Chapter 8
Chapter 8
DEVELOPMENT
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Chapter Contents
2
¾ Approaches to developing information systems.
¾ Stages of the system development life cycle.
¾ Software system methodology.
¾ Commitment, Co‐ordination and Communication.
Approaches to Developing Information Systems
3
Two main approaches:
¾ Hard: concentrates on procedures and technologies to solve
and identified problem.
d id tifi d bl
¾ Soft: focuses more on the political and cultural aspects of
Soft: focuses more on the political and cultural aspects of
the domain, to help specify the sources of the problem.
“Soft” means associated with the human or psychological
aspects of problems not the physical or mechanical aspects.
t f bl t th h i l h i l t
Key Features of Hard and Soft Systems Approaches
4
Hard
¾ Clear objectives
¾ Easily defined measures of performance
¾ Easily defined measures of control
Easily defined measures of control
Soft
¾ Human behavior affecting performance.
¾ Objective which are difficult to define
¾ Uncertainty in decision making
¾ Difficulty in establishing suitable performance
measurements and controls.
Methods of Controlling Systems Development ‐ 1
5
Hard System Approaches
¾ Assumes an optimal solution can be found to move from
th
the present state to the desired state.
t t t t th d i d t t
¾ Structured systems analysis, and design methodology
(
(SSADM) stage produces the physical design from the
) g p p y g
logical or conceptual model.
¾ Systems development control life cycle provides overall
control for the entire change process.
t l f th ti h
Stages of the System Development Life Cycle
6
Pre-
Control and
Documentation implementation End
review
testing
Methods of Controlling Systems Development ‐ 2
7
Stages in Soft systems methodology
1‐ The problem situation is unstructured. Find out about problem: date is
recorded using appropriate fact‐finding techniques.
2‐ The situation is expressed using rich pictures:
A. Contain factual data and people views and perception relating to
situation
B
B. It uses appropriate symbols to express emotion or the problem
It uses appropriate symbols to express emotion or the problem
C. Used to express the problem situation in an easy‐to‐understand
format
Methods of Controlling Systems Development ‐ 2
8
3‐ The relevant systems are defined by constructing the:
A. Root definitions: a clear and concise statement that gives
an accurate description of the system or sub‐systems.
B. CATWOE analysis.
CATWOE analysis.
4‐ A conceptual model is developed showing systems as it
should be.
h ld b
A. A conceptual model is an activity model graphically
p g y
representing both what the system is and what it does.
B. It represents the processes that logically must go on if the
system is to be the one desired in the root definition.
C Should be one conceptual model for each root definition
C. Should be one conceptual model for each root definition
Methods of Controlling Systems Development ‐ 2
9
5‐ Comparison of the conceptual model with the problem
situation “with reality”.
6 Debates on feasible and desirable changes.
6‐ D b t f ibl d d i bl h
77‐ Implement agrees changes.
Implement agrees changes
Summary of CATWOE
10
¾ Customer: Beneficiaries of the system –
y receives output from the
p
system.
¾ Actor: Individuals who carry out activities in the systems.
¾ Transformation: How the system changes input into outputs.
¾ Worldview: Or Weltanschauung. It is the View that puts a
o ie O e a auu g I i e ie a pu a
meaning into the root definition.
¾ Owner: Person who has control over the system – the person
who can stop system.
¾ Environment: Environmental constraints (external) under which
the system operates
the system operates.
Summary of CATWOE
y (cont.)
11
When producing root definition from CATWOE, it is easier to
use the elements in the following order:
¾ Actors
A t
¾ Customers
¾ Owners
Owners
¾ Environment
¾ Weltanschauung
g
¾ Transformation
Continue
12
Using the order giving, the root definition can be defined as: A
U i g e o e gi i g, e oo e i i io a e e i e a A
system whereby the technician in the IT department, as
appointed by the IT director, can respond promptly to users’
technical problem and resolve them to the users’ satisfaction.
Comparing the conceptual model with the rich picture
¾ Highlights similarities and differences between the two.
Highlights similarities and differences between the two
¾ Identifies changes necessary to “real world”.
Debates on feasible and desirable changes
D b f ibl d d i bl h
¾ Must involve user so changes are acceptable.
¾ Finding solutions acceptable to all actors may be difficult.
g p y
Commitment, Co‐Ordination and Communication
13
Criteria of commitment, co‐ordination and communication
are important for developing and implementing a system
successfully.
successfully
Commitment, Co‐Ordination and Communication
14
Project Success
Criteria