List of data, formulae and relationships

Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2 (close to Earth’s surface)

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1
Coulomb’s law constant k = 1/4πε0
= 8.99 × 109 N m2 C–2
Electron charge e = –1.60 × 10–19 C
Electron mass me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
Electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10–19 J
Gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2
Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg–1 (close to Earth’s surface)
Permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F m−1
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s
Proton mass mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4
Unified atomic mass unit u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg

Unit 1
Mechanics
(u + v)t
Kinematic equations of motion s=
2
v = u + at
1
s = ut + 2 at2

v 2 = u2 + 2as
Forces ΣF = ma
F
g=
m
W = mg
Momentum p = mv
Moment of force moment = Fx
Work and energy ΔW = FΔs
1
Ek = 2 mv 2

ΔEgrav = mgΔh
E
Power P=
t
W
P=
t

12
28
*P73635A01220*
*P71890RA02832* 
 Efficiency useful energy output
efficiency =
total energy input
useful power output
efficiency =
total power input
Materials
m
Density =
V
Stokes’ law F= rv
Hooke’s law ΔF = kΔx
1
Elastic strain energy ΔEel = 2
FΔx

σ
Young modulus E= where
ε
F
Stress σ =
A
∆x
Strain ε =
x

13
29
 *P73635A01320*
*P71890RA02932* Turn over
Unit 2
Waves
Wave speed
T
Speed of a transverse wave v=
μ
on a string
P
Intensity of radiation I=
A
Refractive index n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2

c
n=
v
1
Critical angle sin C =
n
Diffraction grating = d sin

Electricity
W
Potential difference V=
Q
V
Resistance R=
I
Electrical power, energy P = VI
P = I 2R
V2
P=
R
W = VIt
ρl
Resistivity R=
A
∆Q
Current I=
∆t
I = nqvA
Resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1 1
Resistors in parallel = + +
R R1 R2 R3
Particle nature of light

Photon model E = hf
1
Einstein’s photoelectric hf = o/ + 2 mv 2max
equation
h
de Broglie wavelength =
p

14
30
*P73635A01420*
*P71890RA03032* 
Unit 4
Further mechanics
Impulse FΔt = Δp
Kinetic energy of a p2
Ek !
non-relativistic particle 2m
Motion in a circle

T =
2π
ω

v2
a!
r
a= 2

mv 2
Centripetal force F ! ma !
r
2

Electric and magnetic fields

F
Electric field E!
Q

Q1Q2
Coulomb’s law F =
4πε0 r 2
Q
E =
4πε0 r 2
V
E!
d

Q
Electrical potential V =
4πε0 r
Q
Capacitance C!
V
1
Energy stored in capacitor W = QV
2
1
W = CV
2
2

1 Q
2
W =
2 C

Capacitor discharge Q = Q0e–t/RC

15
31
 *P73635A01520*
*P71890RA03132* Turn over
 Resistor-capacitor discharge I = I0e–t/RC

V = V0e–t/RC
t
ln Q = ln Q0 –
RC

t
ln I = ln I0 –
RC

t
ln V = ln V0 –
RC
In a magnetic field F = Bqv sin
F = BIl sin

−d( N φ )
Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws E=
dt

Nuclear and particle physics

p
In a magnetic field r!
BQ

Mass-energy ΔE = c2 Δm

16
32
*P73635A01620*
*P71890RA03232* 