Projections

Definition
• Orthographic projection is a method of producing a
number of separate two-dimensional inter-related views.
These views are drawn mutually at right angle to each
other.
• In engineering practice, orthographic projection is
universally used to represent solid objects by two
dimensional views, as many as are necessary to give all the
information needed, clearly and accurately.

• Depending on the positioning of the object, there are two

forms of orthographic projection:
(i) First angle orthographic projection
(ii) Third angle orthographic projection
Example
 The principle
• A point or line is said to be projected
orthographically if the projector is normal to the
plane. Therefore the word orthographic stands for
drawing at right angle.
• Solids consist of points linked by lines. Using a system
of parallel projectors from their boundaries, the lines
(or points) may be projected orthographically on to
any planes.
 The figures below illustrate how a solid object is projected on to
a vertical plane and a horizontal plane, the projectors are being
normal to the planes and parallel to each other

In practice, orthographic projection uses two principal planes: a vertical plane and a
horizontal plane.
These two planes intersect each other and produce four quadrants or angles.
 FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.

VP PP
FV LSV
X Y
TV
HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
 FOR T.V.
THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV
X Y
LSV FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
 FOR T.V.
1

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

x y

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
2

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
3

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 4
FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 4
FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V. 5

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 6
FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Problem 1- Draw ELEVATION (FRONT VIEW), PLAN (TOP VIEW) and RIGHT END
VIEW of given figure.
Problem 2- Draw ELEVATION and PLAN of given figure.
Problem 3- Draw ELEVATION and PLAN of given figure.
Problem 4- Draw ELEVATION and PLAN of given figure.
Problem 5- Draw ELEVATION, PLAN and RIGHT END VIEW of given figure.