Mesh Topology: The Transport Layer Heart of
Mesh Topology: The Transport Layer Heart of
Here are Networking interview questions and answers for fresher as well as
experienced candidates to get their dream job.
The transport layer is the heart of the OSI model. The data is sent
through the physical layer to the application layer (at the sender's
end).
The Presentation layer is the sixth layer of the OSI model. It mainly
performs data translation, encryption & decryption, and compression
in the network. The presentation layer deals with the syntax and
semantics of the information exchanged between two systems.
crossover cable
Answer: The type of RJ45 UTP cable used between switches is
a crossover cable.
Physical layer is Located at the lowest layer of the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) communications mod. The Physical layer
change bits to electromagnetic signals.
The Session Layer is responsible for a range of functions including
opening, closing, and re-establishing session activities, authentication
and authorization of communication between specific apps and
servers, identifying full-duplex or half-duplex operations, and
synchronizing data streams.
The IPX/SPX protocol is based on the Open Systems
Interconnect (OSI) Model. IPX is the Network Layer (Layer 3 and 4)
and SPX is the Transport Layer (Layer 4) of the OSI Model.
mesh topology
A common example of mesh topology is the internet backbone, where
various internet service providers are connected to each other via
dedicated channels. This topology is also used in military
communication systems and aircraft navigation systems. For more,
refer to the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mesh Topology.
Network Devices or Networking Hardware are physical devices that are required are
communication and interaction between hardware on a computer network.
Types of Computer Network Devices: –
• NIC • Gateway
• Repeater • Modem
• Hub • Access Point
• Bridge • Brouter
• Switch
NIC(Network Interface Card): –
NIC stands for Network Interface Card. It is also known as Network Controller or LAN
card or Ethernet Card.
Characteristics: –
• A Network Interface Card is a Hardware device that is used to connect a node to a
network.
• It works on the Physical layer of the OSI model.
• It is used the MAC address for data transfer.
• It is 2 types – Wired & Wireless.
Manufacturer Company: Intel, D-link, Link Sys, HP, Rosewill, Trendnet etc.
Repeater: –
The repeater is a network device used to Regenerate or Replicate a signal.
Characteristics: –
• It is a Physical layer device of OSI model.
• It transmits the data form of Bits or Signal.
• It is an Amplifier or Regenerates the signal.
• It is 2 types – Analog and Digital.
Manufacturing Company: Motorola, Microtel etc.
Hub: –
Hub is a centralized device that connects multiple devices in a single LAN network.
Characteristics: –
• It works on the physical layer of the OSI model.
• It has a maximum of 24 ports.
• It is a Half-duplex device.
• It transmits the data in the form of Bit or Signals.
• It is a single Broadcast Domain & single Collision Domain.
• It is not storing the MAC address.
• It acts as a Repeater.
• It can be used both Digital & Analog signals.
• It is a Broadcast device.
• There are 2 types of Hub – Active Hub and Passive Hub.
• Hub cannot filter the data, so data packets are sent to all the connected devices.
• It has no intelligence that’s why it is not to find out the best path for data packets.
Manufacturer Company: D-Link, TP-Link, Cisco etc.
Bridge: –
The Bridge is a Data Link layer device used to connect multiple LAN segments.
Characteristics: –
• It is a Data Link layer device of the OSI model.
• It is used to connect multiple LAN segments.
• It has 2 Collision Domain.
• It is transferring the Frame by used to MAC address.
Manufacturer Company: Cisco, D-Link etc.
Switch: –
The Switch is an intelligent device which used to connect multiple LAN segments.
Characteristics: –
• It is a Data Link layer device of the OSI model.
• It has maximum of 48 ports.
• It is a Full-duplex device.
• It is the first Broadcast and then Multicast or Unicast.
• It is a single Broadcast Domain & multiple Collision Domain.
• It is transmitted Frame.
• It is maintaining the MAC table.
• It is an intelligent device.
• It is used packet switching technology to receive, store and forward data packets on the
network.
Manufacturer Company: Cisco, Netgear, TP-Link, D-Link, Juniper etc.
Gateway: –
A Gateway is a network device that connects two different networks.
Characteristics: –
• It works on the Transport & Session layer of OSI model.
• It provides translation between OSI and TCP/IP.
• Example – E-mail Gateway, GSNW Gateway, PAD Gateway.
Router: –
Router is used to connect two or more different networks and the Internet Service
Provider (ISP).
Characteristics: –
• It works on the Network layer of the OSI model.
• It is an Inter-Networking device.
• It is used IP address.
• It is maintaining the Routing table.
• It is a transmitting Packet.
Manufacturer Company: TP-Link, Cisco, Netgear, Linksys, etc.
Modem: –
Modem stands for Modulator-Demodulator.
Characteristics: –
• It is a network device that help to transmits the data over the Telephone or Cable line.
• It converts the Digital signal to Analog signal and Analog signal to Digital signal.
• It is 2 types – Internal & External Modem.
Manufacturer Company: Netgear, TP-Link, Motorola.
Access Point(AP): –
An Access Point (AP) is a device that creates a wireless local area network or WLAN in
an office or large buildings.
Characteristics: –
• It works on the Data Link layer of the OSI model.
• It is connected to Wired Router, Switch or Hub via Ethernet cable.
Brouter: –
It combines features of Bridge & Router.
Characteristics: –
• It works on the Data Link layer and Network layer of the OSI model.
• Its forward data between the network and it routes the data to a specified system in a
network.
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Q. What is CSU/DSU?
Ans: – The Channel Service Unit/ Data Service Unit is a digital interface to connect
end-point equipment.
Switch Router
It is a LAN device. It is a WAN device.
It is a Networking device. It is an Inter-networking device.
It works on the Data Link layer. It works on the Network layer.
Switch has one Broadcast Domain. In router, every port has its own Broadcast Domain.
It is uses the MAC address. It uses an IP address.
It transmits Frame. It transmits Packet.
It is maintaining the CAM table It is maintaining the Routing table.
(Content Accessible memory).
Its manufacturers are Cisco, D-Link, Its manufacturers are Cisco, Netgear, Asus, D-Link, TP-Link.
Juniper.
Routing:
The process of transferring the data packet from a source to the destination is called as
Routing.
Router:
Router is used to connect two or more different networks and different geographical
location.
Characteristics: –
• It is a Network layer device of ISO/OSI model.
• It is an inter-networking device.
• It is used IP address.
• It is maintained Routing table.
• It transmits Packets.
• Router forward the data packet from one host to another host by using IP address.
• It has different components for using proper function of the device.
Router Ports and their function:
1. Power Port: –
It is provided Electricity.
2. Console Port: –
It provides to use to configure the router. It is known as Local Administrative Port.
3. Ethernet Port: –
It is used to connect different network segment or LAN.
It is 4 types –
• 10 Mbps (Ethernet Port).
• 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet Port).
• 1 Gbps (Gigabit Ethernet Port).
• 10 Gbps (10 Gigabit Ethernet Port).
4. Serial Port: –
It is used to connect another Router.
It is 2 type –
• Serial Interface: – It has 60 pins to connect in fixed Router. Its speed is low.
• Smart Serial Interface: – It has 26 pins to connect in modular Router. Its speed is
Higher.
5. Auxiliary Port: –
It is used to connect to analog Modem and it also can be used remotely configure the
Router. It is also known as Remote Administrative Port.
6. USB: –
It is used to connect any USB devices.
7. BRI Port: –
It is used to connect ISDN devices.
Types of Router Memory:
There are 4 types of memory on a Cisco router –
1. ROM: –
• It is available on a Routers processor board.
• The bootstrap software is stored in the ROM and it is the initial software that runs on a
Cisco Router.
2. Flash: –
• Flash memory available on a Router processor board.
• It is stored one or more Cisco IOS software images.
• It is also stored a copy of configuration files or system information.
3. RAM: –
• It is used to store routing table, ARP Cache and buffer.
• It is very fast memory which loses its information when the system is restarted.
4. NVRAM: –
• It is an extremely fast memory.
• It is used to store the startup configuration.
Routers Manufacturing Company –Cisco, Linksys, Juniper, Scyclodosh, D-Link,
Threecon, Nortail
Router Working Modes:
1. User Mode: –
This mode is used to Login to be router.
Prompt: – Router>
2. Privilege Mode: –
This mode is used to see all router configuration.
Prompt: – Router#
3. Global Configuration Mode: –
This mode is used to configure the Router.
Prompt: – Router (Config)#
20 Importance Router Commands
1. To go from user mode to Privilege Mode: –
Router> Enable
Router #
2. To go from user mode to Privilege Mode: –
To go Privilege mode to Global Configuration mode: –
Router# Configure Terminal
Router (Config)#
3. To go Global Config mode to Privilege mode: –
Router (Config) #End or Exit or Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + C
4. To go Privilege mode to user mode: –
Router# Disable
5. To set Router Hostname: –
Router (Config)# Hostname R1
6. TO set Log on Banner: –
R1 (Config)# Banner Motd # Network Help#
R1 (Config) #End
R1#Logout
Press Enter
Network Help
R1>
7. To Set Privilege Mode Password: –
R1 (Config)# Enable Password Cisco
To check the Password: –
R1 (Config)# End
R1 (Config) Disable
R1> Enable
Password
R1#
8. To Encrypt Clear Text Password manually: –
R1 (Config)# Service Password-encryption
9. To Enable Encrypted Password: –
R1 (Config)# Enable Secret “CCNA”
10. To see the running Configuration: –
R1# Show Running-config
11. To See the Saved configuration in NVRAM: –
R1# Show Startup-config
12. To save configuration: –
R1# write memory /copy running config startup config
destination file name (startup config)? Press enter
R1# copy run start
Destination file name (startup-config)? Press enter
R1# write
13. To set Clock: –
R1# clock set 9:15:30 1 June 2021
14. To see Clock: –
R1# Show Clock
15. To change time: –
R1 (Config)# Clock Time Zone India 5:30
16. To see the available Interface in the Router: –
R1# Show IP Interface Brief
17. To set IP address in the Fast Ethernet Interface
R1 (Config)# Interface Fast Ethernet 0/0
R1 (Config-if)# No Shutdown
Ri (Config-if)# IP add 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
R1 (Config-if)# Exit
18. To check IP address: –
R1# Show Interface Brief
19. To Flash IP address from any Interface/ Delete IP: –
R1 (Config)# Interface Fast Ethernet 0/0
R1 (Config-if)# No IP Address
20. To Set IP address in the Client: –
Click on the machine => Desktop => IP configuration => Static => give IP address.
WHAT IS Media? Types of Transmission Media?
Transmission Media UTP: –
Classification of Transmission Media: UTP categories: –
Wired Transmission Media: STP: –
Co-axial Cable: Fiber Optic Cable: –
Types of Coaxial Cable: – Types of Fiber Optic Cable: –
• Baseband Transmission: – 1) Single-Mode Fiber Optic cable: –
• Broadband Transmission: – 2) Multi-mode Fiber Optic Cable: –
Co-axial Cable Standards: – Wireless Transmission Media: –
RG – 8: – Radio Waves: –
RG – 58: – Microwaves: –
RG – 59: – Infrared: –
RG – 6: – Transmission Media Interview
Twisted Pair Cable: – Questions
Types of Twisted-pair Cable: –
Transmission Media
Definition: – Transmission Media is a communication channel that carries the
information from the sender to the receiver.
Classification of Transmission Media:
RG – 58: –
• It is also known as Thin Ethernet or 10 Base 2.
• It is uses BNC connectors.
• Here maximum connected nodes 30.
• Here 10 Base 2 means –
10 – 10 Mbps speed or Bandwidth
Base – Baseband Signals
2 – 200 Meter Segment Length (actual usage is 185 m.)
RG – 59: –
• It is used for Cable T.V.
RG – 6: –
• It is used for CCTV.
Twisted Pair Cable: –
Definition: –
Twisted Pair Cabling is a type of wiring in which two wire are twisted each other to
prevent the data loss.
Characteristics: –
• Here two wire are twisted each other.
• It is Cheap as compare to other cables.
• Its installation process is easy.
• It is used for phone communication and cable Ethernet network.
Types of Twisted-pair Cable: –
There are 2 types of Twisted pair cable –
UTP: –
Definition: –
UTP means Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable, which is copper media and wires are twisted
together to reduced noise and crosstalk.
Characteristics: –
• Here no additional shielding or meshes or aluminum foil are used.
• It is widely in Telecommunication.
Advantages of UTP: –
• It is Cheaper.
• Its installation process is easy.
• It can be used for high-speed LAN.
Disadvantages of UTP: –
• Its main disadvantages of the bandwidth. We cannot achieve high bandwidth with UTP
cables.
• This cable can only be used in shorter distance.
UTP categories: –
UTP Data Rate/ Maximum Frequency Application
Category Transmission Speed
CAT – 1 Up to 1 Mbps 0.4 MHz Old Television Cable
CAT – 2 Up to 4 Mbps 4 MHz Token Ring Network
CAT – 3 Up to 10 Mbps 16 MHz Token Ring and 10 Base T
Ethernet
CAT – 4 Up to 16 Mbps 20 MHz Token Ring Network
CAT – 5 Up to 100 Mbps 100 MHz Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Token
Ring
CAT – 5e Up to 1 Gbps 100 MHz Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit
Ethernet
CAT – 6 Up to 10 Gbps 250 MHz Gigabit Ethernet, 10 G Ethernet
CAT – 6a Up to 10 Gbps 500 MHz Gigabit Ethernet, 10 G Ethernet
CAT – 7 Up to 10 Gbps 600 MHz Gigabit Ethernet, 10 G Ethernet
CAT – 8 Up to 10 Gbps 2000 MHz 40 G Ethernet
STP: –
Definition: –
STP means Shielded Twisted Pair Cable, which is the copper media and this cable is
shielded or mesh surrounding the wire that guards the cable against electromagnetic
interference.
Advantages of STP: –
• Its data transmission rate is high.
• It is uses shielded or mesh that removes the crosstalk.
Disadvantages of STP: –
• It is more expensive than UTP cable.
• Its attenuation rate is high.
CAT – 5 CAT – 6
It supports data transfer up to 100 Mbps is an It can go up to 10 Gbps in data transfer
External Network. speed in on Ethernet Network.
Its frequency is 100 Mhz. Its frequency is 250 Mhz.
It is not able to tackle crosstalk due to its limitations.
It significantly reduces crosstalk issues due
to protective shielding.
Q. What is the difference between UTP & STP?
Ans: – UTP is a cable with wires that are twisted together to reduce noise and crosstalk.
STP is a twisted pair cable that is connected in foil or mesh shielded that guards the
cable against electromagnetic interference.
Q. Which types of cable are mostly used in telephone networks?
Ans: – Twisted-pair cable.
Q Which cable type is using the highest data transmission?
Ans: – Fiber Optic Cable.
Q. What is the difference between Single mode and Multi-mode Fiber Optic
Cable?
Ans: –
Single-Mode Fiber Optic Cable Multi-Mode Fiber Optic Cable
It is used for Long-distance (60 k.m.) It is used for a Short distance (up to 2 k.m.)
• Expansion Slots:
It is also called as Bus Slot or PCI Slot. It is used to install peripheral components like
graphics card, sound card, LAN card etc.
• Memory Slot:
A Memory Slot or RAM Slot or DIMM Slot where inserted RAM or Primary storage
device.
• BIOS:
It’s full from the Basic Input/output System. It is a Read-Only Memory (ROM). It
controls the basic input/output function.
• CMOS Battery:
It’s full from a Complementary Metal-Oxide Semi-Conductor. It is also called as
NVRAM (Non-volatile RAM) or Motherboard battery. It is backup power and it is stored
BIOS setting, date & time.
• CPU Socket:
A CPU socket or Processor socket is a socket where a computer processor inserted it.
• North Bridge:
It is used to communicate between RAM and Processor. It is also called as Memory
Controller Hub.
• South Bridge:
It is used to control the Input and Output function. It is also called as Input/Output
Controller Hub.
• Jumper:
The jumper is an electronic circuit that is used to configure printed circuit boards. It acts
also on/off switch on a motherboard.
• SATA Connector:
It is full from Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. It is a 7 pin cable and connects
to the SATA devices like Hard Disk Drive (HDD), CD/DVD Drive etc.
• PATA Connector:
It’s full from Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment. It is also called as IDE
(Integrated Device Electronics) connector. It is 40 pin cable and connect to IDE devices
like Hard Disk Drive (HDD), CD/DVD Drive etc.
• FDD Connector:
It’s full from Floppy Disk Drive. It is 34 pin cable model and connects to Floppy Disk
Drive (FDD) with a motherboard.
• Motherboard Port:
• LAN Port:
It is also called an RJ-45 port (Registered Jack) or Ethernet port. It has 8 pins and is
used to connect the PC with the network using an RJ-45 cable.
• VGA Port:
It’s full from Video Graphics Array. It is 15 pin hole female port and it is used to connect
a monitor.
• DVI Port:
It’s full from Digital Visual Interface. It is used to connect a flat panel LCD monitors or
video graphics cards.
• HDMI Port:
It’s full from High Definition Multimedia Interface. It is an audio & video transmission
interface. It is used to connect Cable boxes, Projector, a Video games systems etc.
• Parallel Port:
It is also known as LPT port or DB 25 port (DB – D Base). It is a 25 pin model female
port and it is used to connect DMP (Dot Metrix Printer), Scanner with the motherboard.
• Serial Port:
It is also known as DB-9 port/ Com port/ Rs – 232C port. It is a 9 or 25 pin model male
port and is used to connect networking devices like routers, Switch, Modems etc.
• Audio Port:
This port connects a tape, CD, DVD player or another audio connector.
• USB Port:
It’s full form Universal Serial Bus. It is used to connect external USB devices like Pen
drive, external hard Disk, Printer, Scanner, Mouse, Keyboard etc.
TCP-IP-model
Q. What is ARP?
Ans: – Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is resolved MAC address to a known IP
address.
Q. What is RARP?
Ans: – Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is resolved MAC address to a
known IP address.
Q. What is TCP?
Ans: – Transmission Control Protocol is a reliable Transport Layer protocol which is used for re-
transmission, sequencing and fragmentation of the data.
Q. What is UDP?
Ans: – User Datagram Protocol is a fast but unreliable protocol which is used for small
data packets transfer.
Q. What is RIP?
Ans: – Routing Information Protocol is a distance vector protocol in network.
Q. What is SLIP?
Ans: – Serial Line Internet Protocol is the protocol for the carrying IP information over
serial links.
Q. What is ICMP?
Ans: – It stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is defining by IETF RFC 792.
It is a Network Layer protocol of the TCP/ IP suite used by hosts and gateways to sent
notification of datagram problem back to the sender.
Q. What is different between HTTP & HTTPS?
Ans: –
Q. What is different between POP3 & IMAP?
Ans: –
COMMUNICATION