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MOST PROBABLE VALUE

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL - A basic assumption is that the most probable value of a group
repeated observations made under similar conditions is the

MEASUREMENTS arithmetic mean or the average.

∑𝑥
𝑀𝑃𝑉 (𝑥̅ ) =
𝑛

1 2

∅ = 130°15 20" − 10“

The angles about a point Q have the following observed values; ∅ = 130°15 10"
130°15’20”, 142°37’30”, and 87°07’40”. Determine the most probable
value of each angle.
∅ = 142°37 30" − 10“
Solution: ∅ = 142°37 20"
Sum = 130°15’20”+142°37’30”+87°07’40”
Sum = 360°0’30” ∅ = 87°07 40" − 10“
Disc. = 360° - 360°0’30” ∅ = 87°07 30“
Disc. = 30”
𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 130°15 10 + 142°37′20"+87°07’30”
Corr. = 30”/3 𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 360°
Corr. = 10”

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CORRECTIONS IN TAPING
A B
FIRST RULE - when a line is measured with a tape that is “too long”,
the corrections are applied to the observed length by adding.

Second Rule – When a specified or required length is to be laid out

with a tape that is “too long”, the corrections are subtracted from the A B
known length to determine the corrected length.

Third rule – When measuring or laying out lengths with a tape that is 5𝑥1=5
“too short”, the corrections are applied opposite to those stated in the
first two rules. 5 𝑥 0.2 = 1

5+1=6

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Correction due to Temperature Correction due to Tension

𝑃 −𝑃 𝐿
𝐶 =
𝐶 = 𝐶𝐿 ( 𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝐴𝐸

𝐿′ = 𝐿 + 𝐶
𝐶 = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐶 = 0.0000116/℃ 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙
𝑇 = 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒
𝑇 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒. 𝑃 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒
𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐿 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑘𝑔
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒 ( )
𝑐𝑚
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑊 𝐿
𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

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Example
2. A heavy 30m tape weighing 1.45kg is of standard length under a pull
1. A steel tape with a coefficient of linear expansion of 0.0000116/C is of 5kg, supported for full length. The tape was used in measuring a line
known to be 50m long at 20°C. The tape used to measure a line which
was found to be 532. 28 m long when the temperature was 35° C. 938.55m long on a smooth level ground under a steady pull of 10kg.
Determine the following (a) temperature correction per tape length (b) Assuming 𝐸 = 2.0 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚 and the unit weight of steel to be
temperature correction for the measured line (c) Correct length of the 7.9 𝑥 10 , determine the following (a) cross sectional area of the
line. tape (b) correction for increase in tension (c) correct length of the line
a. 𝐶 = 0.0000116 50 35° − 20° = +0.0087 measured.
b. 𝐶 = 0.0000116 532.28 35° − 20° = +0.0926
c. = ; 532.28 = 𝐶 (a)
.
= 0.06𝑐𝑚
. .
𝐶 = +0.0926 ( )

𝐿 = 532.28 + 0.0926 the correction is added since the tape was too
long

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CORRECTION DUE TO SAG

(b) 𝐶 = = +0.00125 (correction per tape length)
. ( . )
𝐶 0.00125 0.00125 𝜔 𝐿
= ;𝐶 = 938.55 ; 𝐶 = +0.04 𝐶 =
938.55 30 30 24𝑃𝑊
(c) 𝐿 = 938.55 + 0.04
W = ω𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝑊 = 𝜔 𝐿
𝐿 = 938. 59
𝑊 𝐿
𝐶 =
24𝑃
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝜔 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ( 𝑚)
𝑊 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 (𝑘𝑔)
𝐿 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑃 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒 (𝑘𝑔)

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Example:
A 30-m tape is supported only at its end and under a steady pull of 8kg. If the
tape weighs 0.91kg, determine the sag correction and the distance between the
ends of the tape.

. ( )
Solution: 𝐶 = =
( )

= 0.0162 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠

𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝐶 = 30 − 0.0162
= 29.9838 𝑚 (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒

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Measurement of Vertical Distances 5. Vertical Line – at any point is a line parallel to the direction of gravity.

Definition of terms 6. Mean Sea Level – is an imaginary surface of the sea which is midway
1. Level Surface – It is a curved surface which at any point
perpendicular to the direction of gravity or the plumb line. between high and low tides.
2. Level Line – is a curved line in a level surface all points all points of 7. Elevation – for a particular point, its elevation is the vertical distance
which are normal to the direction of gravity and equidistant from
the center of the earth above or below mean sea level
3. Horizontal Surface – a plane that is tangent to a level surface at a
particular point. 8. Difference in Elevation - is the vertical difference in distance
4. Horizontal Line – a straight line in a horizontal plane which is
tangent to a level line at one point between two points.

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4. Trigonometric Leveling – the method of leveling uses trigonometric

Leveling Methods computations in determining the difference in elevation between two
points from measurements of its horizontal or slope distance and the
1. Direct or Spirit Leveling – this is the commonly used method of vertical angle between two points.
determining the elevation of points some distance apart by a series 5. Barometric Leveling – involves the determination of differences in
of set ups of a leveling instrument along a selected route. elevation between two points by measuring the variation in
2. Reciprocal Leveling – is the process of accurately determining the atmospheric pressure at each point by means of a barometer.
difference in elevation between two intervisible points located at a 6. Cross-Section Leveling – in a highway or railroad construction it its
considerable distance apart and between which points leveling often necessary to obtain a representation of the ground surface on
could not be performed in the usual manner. either side of the centerline.
3. Profile Leveling – this method is used to determine difference in 7. Borrow-pit Leveling – is a method of determining the relative
elevation between points at a designated short measured intervals elevations of points in a borrow pit excavation.
along an established line to provide data .

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DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING

TP3
TP1
TP2
BM1

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HEIGHT OF
STATION BACK SIGHT FORESIGHT ELEV. ELEV. OF BM1 + BS OF BM1 = HI
INSTRUMENT
OF BM1
BM1 1.256 128.389 127.133
HI OF BM1 – FS OF TP1 = ELEV.
TP1 1.116 127.619 1.886 126.503 OF TP1

PROFILE LEVELING
TP2 1.228 127.320 1.527 126.092

TP3 1.189 126.263 2.246 125.074

TP4 1.070 125.316 2.017 124.246

TP5 1.831 124.491 2.656 122.660

TP6 2.765 121.726

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HEIGHT OF INTERMEDIATE
STATION BACKSIGHT FORESIGHT ELEV.
INSTRUMENT FORESIGHT

BM1 0.95 126.45 125.5

A 3 123.45
B 2.3 124.15
C 2.7 123.75
BACKSIGHT TP1 3.13 128.94 0.64 125.81
FORESIGHT 1 TP2 2.16 129.82 1.28 127.66
FORESIGHT 2 D 0.9 128.92
FORESIGT 3
FORESIGHT 4 TP3 0.82 128.27 2.37 127.45
E 3.5 124.77
F 2.8 125.47
BM2 1.99 126.28

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