Based on the Basic Education Curriculum B.E.

2551
(Revised Edition B.E. 2560)
 Answers
1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units
Chapter 1 Introduction to Science
1. (a) (i) Metre (ii) m
1.1 What is Science?
(b) (i) Mass (ii) kg
1. Scientific phenomenon: (a), (c), (d) (c) (i) Time (ii) s
Not a scientific phenomenon: (b), (e), (f) (d) (i) Kelvin (ii) K
2. (a) D (b) A (c) F (e) (i) Ampere (ii) A
(d) B (e) E (f) C 2. (a) Giga (b) G (c) Mega
3. (a) Geologist (b) Astronomer (d) M (e) Kilo (f) k
(c) Meteorologist (d) Pharmacist (g) Milli (h) mm (i) Micro
(e) Surgeon (f) Botanist (j)  (k) Nano (l) n
(g) Ecologist (h) Science teacher 3. (a) 7 × 103 g (b) 9 × 10–2 m
(i) Physiologist (j) Engineer (c) 5 × 10–6 A (d) 4 × 106 K

1.2 Science Laboratory 4. (a) (i) 252 (ii) 0.252

(b) (i) 89 (ii) 0.00089
1. (a), (c), (e), (f)
(c) (i) 6230 (ii) 6 230 000
2. (a) E (b) H (c) F (d) I (d) (i) 5250 (ii) 0.00525
(e) C (f) J (g) A (h) B
(i) D (j) G 1.5 The Concept of Mass

1. (a) (i) gravitational force

1.3 Steps in Scientific Investigations
(ii) constant
1. Step 1: Identifying the problem (iii) newton
Step 4: Carrying out the experiment (b) (i) matter
Step 5: Analysing and interpreting the data (ii) constant
Step 6: Drawing a conclusion (iii) gravitational force
(iv) kilogram
2. (a) The longer the pendulum, the longer the
time taken to oscillate. 2. (a) (i) Spring balance
(b) (i) Mass of pendulum bob (ii) Lever balance
(ii) Length of pendulum (iii) Beam balance
(iii) Time taken for pendulum to oscillate (iv) Compression balance
(c) 1.46 seconds (b) (i) A and D
3. (a) To get a more accurate reading. (ii) B and C
(b) Yes, the hypothesis proposed in question 3. (a) 100 N
2(a) can be accepted.
(b) The gravitational force of the Moon is
(c) Yes, the above statement is a conclusion smaller than that of the Earth.
of this experiment.
(c) 0 N. There is no gravitational force in
outer space.

1
 1.6 Measuring Tools 8. Writing a report on the experiment
9. Metre (m)
1. (a) (i) a string (ii) a ruler
10. Ampere (A)
(b) 38 km
11. Time
2. (a) 9 12. Kelvin (K)
(b) 1 cm2 13. Mass
(c) (i) 9 cm2 14. Length
(ii) not accurate 15. Electric current
(iii) estimation 16. Time
3. (a) (i) internal calipers 17. Temperature
(ii) a ruler 18. Volume
(b) 1.2 cm
Enrichment Exercises
4. (a) Measuring cylinder
Objective Questions
(b) Pipette
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. B
(c) Burette
6. A 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. D
5. (a) an irregular-shaped 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. D
(b) denser 16. C 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. D
(c) the water displacement method 21. B 22. C 23. C 24. D 25. C
(d) 27.8
Subjective Questions
6. (a) 13.8 cm3
(b) 1.9 cm3 1. (a) Bunsen burner
(c) The stone ensures that the cork, which (b) To heat substances or chemicals in the
is less dense and floats on water, will be laboratory
immersed in the water. (c) Blue
(d) No. The volume of the string used is (d) (i) Non-luminous flames are hotter than
almost 0 cm3. luminous flames.
(ii) Non-luminous flames have less soot
1.7 The Importance of Standard Units content than luminous flames.
(e) The air hole at the base of the Bunsen
1. Units for length: Foot, metre, inch, yard, mile
burner was closed.
Units for weight: Kilogram, ounce, pound
2. (a) To measure the volume of liquids.
2. (c), (d), (e)
(b) Yes, this is the correct thing to do.
Map It Out (c) The white paper makes the scale
clearer and the readings taken are more
1. The systematic study of nature and how it accurate.
affects us and our environment
(d) Yes, the measuring cylinder can be used.
2. Identifying the problem
(e) Mercury is a liquid at room temperature.
3. Forming a hypothesis
4. Planning an experiment 3. (a) Poisonous
5. Carrying out the experiment (b) He or she may suffer great harm and may
die.
6. Analysing and interpreting data
(c) Mercury or chloroform or benzene
7. Making a conclusion
2
Chapter 2 Cells as the Unit of Life
6. (a) B (b) E (c) D (d) A
(e) C (f) F (g) G
2.1 Understanding Cells
7. (a) Red blood cell; Carries oxygen to the
1. (a) Eye piece body cells
(b) Coarse focus knob (b) Muscle cell; Contracts and relaxes to
(c) Fine focus knob produce movements
(d) Objective lens (c) Nerve cell; Carries information in the form
(e) Diaphragm of nerve impulses
(f) Mirror 8. (a) Root hair cell; Absorbs water and minerals
2. (a) 6 (c) 2 (e) 8 (g) 7 (b) Palisade cell; Contains a lot of chlorophyll
to carry out photosynthesis
(b) 5 (d) 4 (f) 3 (h) 1
(c) Guard cells; Regulate the size of the
3. (a) Mitochondrion stomata for gas exchange to occur
(b) Cytoplasm
(c) Cell membrane 2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

(d) Nucleus 1. (a) (i) unicellular

(e) Mitochondrion (ii) microorganisms
(f) Cell membrane (iii) microscope
(g) Nucleus (b) (i) multicellular
(h) Cytoplasm (ii) different
(i) Cell wall (c) (i) Multicellular
(j) Vacuole (ii) unicellular
(k) Chloroplast
2. Unicellular organisms:
4. (a) Cells Bacteria, yeast, Pleurococcus, Paramecium,
(b) protoplasm Euglena
(c) membrane
Multicellular organisms:
(d) processes
Earthworm, Hydra, Spirogyra, Mucor, moss
(e) cytoplasm, mitochondria 3. (a) Pleurococcus
5. (a) (i) Usually smaller (b) Yeast
(ii) Usually bigger (c) Chlamydomonas
(b) (i) Irregular shape (d) Euglena
(ii) Regular shape 4. (a) Spirogyra
(c) (i) Absent (b) Hydra
(ii) Present (c) Mucor
(d) (i) Absent
5. (a) In order for the organism to carry out
(ii) Present processes efficiently and systematically.
(e) (i) Usually absent (b) (i) Cell (ii) Tissue
(ii) Present (iii) Organ (iv) System
(f) (i) Glycogen granules (v) Organism
(ii) Starch granules (c) Digestive system

3
 2.3 Diffusion and Osmosis in Cells Enrichment Exercises

1. (a) True (b) False (c) False Objective Questions

(d) True (e) False (f) True 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B
6. B 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. C
2. (a) Purple
11. A 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. C
(b) Only a little of water around the purple
crystal is purple. Subjective Questions
(c) The purple color is light and not so
uniformly spread all over the beaker. 1. (a) (i) Mitochondrion
(d) The purple color is darker and uniformly (ii) Cytoplasm
spread all over the beaker. (iii) Membrane cell
(e) The water in beaker P is cooler than (iv) Nucleus
beaker Q. (b) R
(f) The higher the temperature, the faster the (c) (i) Controls all cell activities
rate of diffusion.
(ii) Contains genetic materials
3. (a) Hypertonic solution is one of the two (d) Produces energy for the cell
solutions that has a higher concentration (e) (i) Plant cells have chloroplasts but
of a solute. animal cells do not.
(b) Hypotonic solution is one of the two (ii) Plant cells have cell walls but animal
solutions that has a lower concentration cells do not.
of a solute.
(c) Isotonic solution are two solutions that 2. (a) (i) Cell Y (ii) Cell X
have the same concentration of a solute. (b) (i) The concentrated salt solution caused
water to leave the cell by osmosis.
4. (a) roots (b) low The cell lost pressure and its plasma
(c) permeable (d) osmosis membrane shrank from its cell wall.
(e) high (ii) By placing it in distilled water

Map It Out
Chapter 3 Plants
1. Have cell membrane
3.1 Photosynthesis
2. Have protoplasm
1. (a) Photosynthesis is the process by which
3. Able to perform life processes
green plants make glucose using carbon
4. Generally smaller dioxide and water with the help of sunlight
5. Generally bigger and chlorophyll.
6. Usually irregular and may vary during life Carbon Sunlight
(b) dioxide + Water Chlorophyll Glucose + Oxygen
7. Fixed by the cell wall
8. Have no cell wall and no chloroplasts, and (c) Chlorophyll
with small or no vacuoles (d) Use iodine to test for the presence of
9. Have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large starch (Glucose is stored in the form of
vacuole starch).
10. Usually at the centre of the cell 2. (a) Starch is formed all over leaf A and only
11. Maybe at one side of the cell in the central part of leaf B.
12. Glycogen granules (b) Photosynthesis took place throughout
13. Starch granules the whole of leaf A. Photosynthesis took
place at the centre of leaf B.
4
 (c) The presence of chlorophyll 4. (a) (i) Flow A
(d) Leaf B is a variegated leaf. (ii) Water is absorbed from the soil by the
roots and is transported to the leaves
3. (a) A : Photosynthesis, as carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
in the air is taken in by plants while
(iii) Xylem
oxygen is released into the air.
(b) Food
B : Respiration, where oxygen in the
air is used and carbon dioxide is 5. (a) (i) Phloem (ii) Xylem
released by plants, animals and man.
(b) (i) To transport manufactured food from
C : Decomposition, which uses oxygen the leaves to the other parts of the
and releases carbon dioxide. It occurs plant
when plants, animals and man die.
(ii) To transport water and dissolved
D : Combustion, which is the burning of mineral salts from the roots to the
fuels and it uses oxygen from the air leaves and stem
and releases carbon dioxide.
(c) (i) A dead structure
(b) Respiration, decomposition and
(ii) It is strengthened by lignin deposits
combustion all use oxygen from the air and
release carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis,
3.3 Sexual Reproductive System of Flowering
however, uses carbon dioxide from the Plants
air and releases oxygen. Therefore,
photosynthesis helps to maintain the 1. (a) Anther (b) Filament
amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide (c) Petal (d) Sepal
in the air, thus maintaining a balanced
(e) Stigma (f) Style
ecosystem.
(g) Ovary (h) Ovule
3.2 Transport System in Plants 2. (a) pollen grains (b) anther
1. (a) The plants lost a huge amount of water. (c) flower (d) scented, colored
(b) Provide the plant with plenty of water. (e) male (f) female
(g) pollen grains (h) ovules
2. (a) The liquid changes the color of the blue
cobalt paper red. (i) male (j) female
(b) Water evaporated from the leaves in set 3. (a) Stamen (b) Pistil
P. There is no leaves in set Q. (c) Anther (d) Style
(c) (i) Transpiration (e) Ovary (f) Pollen grains
(ii) • To lift water and minerals from the (g) Ovule
roots to the leaves
• To cool the plant 3.4 Pollination

3. (a) (i) Stomata (ii) Guard cell 1. (a) Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains
from the anther to the stigma for the
(b) To control the size of the stomata
fusion of the male and female gametes
(c) When a plant contains plenty of water, the to take place.
pressure inside the guard cells rises and
(b) (i) Self-pollination – Transfer of pollen
the stomata will open. However, when
grains from the anther to the stigma
guard cells lose water, the pressure inside
of the same flower or different flowers
the guard cells falls and the stomata will
in the same plant.
close.
(ii) Cross-pollination – Transfer of pollen
(d) Open stomata allows more transpiration,
grains from the anther to the stigma
closed stomata slows down transpiration.
of different plants.
5
 (c) Pollinating agents are either insects or 2. (a) Lotus – Water
wind that help to pollinate the flowers. (b) Love grass – Animals
2. (a) (i) Two (ii) One (c) Balsam – Explosive mechanism
(b) (i) Healthy and resistant to the (d) Rubber – Explosive mechanism
environmental changes (e) Mango – Animals
(ii) Weak and not resistant to the (f) Shorea – Wind
enviromental changes
3. (a) P: Wind; Q: Animals
(c) (i) More (ii) Less
(b) P – Have wing-liked structures
3. (a) Big; Small Q – Have sweet flesh
(b) Brightly colored; Dull colored
3.7 Germination of Seeds
(c) Produce nectar; Does not produce nectar
(d) Scented; Not scented 1. (a) Micropyle
(e) Sticky, does not protrude; Not sticky, (b) Radicle
exposed to the environment (c) Plumule
(f) Short filament with small anther; Long (d) Cotyledon
filament with big anther
(e) Testa
(g) A little and sticky; A lot, small and light
(h) Short; Long 2. (a) (i) (b) (v) (c) (iii)
(d) (iv) (e) (ii)
3.5 Development of Fruits and Seeds in Plants
3. (a) Epigeal germination
1. (a) Vegetative nucleus (b) Rambutan and jackfruit
(b) Generative nucleus (c) Presence of water, oxygen and suitable
(c) Pollen tube temperature
(d) Vegetative nucleus (d) The temperature in the refrigerator is too
low for the seeds to germinate.
2. (a) Pollen grain
4. In epigeal germination, the cotyledons
Pollen tube rise above the soil whereas in hypogeal
germination, the cotyledons stay in the soil.

3.8 Mineral Requirements in Plants

1. (a) They need the mineral elements to

Male gametes build other complex substances such
as proteins and fats. Photosynthesis
(b) P, S, U, T, Q, R produces only glucose.
(c) (i) Fruits, seeds (ii) fruit (b) Macronutrients and micronutrients
(iii) seed (iv) wither, fall off (c) The plant will not grow healthily.
3. Some fruits such as watermelons have many 2. (a) Macronutrients are the mineral elements
ovules in the ovary of the flowers. Those with needed by plants in larger quantities.
single seed have only an ovule in the ovary (b) Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
of the flowers.
(c) Soil
3.6 Dispersal of Seeds and Fruits (d) The farmers will have to add fertilizers to
the soil.
1. To avoid competition with the parent plants.
6
 3.9 Asexual Reproduction of Plants 3. Carbon dioxide
4. Photosynthesis
1. Vegetative reproduction does not involve
the formation of seeds but involves the 5. Transpiration
development of the vegetative parts into a 6. Phloem
new plant. 7. Macronutrients
2. (a) Type: Underground stem 8. Asexual reproduction
Examples: Ginger, potatoes 9. Artificial
(b) Type: Leaf 10. Pollination
Examples: Bryophyllum 11. Dispersal of fruits and seeds
(c) Type: Bulb
Enrichment Exercises
Examples: Garlic, onion
(d) Type: Runner Objective Questions

Examples: Strawberry, grass 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C

3. (a) Name: Stem cutting 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. A
Description: A branch is cut and placed 11. B 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. D
in moist soil to grow. 16. B 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. B
(b) Name: Grafting
Subjective Questions
Description: An upper part of a plant is
joined to a lower part of another plant 1. (a) Light
of the same species and they grow as a (b) Photosynthesis occurs in the presence of
plant. light.
(c) Name: Layering (c) (i) The presence of light
Description: Roots are being developed
(ii) The presence of starch in the leaf
on a stem while the stem is still attached
to the parent plant. (iii) The time of exposure to the Sun
(d) Name: Plant tissue culture (d) Test the leaf with iodine solution. If it turns
Description: Some plant cells or tissues blue black, starch is present, showing
are placed on sterile medium to grow into that photosynthesis has taken place.
new plants. (e) The part of the leaf that is covered with
black paper does not show the presence
4. • Many new plants can be reproduced in a of starch while the part of the leaf that
very short period of time and in small space. is not covered shows the presence of
• The new plants have similar characteristics starch.
as the parent plants.
2. (a) (i) Xylem
• Can be carried out throughout the year
regardless the seasons. (ii) Phloem
(b) (i) To transport water and minerals from
5. • High cost involving the special environment the roots to the leaves
and skilled staff
(ii) To transport food from the leaves to
• Reduces genetic variability other parts of the plant
(c) Water is pulled up through xylem due to
Map It Out
transpiration.
1. Light 3. (a) Cross-pollination
2. Chlorophyll (b) Insects or wind

7
 (c) The new plants are healthy. (b) (i) Condensation
The new plants are more resistant to (ii) Gas to liquid
environmental changes. (iii) Removed
(c) (i) Boiling
Chapter 4 States of Matter
(ii) Liquid to gas
4.1 States of Matter (iii) Added
(d) (i) Evaporation
1. (a) Liquid (b) Gas
(ii) Liquid to gas
(c) Sugar (d) Table
(iii) Added
(e) Mercury (f) Petrol
(e) (i) Freezing
(g) Air (h) Carbon dioxide
(ii) Liquid to solid
2. (a) Further apart and not orderly arranged (iii) Removed
(b) Far apart and not orderly arranged (f) (i) Sublimation
(c) Moderate (ii) Solid to gas
(d) Very big (iii) Added
(e) Vibrate about their fixed positions
(f) Move very freely and in random directions Map It Out
at very high speeds
1. Solids
(g) Very strong
2. Liquids
(h) Moderately strong
3. Gases
(i) Low
(j) High Enrichment Exercises

3. (a) matter Objective Questions

(b) (i) solid (ii) spaces 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. C
(iii) liquid 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. B
(c) (i) move (ii) mixing 11. A 12. A 13. C
(d) (i) smell (ii) diffuse
Subjective Questions
4.2 Changes of States of Matter
1. (a) (i) Solid (ii) Liquid
1. Heat (Added/ (iii) Gas
Process
Removed) (b) (i) (ii)
(a) P : Melting Added
(b) Q : Boiling Added
(c) R : Freezing Removed
(d) S : Condensation Removed (iii)
(e) T : Sublimation Added
(f) U : Deposition Removed

2. (a) (i) Metling (c) (i) The particles vibrate at their fixed
(ii) Solid to liquid positions.
(iii) Added (ii) The particles can move freely and
collide into each other.
8
 (iii) The particles can move freely and (d) Subatomic Relative
Charge Location
faster and collide into each other. particle mass (amu)
In the
2. (a) Diffusion occurs faster in liquids compared Proton +1 1
nucleus
to solids. Outside the 1
Electron -1
(b) (i) Volume of media used and quantity nucleus 1840
of potassium permanganate(VII) used In the
Neutron 0 1
(ii) Type of media nucleus
(iii) Time taken for color of potassium
3. (a) In an atom, the number of protons which
permanganate(VII) to spread all over
are positively charged and the number of
the test tubes
electrons which are negatively charged
(c) Solids have smaller spaces between are equal. Therefore, the charges cancel
their particles compared to liquids. each other leaving the atom without any
That is why the particles of potassium charges.
permanganate(VII) take a longer time to
(b) The nucleus contains protons and
diffuse in solids compared to liquids.
neutrons. Protons are positively charged
(d) It is purple in color and the diffusion whereas neutrons are neutral. Therefore,
process is easily observed as the purple the nucleus is positively charged.
color spreads.
5.2 Elements
3. (a) (i) Freezing
(ii) Melting 1. An element is a pure substance that cannot be
(iii) Condensation broken down further into simpler substance.
(iv) Boiling / Evaporation 2. (a) Iron atoms
(v) Deposition (b) Oxygen molecules
(vi) Sublimation (c) (i) (ii)
(b) (i) Water turns into ice when placed in
the freezer.
(ii) Water turns into steam when heated.
(c) (i) Evaporation (d) Yes. Both are made up one type of atoms.
(ii) Sublimation
(iii) Condensation 3. (a) C (b) O (c) H
(d) S, U, W (d) Fe (e) N (f) Mg

4. (a) To make the study of elements easier and

Chapter 5 Atoms, Elements and Compounds to predict the properties of the elements
(b) (i) Period
5.1 Atoms (ii) 7 columns
1. An atom is the basic building unit of all matter. (c) (i) Group
(ii) 18 groups
2. (a) Subatomic particles are the tiny particles
in an atom. 5. (a) Iron (b) Aluminum
(b) Protons, electrons and neutrons (c) Bromine (d) Oxygen
(c) (i) Electron (e) Boron (f) Silicon
(ii) Neutron
6. (a) Solid except mercury
(iii) Proton
(b) Gas, liquid and gas

9
 (c) Solid 3. (a) (i) Mixture
(d) Shiny (ii) The iron filings and the sulphur
(e) Dull powder are combined physically, not
chemically.
(f) Dull or shiny
(iii) Yes. By using a magnet. The magnet
(g) Malleable and ductile
will attract the iron filings from the
(h) Brittle and non-ductile mixture.
(i) Brittle and non-ductile (b) (i) A chemical reaction will occur.
(j) High (ii) A compound
(k) Low except carbon (iii) The product turns black, producing a
(l) Varied new substance.
(m) Good conductors (iv) No
(n) Poor conductors
4. (a) Fixed
(o) Some conduct
(b) Not fixed
7. (a) Metals are found mainly on the left of the (c) Can be separated by chemical means
table (except hydrogen). (d) Can be separated by physical means
(b) Non-metals are found mainly on the right (e) Fixed
of the table (except mercury).
(f) Not fixed
(c) Metalloids are found between the metals
and non-metals in the table. 5.4 Effects of Impurities
8. (a) W: Alpha radiation; X: Beta radiation 1. (a) 100°C
(b) X: Negative; Y: Neutral (b) (i) More than 100°C
(c) Causes mutation in human cells (ii) The salt will raise the boiling point of
(d) Kill cancerous cells in radiotherapy the water
9. (a) To make vehicles (iii) It will reduce the melting point of the
ice.
(b) For breathing
(c) To make electronic parts 2. (a) Density of a substance is the mass per
unit volume of the substance.
5.3 Compounds and Mixtures (b) To ensure the piece of wood submerges
in the water
1. (a) Compounds are pure substances that
(c) Volume of the piece of wood
have two or more than two elements
combined chemically. = 95 cm3 – 70 cm3
(b) Water, carbon dioxide = 25 cm3
(d) Density of the piece of wood
2. (a) (i) Hydrogen 10
= g/cm3
(ii) Oxygen 25
(b) Hydrogen : oxygen = 2 : 1 = 0.4 g/cm3
(c) (i) Copper, carbon, oxygen 3. (a) Sea water
(ii) Carbon, oxygen (b) Salt
(iii) Sodium, chlorine (c) Impurities increase the density of water.
(iv) Iron, oxygen
(v) Nitrogen, hydrogen

10
Map It Out (c) rub (d) burning
1. Pure substances (e) useful (f) warm
2. Elements (g) cook (h) evaporates
3. Compounds 2. (a) Temperature is a measure of how hot or
4. Non-metals cold something is.
5. Metalloids (b) Thermometer
(c) (i) Degree Celsius
Enrichment Exercises (ii) Joule
Objective Questions (d) (i) Beaker Q
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A (ii) Beaker S
6. D 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. D (e) (i) its mass
11. A 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. B (ii) its temperature
16. C 17. D 18. B 19. A 20. A (iii) the type of material it is made of
21. C 22. B 23. B 6.2 Effects of Heat on Matter
Subjective Questions
1. (a) expands, vibrate
1. (a) Element: Substance C; Compound: (b) expands, have more
Substance B; Mixture: Substance A (c) expands, heat
(b) (i) Substance B and C
2. (a) The particles vibrate more
(ii) Substance B is a compound which vigorously.
has 2 elements. Substance C is an
element as it has only one type of
atoms. (b) The particles move further
away from each other.
(c) (i) Salt water
(ii) Water
(c) The particles move faster and
(iii) Iron
further apart compared to
2. (a) (i) Radiation detector liquid.

(ii) To detect radioactive radiations

3. (a) bimetallic (b) heated
(b) (i) Beta radiation
(c) bends (d) completed
(ii) This radiation cannot penetrate the
pipe. It can be detected when it leaks (e) rings
from the pipe.
4. (a) Amount of heat gained or lost
(c) The detector will show a high reading at
(b) Mass of the object
the leak area.
(c) Type of material
(d) To control thickness of paper in paper
industry 5 The amount of heat needed to increase the
temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.

6. Q = mcθ where Q = heat gained or lost in

Chapter 6 Heat joules, J
m = mass of the object in kg
6.1 Heat as a Form of Energy c = specific heat capacity of the object in J
kg–1 °C–1
1. (a) energy (b) Sun θ = change in temperature in °C

11
7. Q = mcθ (b) (i) The cold water will get warmer and
= 3 × 350 × (35 – 20) eventually both water will have the
same temperature.
= 15,750 J
(ii) Thermal equilibrium
8. Q = mcθ
Q 3. The temperature of the can of the drink will
θ = mc be 10°C after 3 hours. This is because both
38,640 the can of drink and the air in the refrigerator
= have reached thermal equilibrium.
2 × 4,200
= 4.6°C 4. (a) (i) Solids
Final temperature = 87 – 4.6 (ii) Liquids and gases
= 82.4°C (iii) No medium
9. (a) (i) The temperature of the ice cubes are (b) (i) Heat is transferred from particles to
increasing. particles through vibration.
(ii) The ice cubes are melting. (ii) Heat is transferred by particles as
(iii) The water is heating up. they move.
(iv) The water is boiling. (iii) Heat is transferred in the form
of electromagnetic wave through
(b) (i) Solid vacuum.
(ii) Solid and liquid (c) (i) Fast (ii) Slow
(iii) Liquid (iii) The fastest
(iv) Liquid and gas
(v) Gas 5. (a) Conduction
(c) (i) 0°C (b) (i) Q (ii) R
(ii) 100°C (c) R, P, S, Q
(d) The heat absorbed is used to overcome (d) (i) As cooking utensils
the attraction forces between the particles. (ii) Keep our body warm on cold days

10. (a) The amount of heat needed to change 1 6. (a) convection

kg of a substance from its solid state to (b) (i) rise
its liquid state. (ii) sink
(b) The amount of heat needed to change 1 (c) conduction
kg of a substance from its liquid state to
its gaseous state. (d) high
(e) ventilation
11. Q =ml (f) (i) flow
= 2.5 × 2.26 × 106 (ii) comfortable
= 5.65 × 106 J
Map It Out
12. Q =mcθ + ml
= 0.5 × 4,800 × 75 + 0.5 × 3.5 × 105 1. Solids
= 3.55 × 105 J 2. Conduction
3. Gases and liquids
6.3 Thermal Equilibrium and Heat Flow
4. Radiation
1. Both objects have the same temperature. 5. Expansion
6. Contraction
2. (a) The heat will transfer to the cold water in
the bottle.
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 7. Specific heat capacity (e) Heat supplied = mcθ
8. Change in states of matter 80 × 60 × (10 – 8) = 0.5 × c × (90 – 67)
9. Specific latent heat 9600
c=
11.5
Enrichment Exercises = 834 J kg–1 °C–1
(f) Heat supplied = ml
Objective Questions
80 × 60 × (8 – 2) = 0.5 × l
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. C
28800
6. B 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. C l =
0.5
11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. C l = 5.76 × 104 J kg–1
16. D 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D
4. (a) The temperature of the copper rod
21. A 22. B 23. B 24. B 25. A decreased in the water.
26. D 27. A 28. A (b) Energy lost
= 0.05 × 380 × (80 – y)
Subjective Questions
= 19(80 – y)
1. (a) To measure the temperature of a = (1,520 – 19y) J
substance
(c) The temperature of the water increased.
(b) The temperature of the water increases.
(d) Energy gained
(c) (i) Heat can be transferred.
= 0.1 × 4,200 × (y – 25)
(ii) When heat is supplied to a substance,
= 420(y – 25)
its temperature rises.
= (420y – 10,500) J
(d) (i) Through convection
(e) Energy lost = energy gained
(ii) Through conduction
1,520 – 19y = 420y – 10,500
2. (a) The telephone cables in section J are 439y = 12,020
slack but the telephone cables in section
y = 27.4°C
K are taut.
(b) (i) The telephone cables will contract
Chapter 7 Atmosphere and Weather
and become shorter.
(ii) The telephone cables will contract 7.1 Layers of the Earth’s Atmosphere
and snap.
(c) The principle of expansion and contraction 1. (a) It is made up of various gases.
of matter (b) The force of gravity pulls and keeps the
(d) A bimetallic strip atmosphere near the surface of the Earth.
(c) It traps heat and keeps our Earth warm
3. (a) (i) Solid (ii) Solid and liquid at night. It shields the Earth from UV
(iii) Liquid radiation.
(b) 67°C (d) The atmospheric pressure decreases
(c) The heat absorbed is used to overcome rapidly with the height of the atmosphere
the attraction forces between the particles. from the Earth.
(d) Heat supplied = mcθ 2. (a) Exosphere
80 × 60 × 2 = 0.5 × c × (67 – 20) (b) Thermosphere
9600 (c) Mesosphere
c =
23.5
= 408 J kg–1 °C–1 (d) Stratosphere
(e) Troposphere

13
3. (a) True (b) False (c) True (c) Thunderstorms usually cause flash
(d) True (e) False (f) False floods. The strong wind can uproot the
trees. The lightning may strike people and
(g) True (h) True
start a fire.
7.2 Weather 2. (a) A tropical cyclone is a circular storm that
brings heavy rain and strong wind.
1. Weather is a complete description of the
present state of the atmosphere. (b) The sea temperature is above 26°C. The
humidity is high. It happens near the
2. Meteorology is the study of the whole equator.
atmosphere including the weather. (c) It can damage weak buildings and uproot
trees. It may cause a sea surge.
3. (a) A weather forecast is the prediction of the
weather in the near future. (d) Prepare an emergency kit that contains
food, water, batteries, a torch and a
(b) • Early warnings of bad weather can be
first aid kit. Monitor the updates on the
issued to get the public to be prepared.
weather on radios.
• Farmers can plan their watering,
fertilizer-applying and spraying 7.4 Changes in Global Climate
schedules.
• Pilots can know the weather they will 1. (a) The greenhouse effect is the warming
fly through. caused by the trapping of heat by the
atmosphere.
4. (a) (iii) (b) (i) (c) (ii) (b) Carbon dioxide
(d) (v) (e) (iv)
2. (a) D i e s e l - f u e l e d t a x i , c o m b u s t i o n ,
5. (a) meteorologist (b) Pilots decomposition, power generator
(c) satellites (d) psychrometer (b) Cycling, wind surfing, replanting forest,
(e) Cumulonimbus (f) Rain reusing materials

6. (a) The atmospheric pressure at an area at 3. (a) An increase in the average temperature
the bottom of the mountain is higher than of the Earth’s atmosphere
that of the top of the mountain. (b) Clearing of forests, burning of fossil fuels,
(b) At the bottom of the mountain, more air volcano eruptions
is above it which has more mass thus
pressing with a greater force downward. 4. (a) They will melt.
At the top of the mountain, the air is (b) They might be flooded.
thinner which has less mass, thus (c) They will lose their homes.
pressing with a lighter force downward. (d) Sea levels will rise.

7.3 Thunderstorms and Tropical Cyclones Map It Out

1. (a) A thunderstorm brings heavy rain, strong 1. Troposphere
wind, lightning and thunder.
2. Stratosphere
(b) A thunderstorm forms when the hot sun
warms up the ground which heats up 3. Thermosphere
the air above it. The hot air rises and 4. Thunderstorms
meets with the cold air creating thunder 5. Atmospheric pressure
and lightning. Then the droplets of water 6. Wind speed
become too big and fall as rain.

14
 7. Wind direction (c) Precipitation is any moisture that falls
8. The increase in the world’s temperature from the air to the ground.
9. Drought (d) Rain
10. Increase of carbon dioxide in the air 2. (a) Altitude is how high an area from the sea
level.
Enrichment Exercises
(b) Atmospheric pressure is the amount of
Objective Questions weight of air pressing the Earth’s surface.
(c) As we go up a mountain, the atmospheric
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. B
pressure decreases.
6. B 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. B
(d) As they hiked up the mountain, the air
11. B 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. D was getting thinner. There was lesser
16. A 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. A oxygen gas in it. So they breathed in
21. D quicker and deeper to get the amount of
oxygen needed by their bodies.
Subjective Questions
3. (a) The amount of carbon dioxide in the air
1. (a) (i) To measure the direction of the wind increases with time.
(ii) To measure the atmospheric pressure (b) Volcano eruptions
(iii) To measure the how hot or cold the (c) Burning of fossil fuels and driving petrol-
air is fueled cars
(iv) To measure the relative humidity (d) Carbon dioxide traps heat and prevents
(v) To measure the amount of rainfall it from releasing into space. This results
in higher temperature.
(b) It helps farmers to plan their schedules
of watering, applying fertilizers, ploughing (e) Plant more trees and have more forest
and spraying bugs. It allows early reserves.
warnings of bad weather to be issued to
get the public prepared. It allows pilots
to know the weather they will be flying
through.

15