T T QLII

-- -
S?q%z+ cos

6
1

-7*.

1
':9
c
16

‚.
10. 1
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 8
Now try these problems. fle answers are in Chapter 21.
1. Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of y = 3x 2 - x at x = 1.

2. Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of y = x3 - 3x at x = 3.

3. Find the equation of the normal to the graph of y = at x = 2.

4. Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of y = at x = 3

• -sJx+7
x+3
5. Find the equation of the normal to the graph of y=— atx=4.

6. Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of y = 4- 3x - x2 at (0, 4).

7. Find theequationofthetangenttoffiegraphofy=2x 3 -3x2 --12x+2oatx=2.

8. Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of y = x±4 at x =5.

9. Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of y = J X3

-15 at (4, 7).

10. Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of y = (x 2 + 4x + 4)2 at x = -2.

11. Find the values of x where the tangent to the graph of y = 2x 3 - 8x has a slope equal to the slope
of y = x.

12. Find the equation of the normal to the graph of y = 3x+5

-1 at x =3.
9)2
13. Find the values of x where the normal to the graph of (x - is parallel to the y-axis.

14. Find the coordinates where the tangent to the graph of y = 8- 3x - x 2 is parallel to the x-axis.

15. Find thevaluesofa,b,andcwherethecurvesy=x 2 +ax+bandy=cx+x2 haveacommon

tangent line at (-1, 0).

BASIC APPLJCATLONS OF THE DERIVATIVE $. 71

 ET 1 J
1. 13. Z = I
;. :-

3. .-4-= -t - -)

4$
V--

6q-

&
7.

J. = ct (—s)

d -7 =
10 •

ii.

12. 7(Z-3)
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 9
Now try these problems. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1. Find the vahies of c that satisfy the MVTD forflx) = 3x 2 + 5x -2 on the interval [-1,1].

2. Find the values of c that satisfy the MVTD forftx) = x3 + 24x -16 on the interval [0, 4].

3. Find the values of c that satisfy the MVTD forflx) = x + 12x2 + 7x on the interval [-4,4].

4. Find the values of c that satisfy the MVTD forf(x) = - 3 on the interval [1, 2].

5. Find the values of c that satisfy the MVTD for f(x) -3 on the interval [-1, 2].

6. Find the values of . c that satisfy Rolle's theorem forf(x) = x2 - 8x + 12 on the interval [2, 6].

7. Find the values of c that satisfy Rolle's theorem forf(x) = x3 - x on the interval [-1, 1].

8. Find the values of c that satisfy Rolle's theorem forf(x) = x(1 - x) on the interval [0, 1].

9. Find the values of c that satisfy Rolle's theorem forf(x) = 1 - on the interval [-1, 1].

2 1
10. Find the values of c that satisfy Rolle's theorem for f(x) = x 3 - on the interval [0, 1].

76 3 (RACKING THE AP CALCULUS AB & BC EXAMS

 &T91

/
..

3. 8r3

4'.

- N0 so/ctiot

6.

7.

9. /'/o So

Ib.

1.
 PRACTKE PROBLEM SET 10
Now try these problems on your own. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1. A rectangle has its base on the x-axis and its two upper corners on the parabola y = 12— x 2 . What
is the largest possible area of the rectangle?
2. An open rectangular box is to be made from a 9 x 12 inch piece of tin by cutting squares of side
x inches from the corners and folding up the sides. What should x be to maxiniize the volume
of the box?
3. A 384-square-meter plot of land is to be enclosed by a fence and divided into two equal parts by
another fence parallel to one pair of sides. What dimensions of the outer rectangle will minimize
the amount of fence used?
4. What is the radius of a cylindrical soda can with volume of 512 cubic inches that will use the
minimum material?
r 5. A swiminer si at a pomt. 500 m from the ciosest polnt on a straight shorelme. She needs to reach
a cottage located 1800 m down shore from the ciosest point. If she swims at 4 m/s and she walks
at 6 m/s, how far from the cottage should she come ashore so as to arrive at the cottage in the
shortest time?
6. Find the ciosest point on the curve x2 + y2 = 1 to the point (2, t.
7. A window consists of an open rectangle topped by a semicircle and is to have a perimeter of 288
inches. Find the radius of the semicircle that will maximize the area of the window.

v 2 sin2O
8. The range of a projectile is R = ‚where v0 is its initial velocity, g is the acceleration due
g
to gravity and is a constant, and eis its firing angle. Find the angle that maximizes the projectile's

range.
9. A Computer company determines that its profit equation (in millions of dollars) is given by
P = x3 - 48x2 + 720x - 1000, where x is the number of thousands of imits of software sold and
0:9 x :9 40. Optimize the manufacturer's profit.

88 U (RACKING THE AP CALCULUS AB & BC EXAMS

[ETLO 1
1. 32..

1. 7—'/ -

3. 16 dm X4-°•

7g6

/.

7.
TC.

9. 'AS IU't'efl
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 11
lt's time for you to try some of these on your own. Sketch each of the graphs below and check the
answers in Chapter 21.

1. y=x3 -9x-6

2. y=—x3 --6x2 -9x-4

®y=(x2 _4)(9_x2 )

4. y=(x2_4)(9_X2)

5. yL_x2
4

x-3
( 6. y= —8

x2 4
7. y=
x-3

X 8. y=3+x

1
X 9• y=x 3 [, 3-2x 3

10. y=
x2 4

102 • (RACKING THE AP CALCULLJS AB & BC EXAMS

E T Iq

/. kv

.. Mti (-3,--<L)
i'4'< (-1, 0)

zoj le-cizo-x

3.. Hn
M0«(fi
.'

(g/• 1m«. ktM.

91 V. A. -x=: 3
.'Io P.

(3T,6+v9
 H.i.

'»i. fl?t rin. 4, 2'!f. /.

ii d4a'. (i () / 1vo IdJLI.p. a r w~ ce 0 )

/
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 12
Now try these problems on your own. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1. Oil spilled from a tanker spreads in a circle whose circumference increases at a rate of 40 ft/sec.
How fast is the area of the spill increasing when the circumference of the circle is 1007t ft?
2. A spherical bailoon is infiating at a rate of 27t in 3 /sec. How fast is the radius of the bailoon
increasing when the radius is 3 in?
3. Cars A and B leave a town at the same time. Car A heads due south at a rate of 80 km/hr and
car B heads due west at a rate of 60 km/hr. How fast is the distance between the cars increasing
after three hours?
4. A cylindrical tank with a radius of 6 meters is filling .with fluid at a rate of 108t m 3/sec. How
fast is the height increasing?

108 Z (RACKING THE AP CAICULUS AB .& BC EXAMS

5. The sides of an equllateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 27 in/sec. How fast is the triangle's
area increasing when the sides of the triangle are each 18 inches long?
6. An inverted conical container has a diameter of 42 in and a depth of 15 in. If water is flowing out
of the vertex of the container at a rate of 35it in'/sec, how fast is the depth of the water dropping
- when the height is 5 inches?
7. A boat is being pulled toward a dock by a rope attached to its bow through a pulley on the dock
7 feet above the bow. If the ropes hauled in at a rate of 4 ft/sec, how fast is the boat approaching
the dock when 25 feet of rope is out?
8. A 6-foot-tall woman is walking at th rate of 4 ft/sec away from a street lamp that is 24 feet tau.
How fast is the length of her shadow changing?
9. The voltage, V, in an electrical circuit is related to the current, 1, and the resistance, R, by the equa-
tion V = IR. The current is decreasing at -4 amps/sec as the resistance increases at 20 ohms/sec.
How fast is the voltage changing when the voltage is 100 volts and the current is 20 amps?
10. The minute hand of a clock is 6 inches long. Starting from noon, how fast is the area of the sector
swept out by the minute hand increasing in in'/min at any instant?

POSITION, VELOCITY, AND ACCELERATION

Almost every AP exam has a question on position, velocit or acceleration. lt's one of the traditional
areas of physics where caiculus comes in handy. Some of these problems require the use of integral
caiculus, whichwe won't talk about until the second half of this book. So, this unit is divided in half;
you'll see the öther half later.
Z

3. to* k4»/kY

4. 3 /s

.. 24 c K jS

ö. t i /S

7. - 6 als

3.

3»o volts
~S

to , 3 ~c ,-
~
in ~ ,
n
M► ~
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 13
Now try these problems. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1. Find the velocity and acceleration of a particle whose position function is x(t) = - 9t 2 + 24t,
t>0.
2. Find the velocity and acceleration of a particle whose position function is x(t) = sin(2t) + cos(t).

3. If the position function of a particle is x(t) = t > 0, find when the particle is changing
direction.
4. If the position function of a particle is x(t) = sin(). 0< t < 4it, find when the particle is
changing direction.
5. If the position function of a particle is x(t) = 3t 2 + 2t + 4, t > 0, find the distance that the particle
travels from t = 2 to t = 5.
6. If the position function of a particle is x(t) = t 2 + 8t, t> 0, find the distance that the particle travels
from t = 0 to t = 4.
7. If the position function of a particle is x(t) = 2sin2t + 2c0s2t,t > 0, find the velocity and accelera-
tion of the particle.
8. If the position function of a particle is x(t) = P + 8t 2 - 2t +4, t> 0, find when the particle is chang-
ing direction.
9. If the position function of a particle is x(t) = 2t 3 - 6t2 + 12t - 18, t> 0, find when the particle is
changing direction.
10. If the position function of a particle is x(t) = sin 22t, t >0, find the distance that the particle travels
from t = 0 to t = 2.

114 9 CRACKJNG THE AP CALCLJLUS AB & BC EXAMS

1SET 3 1
-1- 14

— 1&

. sC) — si)

2C —4stn (L) 'o s (-)

3. +=3

4. •=7. mM.J -j3ic

6. 4 cP.

7. 0

acvet4on. =- o

9. x.
/0. sriig

2.73
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 14
Now find the derivative of each of the following functions. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1. f(x)=1n(x+8)

2. f(x) = in(3xJ)

3. f(x)=]n(cotx—cscx)

4. f(x)=x1ncos3x_x

5x2
5. f(x)=InI
x)
6. f (x) = e sx

7. f(x) e 3 x sin 5x

e4'
8. f(x)=
4x
9. f(x)=e—}ne

10. f(x) = log12 (x 3 )

11. f(x)=log5 (3xtanx)

12
-e 4

13. f(x)= log .Jiö

14. f(x)=lnx log x

15. f( x )= e3x_3

16. f(x) = 1Os1

17.

18. f(x)=1n(1Y)

19. f( x ) =x5 5x

122 Z (RACKING THE AP CAICULUS AB & BC EXAMS

 t- 1.
12
ii _____
1. -

~ . f» L~ L.

3, j;)= CS 4X.

v- i 1 tt) = 4.,t. ( Cos a c;9 _3 :c -im« 3 3t '-

007
-
Z
x. 2.

COSX.
• fe)
I
-

3ZSttz. -& i

J1 .

9.
1z' =- 7C &- 7t
0 •

(
-

12, l
f
Is. = 3 &__ .3 (e). (f2. 3)

/&

/. Px)- 4gg~Lt-)
 dy = 2_3x2
dx

Next, find the value of x where y = 1. By inspection, y =1 when x = 1.

Then, we use the formula to find the derivative of the inverse:

I x=1

PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 15

Find a derivative of the inverse of each of the following functions. The answers are in Chapter 21.
17
1. y=x+ 1 at y=--;wherex>1
2. y=3x-5x3 aty=2

3. y=9aty=e

4. f(x)=x 7 -2x5 +2x3 atf(x)=1

126 $ CRACKING THE AP CALCULUS AB & BC EXAMS

1;
5.y=x+x3 aty=-2
6. y=4x-x3 aty=3

7 y=]nxaty=O
8. y=x3+x5aty=2
[ET is

3 1
e
1

7. /

/3-
1•
PROBLEM 3. A particle's position at time t is determined by the equations x = 3 + 2t 2 and y = 4t4 ,

t 22 0. Find the x- and y-components of the particle's velocity and the times when these components
are equal.

Answer: First, figure out the x- and y-components of the velocity:

dx
=4t and dy 16t3
dt dt.
These are equal when 16t 3 = 4t. Solving for t:

t=0,± 2

Throw out the negative value oft, the answer is t = 0,

PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 16

Now try these problems. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1. Find theCartesian equationof the curve represented by x = sec t-1 and y =tant, - <t <

2. Find the Cartesian equation of the curve represented by x = t and y Ji 7 , -1< t <1.
3. Find the Cartesian equation of the curve represented by x = 4t + 3 and y = 16t 2 -9, —oo< t <oo •

4. Find theequationofthetangentlinetox=t 2 +4andy=8tatt=6.

5. Find theequationofthetangentlinetox= sec tandy=tantat t=-.

6. Themotionofaparticleisgivenbyx=-2t 2 andy=t3 -3t+9, t 0. Find the coordinates of the

particle when its instantaneous direction of motion is horizontal.

7. The motion of a particle is given by x = Int and y = t2 - 4t. Find the coordinates of the particle
when its mstantaneous direction of motion is horizontal

8. Themotionofaparticleisgivenbyx=2sint-land y=sint -, 0:9t<2it. Find thetimes

when the horizontal and vertical components of the particle's velocity are the same

OTHER TOPICS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULLJS 3 131

1.

3.

4: .

jr)
6.

7. C-&, - 4)

c#.
3, 3
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 17

5. Find ]im XX
x-,O sinx—x

6. Find Ihn
x
----
e 5

x5+4x3-8
7. 'Find
72 - 3x2 - 1
ln(sinx)
8. Find um
x-O 1n(fanx)
cot2x
9. Find Hrn
x-O cotx
X
10. Find um
x-4O ln(x + 1)

DIFFERENTIALS
Sometimes this is called "linearization." A differential is a very small quantity that corresponds to a
change in a number. We use the symbol & to denote a differential. What are differentials used for?
The AP exam mostly wants you to use them to approximate the value of a function or to find the
error of an approximation.

Recall the formula for the definition of the derivative:

f'(x)=lim f(x+h)—f(x)

136 3 CRACKING THE AP CALCULUS AB & BC EXAMS

[SET 17._]

ic-
/

4&, -2..

5- . 2

g. 0

.
L-
7

/
1

10 • 1.
 S=4irr2

The formula says that dS = S 'dr, so first, we find the derivative of the surface area (S' = 87tr) and
plug away:
dS = 8trdr = 8t(4)(±.01)= ±1.0053

This looks like a big error, but given that the surface area of a sphere with radius 4 is approximately
201 cm2, the error is quite small.

PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 18

Use the differential formulas in this chapter to solve these problems. The answers are in Chapter 21.
1. Approximate '125.02.

2. Approximate /3.97.
3. Approximate tan 61°.
4. Approximate (9.99)3.
5. The side of a cube is measured to be 6 in. with an error of ±0.02 in. Estimate the error in the
volume of the cube.
6. When a spherical ball bearing is heated, its radius increases by 0.01 mm. Estimate the change in
volume of the ball bearing when the radius is 5 mm.
7. A side of an equilateral triangle is measured to be 10 cm. Estimate the change in the area of the
triangle when the side shrinks to 9.8 cm.

8. A cylindrical tank is constructed to have a diameter of 5 meters and a height of 20 meters. Find
the error in the volume if:
(a) the diameter is exact, but the height is 20.1 meters; and
(b)the height is exact, but the diameter is 5.1 meters.

LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
There's one last topic in differential caiculus that you BC students need to know: logarithmic dif-
ferentiation. lt's a very simple and handy technique used to find the derivatives of expressions that
involve a lot of algebra. By employing the rules of logarithms, we can find the derivatives of expres-
sions that woi:tld otherwise require a messy combination of the Chain Rule, the Product Rule, and
the Quotient Rule.
First, let's review a couple of rules of logarithms (remember, when we refer to a logarithm in
caiculus, we mean the natural log (base e), not the cornmon log):

lnA+lnB=J.n(AB)

lnA—lnB=1n(
In AB =B1nA

For example, we can rewrite ln(x + 3)5 as 51n(x +3).

As a quick review exercise, how could you rewrite:
x2
In i
 [&T i&. 1
1. SOO2

.2

3.

4:. 997

±.i6 n 3

6. p11w1

(b)
 Take the derivative of. both sides:
1d 2x-5 2sinx 15x2
ydx x 2 -5x cosx x3 +1

1 d 2x-5 15x2
ydxx2_5x —2 tan x -____
x3+1

And multiply by y:
dy [2x_5 —2tanx— 15x2 1
dx x 2 -5x x3 +1]

One more time.

PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 19

Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of each of the following problems. The answers
are in Chapter 21.

1. y=x('i_x3 )

2. y=
1 —x

(x+5) /4_x2
3.
x 4 —x 2 +6

sinx cosx
4. y= JX3
—4
(4x2 - 8x)3 (5— 3x4 + 7x) 4
5. y=
/ 2 +x)
(x

x-1
6. y=
x fan x

7. y= (x _ x2 )2 (x3 _ix4 )3 (x6 _x5 )4

I x (1_ x)(1 +x)

8. y= 4 I 2
(x -1)(5—x)

144 Z CRACKING THE AP CALCULUS AB & BC EXAMS

I SET 1

1 3e
1, ~
L 4(C)
3
3. iz
1(z-.$)

x.

6. 1 _ - secz csc
---

1
7.
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 20
Now evaluate the following integrals. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1.$dx

f
2..j=dx

4. f (5x'-3 X2
+2x+6)dx

5 J(3x-3 _2x-2 + x4 +16x7 )dx

6. S(1+X 2)( X
—2)dx

7 Jx(2+x)dx

8.
f (X3 + X) 2
dx

rx6 -2x 4 +1 dx
9.i
J 2
x

10.f x(x-1)'dx
11.f (cos x — 5
12.f sec x (sec x + tan x) dx
13. 2
f(sex+x)dx
14.
sirtx dx
f cosx
2

3
15. f coscosx x+4
d

152 3 (RACKING THE AP CAICULUS AB & BC EXAMS

 16. Sin2XdX
J cosx

17. $(1+C2X sec X)dX

18. J(lanl x)dx

19. dx
cscx

20.5('x_ cosx)')dx 2

U-SUBSTITUTION
When we discussed differentiation, one of the most important techniques we mastered was the Cham
Rule. Now, you'll learn the integration corollary of the Chain Rule (called u-substitution), which we
use when the integrand is a composite function. All you do is replace the function with u, and then
you can integrate the simpler function using the Power Rule (as shown below):

un+1
1J udu=—+C
n+1

Suppose you have to mntegrate J (x - 4)10

dx. You could expand out this function and integrate

each term, but that'll take a whlle. Instead, you can follow these four steps:

du
Step 1: Let u = x -4. Then =1 (rearrange this to get du = dx).
dx
Step 2: Substitute u = x -4 and du = dx into the integrand:
Jubodu

• Step 3: Integrate:
u 11
riu 10 du=—+C
•
J 11
Step 4: Substitute back for u:
/ \11
(X4)
+C
• 11

THE INTEGRAL 3 153

 / q. sez-'t-!
1.
1$. .'Ztc!
:.• /I-f-c
16

1 -re z.i- st- t+

/cz .

-I--- 1, • t-
z
L

6 z3
3
2
7.

—r 3

9.
3

/1. .O(+C

12. —-.'-
z + 2
/3.
 PROBLEM 4. Evaluate $ tan sec2 - dx.

Answer: Let u = tan and du = !sec2 --dx. Then 3du = sec2 dx.
3 3 3 3
Substituting, we get:
3f u du=u2 +C
J 2

Then substitute back:

3 2x
—tan —+C
2 3

PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 21

Now evaluate the following integrals. The answers are in Chapter 21.
1. $sin2xc2xdx

3xdx
2.

3. fX3J5-;i+20 dx

dx
4.
f (x—i)2

.
f (X2 +1)( 3 +3x) 5 dx

6. fIFX sin ~x dx

2 sec 2 x 3 dx
7. f x
cOsI -

8.J
r sin2x dx
9.17I•
(1—cos2x)

10. $sin(sinx)cosxdx

158 R CRACKING THE AP CALCULIJS AB & BC EXAMS

FST1
/ ---*

30

4.

A.. - -- --- -*
12..

6e -$/*

7.
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 22
Here's a great opportunity to practice finding the area beneath a curve and evaluating integrals. The
answers are in Chapter 21.

1. Find the area under the curve y = 2x - x2 from x = 1 to x =2 with n =4 left-endpoint rectangles.

2. Find the area under the curve y = 2x - x2 from x = 1 to x = 2 with n = 4 right-endpoint

rectangles.

3. Find the area tmder the curve y = 2x - x 2 from x =1 to x = 2 using the Trapezoid Rule with
n =4.

4. Find the area under the curve y = 2x - x 2 from x = 1 to x = 2 using the Midpoint Formula with
n =4.

5. Find the area under the curve y = 2x - x 2 from x = 1 to x =2.

r2
6. Evaluate Jlt
1 cos x dx.

7. Evaluate s9 2 dx.

8. Evaluate 5(x4_5x3+3x2_4x_6)dx.

9. Evaivate
5 ir
Jxdx.

10. Evaluate $2 sin x dx.

11. Suppose we are given the following table of values for x and g(x):
x 0 1 3 5 9 14
g(x) 10 8 11 17 20 23
Use a left-hand Riemann sum with 5 subintervals indicated by the data in the table to approximate
5 4 g(x)dx.

174 • CRACKING TUE AP CAICULUS AB & BC EXAMS

 ET

1.

17
-

3.1

3
3.1

43
C,L

#. 3

'. '-.

7.-

- /6L

9. /6

Ii. .2/6
 As in the previous example, let's make a table of values of the accumulation function for different
values of x:

x 1 2 3 4

1\ 1 8 64
-
- 9 -

3 3 3

We can see that the values of F(x) wffl increase as x increases.

PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 23

Now try these problems. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1. Find the average value off(x) = 4x cos x 2 on the interval 0,

f]•
2. Find the average value off(x) = on the interval [0, 1 6].

3. Find the average value off(x) = Ji on the interval [-1, 1].

4. Find the average value off(x) = 2 1 xl on the interval [-1, 1 1.

d
5. Find -I
dx i
sin2 tdt.
J

d (t2 _t)dt .
6. Find
-f5
dx '

7. Find fo
- --
A

dx
1 t dt.

8. Find _5
d x
—2costdt.
dx 1

182 U CRACKING THE AP CALCULUS AB & BC EXAMS

k&T 3 1
1.

&

'. -.osZ.
 Now get back to the expression as a function of x:

1 23x+C=23xiC
3]n2 1n8

PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 24

Evaluate the following integrals. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1. Jsec' xdX
tan x

_COSX
2.
$ 1— sin x dx
3.
$ _1
xlnx
dx

4. $-cos(Inx)dx

5. Jsinx_cOSxdx
cos x

dx
6. f_
JJ(i + 2j)
edx
7.
$
8. $.xe5x2_ldx

9. $excos(2±ex)dx

10.
ex _e_X

11.
$ x4 2 dx

12. f7"- ' cosx dx

190 9 CRACKING THE AP CAICULUS AB & BC EXAMS

1.

3.
I.Lti-c

.-.

6. -J)+-c.
d(i+e)i- C.

q 1 -,a4-Y4 e-y-) + c

- ...-- + c
(
 Next, find where the two curves intersect. By setting y3 - y = 0, you'll find that they intersect at
y = -1, y = 0, and y = 1. Notice that the curve is to the right of the yaxis from y -1 to = 0 and
to the left of the y-axis from y = 0 to = 1. Thus, the region must be divided into two parts: from
y=-ltoy=Oandfromy=Otoy=1.
Set up the two integrals:

5°(y3 _y)dy+f(y_y3)dy

And integrate them:

'4 2 2

PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 25

Find the area of the region between the two curves in each problem, and be sure to sketch each one.
(We only gave you endpoints in one of them.) The-answers are in Chapter 21.

1. Thecurvey=x2 -2andtheliney=2.

2. The curve y = x2 and the curve y = 4x - x 2 .

3. The curve y = x3 and the curve y = 3x 2 -4.

4. The curve y = x2 - 4x - 5 and the curve y = 2x - 5.

5. Thecürvey=x3 andthex-axis,fromx=-ltox=2.

6. The curve x = y2 and the line x = y + 2.

7. Thecurvex=y2 andthecurvex=3-2y 2 .

8. The curve x = y3 - y2 and the line x = 2y.

9. Thecurvex=y2 -4y+2 andthelinex.=y-2.

10. Thecurve x=y3 andffiecurvex=2-.

200 • CRACKING THE AP CAICULUSAB & BC EXAMS

 hT1
-l~
1.

. „

_T. 4

1?.-

i0
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 26
Caiculate the volumes below. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1. Find the volume of the solid that resuits when the region bounded by y = - x 2 and the
x-axis is revolved around the x-axis.

2. Find the volume of the solid that resuits when the region bounded by y = sec x and the x-axis
ir
from x= - to x= - is revolved around the x-axis.
4 4
3. Find the volume of the solid that resuits when the region bounded by x =1- y2 and they-axis
is revolved around the y-axis.

4. Find the volume of the solid that resuits when the region bounded by x = fy2 and the y-axis
from y = -1 to = 1 is revolved around the y-axis.

5. Find the volume of the solid that resuits when the region bounded by y = x 3, x = 2, and the
x-axis is revolved around the line x = 2.

6. Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid that resuits when the region
bounded by y = x, x =2, and y = -- is revolved around the y-axis.

7. Use the method of cylindrical shelis to find the volume of the solid that resuits when the region
bounded by y y = 2x -1, and x =0 is revolved around the y-axis.

8. Use the method of cylindrical shelis to find the volume of the solid that resuits when the region
bounded by y = x2, y = 4, and x = 0 is revolved around the x-axis.

9. Use the method of cylindrical shelis to find the volume of the solid that resuits when the region
bounded by y = x =4, and y =0 is revolved around the y-axis;

10. Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid that resuits when the region
bounded by y2 = 8x and x = 2 is revolved around the line x = 4.

11. Find the volume of the solid whose base is the region between the semi-circle y = i16 - x 2 and the
x-axis, and whose cross-sections perpendicular to the x-axis are squares with a side on the base.

12. Find the volume of the solid whose base is the region between y = x 2 and y = 4 and whose

perpendicular cross-sections are isosceles right triangles with the hypotenuse on the base.

218 • (RACKING THE AP CAICULUS AB & BC EXAMS

/‚ 3tL

.. 2.TL

'. 7E;

-. L6

• Tr-

it

1/
3

Is- -
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 27
Evaluate each of the following integrals. The answers are in Chapter 21.

xcsc 2 x dx
1. f

2x dx
2.f xe
3.f x 2

4.f x2 cos x dx
5.f X 21nX dX

6.f x sin 2x dx
7.f In 2 X dX

8. Jx sec 2xdx

224 3 CRACKING TUE AP CALCULIJS AB & BC EXAMS

Eg i1
/

1
b. -
1
(OZ + 2 Z 4-

7. Zz - z+2-- c1

g. . st - 4a-, z + 4g~~ 1 ae x [ + c
 And use u-substitution. Let u = x -2 and du = dx:
du
Ljl u2
Now, this looks familiar. Once you integrate, you get:
sin 1 u + C
After you substitute back lt becomes:
sirr'(x-2)+C

PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 28

Here is some more practice work on derivatives and integrals of inverse trig functions. The answers
are in Chapter 21.
_1
1. Find the derivative of - tan -
4 ( X ).

2. Find the derivative of sirc1 ().

3. Find the derivative of tan_(e x).

4. Evaluate 1r dx

5. Evaluate ri dx
J 7+x

6. Evaluate r1 dx
. x(i+lnx)

7. Evaluate r1 sec2xdx
JV1_tan2 x

8. Evaluate ir dx
Jj9 _4x2

9. Evaluate r1 e3'dx
J 1 +e6 x

TRIG FIJNCTIONS • 231

 tu
/6

11
) se C

- 1-

'.

7. 4i

& t c
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 29
Evaluate the following integrals. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1.f sin' x dx
2. Jcos4 xdx

3. Jcos4 xsinxdx

4. Isin-3 xcos'xdx

5. [sin2xcos2xdx

6.
f tan3 xsec2 x dx
7. Jtan5 xdx

8. fcot2 xsecx dx

238 3 CRACKING THE AP CAICULUS AB & BC EXAMS

 SET

+ Sifl42
4 32.

sth 4z

z Sq((L

6 -
--1-

& -f
 at at
Plug these into the formula:

L=$4jsec4t+sec2ttant dt

PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 30

1 Find the length of the following curves between the specified intervals Evaluate the integrals unless
the directions state otherwise. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1
1. y=—+-fromx=ltox=2
12 x
2. y=tanxfrom x-tox=O(Set upbutdo not evaluatetheintegrat.)

3. y=rsi1-x fromx=Oto x=- (Set upbutdo not evaluatetheintegrl.)

4.
18 2y

5. x - fi_y from y = to y = - (Set up but do not evaluate the integral.)

6. x = sin y - y cos y from y = 0 to y = 2V (Set up but do not evaluate the integral.)

7. x=costandy=sintfrom t=to t= ir
6 3
8. x = 'i and y = from t = 1 to t = 4 (Set up but do not evaluate the integral.)

9. x = 3t2 and y = 2t from t = 1 to t = 2 (Set up but do not evaluate the integral.)

THE METHOD OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS

This is the last techruque you'll learn to evaluate integrals There are many, many more types of
integrals and techniques to learn; in fact, there are courses in college primarily concerned with
integrals and their usesT Fortunately for you, they're not on the AP exam (and therefore, not in this
book). The BC exam usually has a partial fractions integral or two, and the concept isn't terribly hard.
We use the method of partial fractions to evaluate certain types of integrals that contain rational
expressions. First, let's discuss the type of algebra you'll be doing.
If you wanted to add the expressions ---- and you would do the following:
x-1 x+2

8x+1
x-1 x+2 (x-1)(x+2) (x-1)(x+2)
M=
T2Jo
12.

Jrx
‚

3.

1 d

1
b.
jJ7njd

L
(T qIlf-
.2.

ii
PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 31
Evaluate the following integrals. The answers are in Chapter 21.
1. 1. x+4 dx
(x-1)(x+6)

2. dx
J(_3X+l)

3. 1
dx
x 3 +x-2x

2x+1
4. f dx
x2 -7x+12

2x-1
• f' dx
(x-1)2

6. f _1 dx
(x+ 1)(x 2 +1)

7. 2x+1 dx
(x +1)(x 2 +2)

s..fx 2 +3x_ 1 dX
‚ x3-1

OTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL • 249

 gen
L -7

'.
det 1 Z- 1 -t- j— g', [ i t. -L

r.
-
*c
6

vr
 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 32
Evaluate the following integrals. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1.
fo
fi dx
2. 1
x3

3.f'e'dx

4. JtanOdO

1 1—x

x+1
6. 1 dx
'0 Vx2 +2x

7. dx
J-
(2x-1)3

8.f- x3 dx

. $3
dx
0 x-2

10.
J-i

254 $ (RACKING THE AP CALCULUS AB & SC EXAMS

 E - IL
.2 -

4. 1) t ve re e-s

& Pveijes

.. VerJeS.

9. PVe7eS.

/0-
PRACTICE PROBLEM SET 33
Do the following problems on your own. The answers are in Chapter 21.

1. Find the siope of the curve r= 2cos40.

2. Find the slope of the curve r=2-3sinø at (2,7r).'
3. Find the area inside the limaon r= 4+ 2cosø.
4. Find the area inside one loop of the lemniscate r2 = 4cos 20.
5. Find the area inside r = 2cos 0 and outside r =1.
6. Find the area inside the lemniscate r2 = 6cos 20 and outside the circle r =

OTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL R 259

 4Lt7 S?'z9 - oS
1.
4 :5m . ‚ os« sz

. /8

3t Tt-