sion for VP say. Then Vp isa veetor Therefore, Vy has the following representation fie! vy =(Ve-eiyer + (Ve + €2) + (Vp-e3) es = D(Ve-ei)er ( «cyclic summation sign”. isthe usual “vel ® Ox. dy. a a! “aud +i) % apdx | Ap dy | de de) _ 1 ap Oy Ou ~ dz du} hy Ou 0 ing tis into (2), We Bet on Dgee 1 ® ‘When written in expanded form, this reads lap, 1a Lap Vem au ig av 2 Ig ow? © This is the expression for Vy in an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system (u,v, ). The folowing are immediate particular cases of expression (5): 1 1 1 ei ab ei 6 Vu me Ww in vw in” © Venow specialize the expression (5) to Cartesian coordinates and cylindrical and spherical | Plrccordinates, | ‘bin Cartesian coordinates | aes of Cartesian coordinates we have (uy) = (tye2 ht = ha = hy = Vand | "254 and es = Kc. In this case, expression (5) reduces to expression (2), namely | a Vo= sit j+—k Oe bet ay) Hg e Xpression for Vy in Cartesian coordinates (x, y, 2). wasnt (19. Of Section 8.1, ‘or partial differentiation,8 : Vector Caleutys pin cylindrical polar coordinates In the case of cylindrical polar coordinates, we have (u, ¥,) = (70,2) and fy ‘ Flings and hig = 1. Also, we write e1 = €r. €2 = € and e3 = €;. Then expression (5) becomes” ap 1dp op =Let+-p cot =e Vea ore anode 4 Oz ” ‘This is the expression for Vg in cylindrical polar coordinates (r, 0,2). Vein spherical polar coordinates In the case of spherical polar coordinates, we have (1, ¥,w) = (%,8,9) and hy = 1, py and lig = rsin8. Also, we write e1 = er, €2 = €0, €3 = ¢- Then expression (5) becomes ap, 1a, Ve = 5, ert 3g * x sind ag °? 8) =r This is the expression for Vp in spherical polar coordinates. PRIEY Find the gradient of y = xyz in cylindrical polar coordinates. > IF (7.9.2) are cylindrical polar coordinates, we have x=rcosé,. y=rsind, 2=z. Therefore, in cylindrical polar coordinates, the given y reads ¢ = (rcos 6)(rsin 8)z = P(cos Asin O)z = pre sin 20. From this, we get dp . 4 1 Bp = z8in 26, a = ’zcos 26, we a 3 sin 26 Putting these into the expression for Vy in cylindrical polar coordinates (namely expression 1) above), we obtain We= (resin2B) e+ (r200828) e9 + A(77sin 26) er 7 BENNY Foe the gradient of the function ¢ =P’ cos? 6+ sin? 6, the ere (r, 8, 8) are spherical Polar coordinates,son ve ha ind that ee ngewe f ei ai OF — arcos* 0, or a * x = 2singcos¢ = sin2 37? cos? Osin a, ge into the expression for Vy in spherical polar coordinates ( 8 (namely expressi ssion tin ' foe ye obtain 9s = (arcos? 0) ey — (3re0s* Osi 1 w= Greos* Osind) eo + —(cosee Osin 29) eg ss If. ing expression £0 4) are spherical polar coordinates, prove that veosnxvo= v(t), 120. = . 0s 1 Vy in spherical polar coodinates, we find that 1d (cos 0) = + 55 (C08 0) €0 = —t sind eo 1 0 Vo = oa = O= Finda From (ii) and (iii), we get Vicos 0) x Ve = =v (%) using (i). 110.0.) are spherical polar coordinates, prove Hat vir cosec 6) x VO = Vb nates, we note that > Usi 2 : sing the expression for Vy in spherical polar coordi 10 1 Vo=-— == 5 Oar 1a 1 Vo = — = —cosec 0 & 6= = ino ap cose?8. Ve 354 20" Cate, 1 8 (cosecd) € : +790 ” a Vireosec 4) a cosec Aer = cosec Acotd ep = (cosec 4)(€r ~ cot 6 ep) = cosec O er . (iiiy From (iii) and (i), We find that Y(rcosec d) x VO = ((cosee (er — C089 €9)) X = 1 (cosec Or X eo) = (6086 8) y =V¢, _ by ii). . Exercises iven in cylindrical polar coordinates. 1. Find the gradient of p = 1zsin cos 0 gi 1.656 given in spherical polar coordinates. 2. Find the gradient of p = 2 3. Using spherical polar coordinates, show that 2 Vou =F [sinasin29 [3 sin26 ¢, +28 cos? 9 — 1)¢9} + 2sin 2600s 2¢ ey] (4) Using the expression for Vg in general orthogonal curvilinear coordinates (u,v, w), verify that ey = Mahs(Vox Vw), 2 = hishi(Vw x Vu), @3 = hylig(Vu x Wy). 8.2.2. Expression for div f Consider a vector field f=fiathethe 0 represented in an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system (u, v, w). Then we have divf = div(fi e1) + div(f2 e2) + div(fs e3) = Ddiv(fi e1) @ where 5 denotes the usual “cyclic summation”. ee2c) Xe3- Using expressions (4) of Section 8.2.1, this yields all that 1 2X03 = (ha Vv) x (ig Vw) = hyhg(Vv x Viv) 3) div(fier) = div(li2hs fi(Vv x Vw)} « identities! identities! «the vector i ine byl div (yp) = ¢divp +Ve-p div (p X49) =4 -curlp —p ee () Now, in view of expression (3) of Section 8.2.1, we note that VWhghs fi) = Egltatsh) ate J cemad at aD 3 seitinting this in the right hand side of (5) and recalling that ey, e2, e3 are orthogonal unit vero, we get dv ed = pe ete) © Pating this expression into (2), we obtain dv fey Gotoh) a = Tallis “ous Whea written in the expanded form, this expression reads . 1 a a a } dvt=—_{[2 2 Gat) + Zk ® Wf = (Stata) + pllaaf + pyloleh ‘Pat, Chapter,ie. | 356 8. Vector Cateuy, s sthis i the expression for div f in an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system ¢, 1 : 2 Uy, We now specialize this expression to Cartesian coordinates and cylindrical ang es *Phericay polar coordinates. divf in Cartesian coordinates In the ease of Cartesian coordinates, we have (1, %6¥) = (%¥42) and hy = py = , St sion (8) becomes Then expression (8) _ oh a 2h divf = Ox te This is the expression for divf in Cartesian ota 0 divf in cylindrical polar coordinates In the case of cylindrical potar coordinates, we have (u,v,W) = (7,02) and hy = 1, p a= and hz = 1. Then expression (8) becomes . 9 py 4 2. dv f= : Zon + D+ 0h) «ay This is the expression for div f in eylindrical polar coordinates. Here, fi, fo fare the components of f along e,, eg, €, respectively. divf in spherical polar coordinates In the case of spherical polar coordinates, we have (u,v, ) = (7,6,d) and hy = 1, hy =p hy = rsin8. Then expression ® becomes divf = 2 sinagiy + & 56 Sin Of) + Herr (ul) aan This is the expression for divf in spherical polar coordinates. Here, fi, fr, fs are the components of f along ¢,, €9, eg respectively. ees f(r; 0,2) are cylindrical polar coordinates, find the divergence of the vector field = reos6e, +rsind eg > For the given f, we have (in cylindrical polar coordinates) fi=rcos0, fp=rsind, f,=0 Therefore by using expression (10), we get _ . 1fd Oye div f == ze cos) + ae(rsind) 1 = ; [2rcos @ + rcos 6] = 3cos 6hat the vector field show f= (cosO+ sin 6) e, + (cos @ — sin 6) eg + ¢,, 1 polar coordinates, is solenoidal."* indrical P ‘i =eGatdl i ino" af. we have (in cylindrical polar coordinates) x , . pee? fzcosd+sin®, fo=cosd—sind, fy=t. sore (07 USI expression (10)) qrete? avt=4 lie {r(cos0 + sin) + (cos - sin@) + Zool = £1(c0s0+ sind) + (sind — e058) =0. actor, the given f is solenoidal. : P. If(7,8,2) are cylindrical polar coordinates, show that V(logr), (r #0), and V0, ge 0,are ‘solenoidal vectors. We ind that Vlog r) = 5008 De, = sothat ; div (Vlog r)} = Therefore, V(log r) is a solenoidal vector. Next, we find that sothat won Thetefore, V@ is a solenoidal vector. Find the divergence of the vector field 1 f =Psinge,+— costes + $e es, #0, ning spherical Polar coordinates. “call th cl i : Or field fis solenoidal whenever div = 0 cae Part T Chanter 5928. Ve 358 eto" Cate > Forthe given f, we have (in spherical polar coordinates) 1 =Psing, fr= 70088 hes ‘Therefore, by using expression (11), we Bet wnt =a” sin 9-1? sin@) 1 +Zesino- =, £080) + me ‘473 sin? 6 + (cos? 6 — sin ? 0) = and cos 20 =4rsin0+>z— sind + sind 1 Show that the vector 2 088f 1 oy heya rhe == [sind °* cosa *" given in spherical polar coordinates, is solenoidal. > For the given f, we have (in spherical polar coordinates) 1 cot, fa = 73> fa =rcosé. Therefore, divf = {z (7? sind- J cote) sind +Zersing- 1, Seeao} 1 fofi iz (: ) sina cots SE cinoy} sind 236 a Mier f, a mera sine 72 0088 + x 008 8f = Therefore, the given f is solenoidal._— Exercises ——— SS cari yectors given in cylindrical polar coordinates (r,0, 2) are solenoidal, pat the 2 (008 & sande, #00880) ~FEOSE RE 14 = 1 cos0 e, + — eg + — cosec A ey eB inspercl paar enordinaes ' eo (Ans: 4rc0s 8 + = cot) " .smutttt 5 _ (cos dsin 8cos €, + c0s* 805 6 ey ~ cos @sind ey), in sperial polar coordinates is solenoidal ven ara) lindrcal polar coordinates, prove that 48, 1 dive,==, divep=0, dive, =0. r 11(0.6) are spherical polar coordinates, prove that 1 div e,= =, div ey = —cotd, div ey =0. r 423. Expression for V7 Byexression (3) of Section 8.2.1, we have vor rt Bey ® If = Vy, this gives Q) GB)—__ Exercises an the cylindrical polar coordinate system, prove th, iat coordinate in | - 1. If r(e 0) denotes the ™ vidogr) = 9 sp4sin?@ given in the SP her 4, Had Cp tore = OO + sin? ¢ Bi one ") Ans Geos? 0 ~ 6608 9608 2 +08 s ar eoordinate system, prove the following; ical polar coordinate system. in the spherical pol .s the radial coordinate r#0 ifns2 3. If r denote @ VY=nat vr Gi) (3) =0, r#0. yt? where 7 is. a. constant; 8.2.4 Expression for curl f Consider a vector field f = fier + frer + es oT represented in an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system (u,v, ). Then, we have curl f = curl (fi e1) + curl(fe e2) + curl(fs €3) = Deurl(fi & eurl(fi e1) @ where 5; denotes the usual “cyclic summation”. Now, we recall thattt e =mVi alana 8) ‘Therefore, ® curl(fi er) = eurl( fils Vu) Simplifying the right hand side of this expression with the aid of the identities curly p)=yeurlp +Vpx p and curl (Vy) =0 we get curl(fyer) = fikicurl (Vu) + V(filn) x Vu = V(filti) x Ve 7 i ‘See Section 8.2.1, expressions (4).3d orenrlt i " I used cur(fi 01) = Vf) x ‘6 pote [from (3) oF Section 8.2.1] that v(filn) = Equine + is 1 fit) eo + nevis is into (9) and noting that e; x e; = 0, e x ¢; = -e3 and e3 x e; = e7 we get ing patting 1 @ curl fie) = apy Gy Ie — Fe a eevines © this into (2), We get pattins out = 2 ae Bw Fin) e2 — i: b Fume} ven writen inthe expanded form (on using the meaning of the cyclic summation symbol 5, this eads 14 ait = {antl Dea im Juin oy (reRte- zy ase Lun >e} ann Zeina - EF Zama} a a a ts Shs) - Zurn} (ue) + {gin “ Fenn} ae) a + {Sem = Sin} Ges} o In the cyclic summation notation, this can be expressed as 1 ay é oul = AES {Fcsho : cin} (ued ® This is the expression for curl f in an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system (1, v, w). For computational purposes, expression (7) is often rewritten in the following determina- Inal notation: ry e1 hp e2 hy €3| 1 a a a EE fic de Oe yl 9B o inhals| Gu Bw y Iifi Infp Inf curl f =364 We now specialize this expression to Cart polar coordinates. curlf in Cartesian coordinates In the case of Cartesian coordinates, we have (Hv, ) = (%342), hy = fi = p, ,€3 = kK. Then expression (9) becomes curl £ 2 Dele & This is the expression for curl in Cartesian coordinates. curl f in cylindrical polar coordinates In the case of cylindrical polar coordinates, we have (us v.) = (78,2) and hy = 1, hs = 1. Also, we write 1 = €,, €2 = €9, €3 = €,. Then expression (9) becomes e, reg e& oe 06 Bz| ay fi th fs This is the expression for curl f in cylindrical polar coordinates. Here, fi, fs, fs ate the components of f along e,, eg, e, respectively. curl f in spherical polar coordinates In the case of spherical polar coordinates, we have (u,v, ) = (r,8,4) and hy = 1, hy hs = rsin9, Also, we write e1 = ey, €2 = eg, €3 = &p, then expression (9) becomes e, rea (rsinB)eg| 1 la @ a sind lar 30 Ob e fi rh (rsin@)fs This is the expression for curlf in spherical polar coordinates. Here, fi, fo. fi ate the components of f along e, eg and ey respectively. BR Fine tne curt of the vector field f = (rzsin 26) e, + (rzc0s 26) eg + 3 sin 26) e, curl f = given in cylindrical polar coordinates.‘ola coordinales, v7 sin f= rzcos20, fx= 5? sin20, 8 expression (11) oo" ; & fot rea ry a 0 a ¥ ea 2zcos20 3" sin 26| A asin 1 lis (a7 52) i Bar {§uteeos 26) — 55 ("2 sino} e| a,2 a. | a -Af zcos20} ert { Ftresinan 7 $ (5? sin24)} ren ae + gp — 7700826) er + ("sin 20 — rsin26)r ep Jbees 26 — 2rz.c0s 26) e] 7 +(21200' zt. the given £ is irrotational. we since curl =0, Find curlf and curl curlf for the vector field f = (rsin cos + 200s 8) er + (rcos? 9 —zsin 6) eg + rsind e, nin olindrical polar coordinates. > Her in cylindrical polar coordinates, : 1. A= rsin@cos 0 + zcos 6 = grsin28 +zcosé fr = rcos?@—zsind fy=rsind. ‘Therefore (by using expression (11)) e, reg & cul f= 4 a a a rn or a0 az - rsin20 + zcosO r(rcos?@—zsin§) rsin 6| 2. | ieBus a : {z (frsinn-+-scoso) - Frain} rey Qi 20 canal 2 are {fire cos? -zsin®)) ia(zrs82# + sca 4 i [(rcos@ + rsin Aer + (cos @—sin@)r eg r + {(2reos? 9 - zsin 8) — (cos 26—zsin6)} e,] = (cos0 + sin) er + (cos — sin) eg + (2c0s* 4 ~ cos 26) + (cos @ — sin @) eg + (1 + cos 20 — ee e 2 = (cos + sin 6) & 110) e, + (cos — sin8) eo +e, = (cos@ + sil ‘Taking the curl of this, we get er reg e al a a 3 curl (curl£) = = Z 4 (cos + sind) r(cos—sin6) 1 1 i . =} 0-6, 40-706 + (0s = sin®) ~~ sind + cose] =0. (This shows that curl fis irrotational). Find the curl of the vector field 1 1 rsind* £ = (7 cose, — =e0 + given in spherical polar coordinates. Also, determine -curlf and f x curlf. > Here, in spherical polar coordinates, 1 fi=rcos®, fp=-— f= 5 cosecd r Therefore (by using expression (12)) reg (rsin@) e9| e |e a 2 sind] dr 06 |? cos 8) -1 1 ae=(rsin6) eg boi, ; 30 = Faind O° +0- (rey Osim inane ) 6 | — =} (7 cos 0) e, — 1 1 f-curlf {o COs 8) @, “*(Fia)s} enna 1. he 1 1 f xcurlf = {o Cos 6) e, — tot (a) as} x (rsin8) ey me = ae = (? cos Osi NOx eg) — POrsin (ey x &) 0) ~ (sin a) e, = (7 sin 6 cos 6) 6g — (sin 6) e,. = (cos @sin 8) (= oo Show that curl {(cos V4) = y (7). = ire (1, 8,9) are spherical polar coordinates, whee (7,8, » Werecall that (see Example 3, Section 8.2.1.) x ‘The second of these gives cre cos@ (cos 6)Vp = sing Consequently, e reg (rsin 6) eg 1 |@ @ a tn coe Oe ar 6 a6 0 5-0 (rsinay(°) rsin@. 1 a . a = (cos 6)e, +0-e9 +0 | Fans (goluy = 9) er +0 (Co) +0 eg} Exercises 1. If 6,2) are cylindrical polar coordinates, find the curl ofthe following vector fetas @ £ = x(cosbe, - sind e9) (ii) £ = x(sin0 e, + cos 4 ¢9) — cos & 2. For the vector field £ = (rsin26) e, + (rsin6 + cos 8) €9 + (rcos6) e, given in cylindrical polar coordinates (r, 6,2), show that 1 . curl curlf = {2cose- 2sino-+4sin29 e+ peodea If (7,6,z) are cylindrical polar coordinates and » where w= Y(r,z), show that curl f r {Py lay ey F rat ey If (7,6, 4) are spherical polar coordinates, find the curl of the following: a Otarsingg Gy t= Ae, Git) f = Psinde, + cose +4 ey. - re wn If (r,,) are spherical polar coordinates, show that curl {(rcosec @)(V8)} = Vd a TE (7,8, 9) are spherical polar coordinates, prove the following: 1 curl e=0, curl e = +e, curl es = (cote, es) rwa ga bepress 1 jon for curl Answers {) sinde,+c0seo i) (Sin c086) €, + (sind + c056) eg 1 4 @ Yeosde,—sindes) ii) ZeosGe, + sind) es Gi) Fecoro ©, —&) + rc0s Oey. 369