility shows for each loaded module (select all correct answers):
· Which user loaded the module
· What other modules are using it
· When the module was loaded
· Its size in bytes
· How many processes depend on it

144) Udev (select all correct answers):

· Stands for User Device
· Is designed to control which users can use a particular device
· Stands for Deviant User
· Loads and unloads device drivers and other kernel modules as needed
· Is responsible for populating the /dev directory once the system is up and running.

145) Which command will ensure the httpd service (Apache) starts at system boot?
· sudo systemctl start httpd.service
· sudo systemctl status httpd.service
· sudo systemctl enable httpd.service
· sudo systemctl init httpd.service

146) How could you ensure the httpd service (Apache) is restarted if it is already running, say to
absorb a revised configuration file (select all correct answers)?
· sudo killall httpd && sudo startall httpd
· sudo systemctl restart httpd
· sudo systemctl stop httpd && sudo systemctl start httpd
· sudo restart httpd

147) What are some installation methods you can use for Linux? Select all that apply.
· Install Linux directly on your machine from the network, CD, DVD, USB, etc
· Use live media (CD, DVD, USB stick, etc)
· Network-based installation

148) You cannot test what a distribution looks like using live media. You must always have Linux
installed on your hardware. True or False?
· True
· False

149) Most Linux distributions have only one graphical interface. True or False?
· True
· False
150) On SUSE systems, YAST is your basic interface for all system administration. True or False?
· True
· False

151) What type of command is rpm?

· Low-level command
· High-level command

152) Which command lists the files in the package named "foobar"?
· dpkg --list foobar
· dpkg --listfiles foobar
· dpkg --showfiles foobar

153) Linux distributions do not include graphical interfaces for package management. True or False?
· True
· False

154) What does EPEL stand for?

· Expanded Packages for Enterprise Linux
· Extended Packages for Enterprise Linux
· Extra Packages for Extended Linux
· Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux

155) Depending on Linux distribution, which commands can install the libaio package and any
packages it needs to function that are not already installed (Select all answers that apply)?
· sudo dpkg -i libaio
· sudo zypper install libaio
· sudo dnf install libaio
· sudo apt-get install libaio
· sudo yum install libaio
· sudo rpm -Uvh libaio

156) Which command(s) can upgrade an entire system (Select all answers that apply)?
· sudo yum update
· zypper update
· sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
· dnf update
· sudo apt-get update

157) System logging files are kept under:

· /proc/log
· /tmp/log
· /var/log
· /etc/log
158) Where would the user named student usually find their personal files?
· /home/student
· /usr/local/student
· /student
· /var/student

159) The logrotate program:

· Erases all logging files on the system
· Provides a a game where lumberjacks have to roll logs into the river
· Cyclically rotates and optionally compresses log files to save space
· Rotates the text in logfiles so they are hard to read

160) The first non-root user ID when the system is installed will be:
· 0
· 1000
· 1001
· 500

161) When creating a new account with useradd, all distributions will create a home directory by
default. True or False?
· True
· False

162) Basic information about the characteristics of a user's account can be found in:
· /etc/users
· /var/users/params
· /etc/passwd
· /etc/permissions

163) Adding a new user to a group is done with:

· usermod
· chgroup
· groupmod
· groupadd

164) Which provides stronger security and auditing for system activity:
· su
· sudo

165) Differences between su and su - include (Select all answers that apply):
· su starts a new login shell, while su - just continues the current shell but gives it super
privileges
· su preserves more information, such as current directory, path and environment
variables
· su - preserves more information, such as current directory, path and environment variables
· su - starts a new login shell, while su just continues the current shell, but gives it
super privileges
166) Which is the proper way to use sudo with echo?
· sudo -c bash "echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
· sudo bash -c "echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
· sudo echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
· sudo echo 3 | cat - > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

167) Which command will list all files under the current directory with a .cfg extension, and then
delete them?
· find . -name "*.cfg" -exec rm {} ';'
· find -name "*.cfg" . -exec rm {} ';'
· find . -exec rm {} ';' -name "*.cfg"
· find -exec rm {} ';' -name "*.cfg" .

168) Which command will list all files and directories on the system with cfg in their name?
· find cfg
· locate cfg -exec ls -l {} ';'
· ls -l $(locate cfg)
· locate

169) Which command will find all files and directories in the system whose name ends with cfg?
· locate -r "^cfg"
· locate -r "cfg$"
· locate cfg$
· locate cfg

170) Which commands can change all occurrences within a file of the string boris to natasha (Select
all answers that apply)?

· sed -e s:boris:natasha:g file

· sed -e s\boris\natasha\g file
· sed -e s/boris/natasha/g file
· sed -e s/boris:natasha/g file

171) Which command will print out all lines beginning with "X" in all files in the current directory?
· grep $X *
· grep "^X" *
· grep "X$" *

172) sed stands for stream editor. True or False?

· True
· False

173) To combine the files test1 and test2 into the file newtest, type:
· test1 test2 > newtest
· cat test1 test2 > newtest
· test1 test2 > cat
· cat test1 test2 < newtest
174) By default, man pages are sent through the more command. True or False?
· True
· False

175) awk was created at Microsoft in the 1970s. True or False?

· True
· False

176) Which of the following commands will create a new file test1 from the command prompt?
· test1 > cat
· cat > test1
· cat >> test1
· cat < test1

177) Which of the following file manipulation utilities removes duplicate lines from a text file and
replaces them with single lines?
· sort
· paste
· split
· uniq

178) By default, split breaks up a file into:

· 3 columns
· 1000-line segments
· 2 columns
· 500-line segments

179) Which command is used to combine three files into a fourth file?
· cat file1 > file2 > file3 | file4
· cat file1 file2 file3 > file4
· cp file1 file2 file3 > file4
· cat file1 > file2 > file3 > file4

180) Which of the following commands can be used to view the last 15 lines of a file (Select all
answers that apply)?
· tail -15 some_file
· tail=15 some_file
· tail +15 some_file
· tail -n15 some_file

181) Which of the following commands will replace all instances of the word "dog" with "pig" in the
file named some_file and send the output to stdout (Select all answers that apply)?
· sed -e s:dog:pig:g some_file
· sed -e s/dog/pig/g some_file
· cat some_file | sed -e s/dog/pig/g
· sed -e s/dog/pig/ some_file
182) Which commands can be used to print the lines that contain the numbers 0–5 in a file (Select
all answers that apply)?
· grep [0-5] filename
· grep {0-5} filename
· grep [0,1,2,3,4,5] filename
· grep [-e0 -e1 -e2 -e3 -e4 -e5] filename

183) Which command is used to extract columns from a file to work on them later?
· cut
· tee
· tr
· wc

184) Which of the following special environment variables is the command name?
· $#
· $1 $2, etc.
· $0
· $@

185) Functions must always be defined before they are used. True or False?
· True
· False
186) Which of the following commands are equivalent (Select all answers that apply)?
· [[ -f file.c ]] && cat file.c
· if [[ -f file.c ]] ; then cat file.c ; fi
· if [ -f file.c ] ; then cat file.c ; fi
· if test -f file.c ; then cat file.c ; fi

187) Which commands will list all files under the current directory ending in "~" (Select all answers
that apply)? Note: Output lists may differ in format.

· find . -name "*~" -exec ls -l {} ';

· ls -l $(find . -name "*~")

· find . -name "*~" -ls

· find . -name "*~" | xargs ls -l

188) Functions (subprograms) are useful in bash scripts because (Select all answers that apply):
· They make things easier to read and comprehend
· They eliminate the need to retype the same set of commands more than once
· It is better not to have to call another script to get things done

189) How would you get the value of a variable named VAR into a script?
· ask VAR
· accept VAR
 · input VAR
· read VAR

190) Select the correct statement:

· A bash function can be placed anywhere in a script, before or after it is used
· A bash function must be placed before it is used in a script

191) The type of file is determined by examining its extension rather than content. True or False?
· True
· False

192) How many characters do you get at the beginning in the description of a file?
· 3
· 9
· 10
· 12

193) "666" permission means:

· read-write permission for all users
· write-execute permission for all users
· read-execute permission for all users
· read-write-execute permission for all users

194) Which statement is correct?

· In Linux, file types are rarely determined by extension letters
· In Linux, file types are never determined by extension letters
· In Linux, file types are always determined by extension letters

195) If the first character in the long file listing is a "-", the listed object is a:

· Symbolic (Soft) Link

· Block Device Node
· Unix Domain Socket
· Directory
· Normal File
· Named Pipe (FIFO)
· Character Device Node

196) If the first character in the long file listing is an "s", the listed object is a:
· Block Device Node
· Character Device Node
· setuid file
· Named Pipe (FIFO)
· Unix Domain Socket
· Symbolic (Soft) Link

197)Which of the following commands are equivalent (Select all answers that apply):
· chown 664 file
 · chown donald.ducks file
· chown donald file ; chgrp ducks file
· chown donald:ducks file
198) Which command will give all users the right to look at a file, but give only the owner the right to
change it or execute it:
· chmod 644 some_file
· chmod 764 some_file
· chmod 744 some_file
· chmod 467 some_file

199) Which of the following is true about journaling filesystems?

· A transaction must be completed without error, otherwise the filesystem is changed
· Operations are grouped into transactions
· They recover quickly from system crashes and ungraceful shutdowns but become corrupted

200) Which of the following commands can be used to see what filesystems your system currently
understands?
· cat /proc/filesystems
· cat /filesystems
· /proc/filesystems
· cat /sys/filesystems

201) Which of the following statements are true for Logical Volume Management (Select all answers
that apply):
· LVM makes it easy to change the size of the logical partitions and filesystems
· There can be some changes in performance with LVM
· LVM supports various graphical interfaces
· Using LVM breaks up one virtual partition into multiple chunks

202) What command would create a new logical volume named mylv of size 256 GB in volume
group VG ?
· lvextend -L+16G /dev/VG/myv
· lvcreate -L 256 mylv VG
· lvcreate -L 256G -n mylv VG

203) Which of the following are journaling filesystems (Select all answers that apply):
· ext4
· squashfs
· XFS
· btrfs
· vfat
· VFS

204) For a filesystem to be mounted at boot:

· It must be mentioned in the mounting scripts in /etc/init.d
· It must be listed in /etc/fstab
· It must be listed in /proc/filesystems
· It must be listed in /etc/mounts
205) When mounting a filesystem, it may be specified by any of the following methods (Select all
answers that apply):
· Kernel configuration option
· Label
· UUID
· Alias mentioned in .bashrc
· Device node

206) LVM stands for:

· Little Virtual Murders
· Logical Volume Management
· Large Volatile Memory
· Last Memory Vanished

207) Loopback filesystems (Select all answers that apply):

· Have slower performance than just having a native filesystem
· Are never used in production systems
· Can be useful for testing filesystem features

208) Which of the following statements are correct about gcc (Select all answers that apply):
· It compiles programs written in a number of languages
· Its name stands for GNU Compiler Collection
· There are only some operating systems that offer versions of gcc.

209) gdb can properly debug multi-threaded programs. True or False?

· True
· False

210) GCC stands for:

· Geneva Computation Corporation
· Great Computer Compiler
· GNU Compiler Collection
· GNU Compiler for C

211) A good choice of compiler options for day-to-day use would be:
· gcc -M -H -O3 -E program.c
· gcc -O2 -Wall -pedantic program.c
· gcc -Wall -I /tmp/include -L /tmp/lib program.c
· gcc -O0 -Wall -ansi program.c

212) Why might you choose to link your program statically, rather than use a shared library version?

· The static program will not use new versions of shared libraries as they become
available, and thus may avoid breakage and bugs
· The static program will load and execute more quickly
 · The static program need not have an open source license, while the shared library version
cannot be closed source
· The static program will use less memory
213) To find the shared libraries used by /usr/bin/cp you can do (Select all answers that apply):
· ldd /usr/bin/cp
· find -libso /usr/bin/cp
· gcc -ldd /usr/bin/cp
· ldd $(which cp)

214) Which statements are true (Select all answers that apply):
· Use of shared libraries can cause bugs because the application may conflict with the
new library version
· Use of shared libraries enables applications to stay up to date with new library
features without being recompiled
· Use of shared libraries saves memory
· Applications can load faster when using shared libraries

215) The concept of Write Once, Run Anywhere works better on the client side than on the server
side. True or False?
· True
· False

216) Which of the following is true for Eclipse?

· It has been used primarily for Java projects, but it also supports a number of other
languages
· It has been an open source project since 2010
· Eclipse Public License is fully compatible with the GPL license
· It can be traced back to 2001

217) Which of the following statements are true (Select all answers that apply)?
· Porting Java programs to Linux requires specialized expert input
· Java programs developed on other systems can be expected to run without
modification on Linux
· The biggest problem in porting Java code to Linux is often fear
· There are a number of choices which can be used for the Java implementation on
Linux machines, and one can switch between them
· Java programs need to have some changes to the source before they can run reliably on
Linux systems

218) Which utility can be used to select the default Java Implementation on a Linux system?
· setpref
· which
· choose
· alternatives

219) Which commands will show you information about which version of Java you are running
(Select all answers that apply):
· java -version
 · select --show java
· version --full java
· $ readlink -f $(which java)
220) Which of the following are Integrated Development Environments that can be used for Java on
Linux (Select all answers that apply)?
· Eclipse
· emacs
· DDD
· gdb
· NetBeans

221) If you are experienced in using Eclipse on another operating system, when moving to Linux:
· The interface and functioning should be almost the same and have little or no learning
curve required
· You will have to start over, as the interface and functioning are rather different

222) Which of the following are packaging system benefits for developers (Select all answers that
apply)?
· Integrity of the installation can be verified in a uniform and rapid fashion
· Repeatable builds
· Generation of dependency data, such as what other packages are needed by a given
package, and/or what other packages may need a given package
· Simple installation and removal methods

223) You have to be a superuser to build a binary RPM package on CentOS and openSUSE. True or
False?
· True
· False

224) Use of a package management system (Select all true statements):

· Simplifies upgrade and update of individual software packages, as well as the system
· Is rapidly going obsolete, as disk space becomes larger and cheaper
· Makes removing software difficult
· Makes updating slow, as one always has to recompile from source

225) Which of the following distributions use the RPM package management system (Select all
answers that apply)?
· Ubuntu
· SUSE
· Red Hat
· Fedora
· CentOS
· Gentoo
· Debian

226) Which of the following distributions use the APT (dpkg) package management system (Select
all answers that apply)?
· Debian
 · Ubuntu
· Linux Mint
· CentOS
· Gentoo
· Red Hat
· SUSE

227) With RPM, all information to configure, compile and install is contained in:
· The build file
· The rpm manifest
· The spec file
· The yum file

228) Which of the following statements are true (Select all answers that apply)?
· The source package contains one file in Debian-based systems
· The source package contains one file in RPM-based systems
· The source package contains multiple files in RPM-based systems
· The source package contains multiple files in -based systems