MODULE It Siteworks & Foundation BUILDING TECHNOLOGY. Reference: The NRA Roofing ang Watorproofing Manual MasterFormat: guideline for making specifications (materials) UniFormat: classifying building elements *Stakeout Four precision issues for site layout © Level: horizontal (lebel) ‘© Plumb: verticality (hulog) © Aligned: parallel (aligned) © Square: perpendicular (askwalado) “Batter board: plumb, aligned, square; would not give the horizontally *Boning rod “Benchmark: reference; near the sidewalk usually ‘Relocation of points Foundation loads © Dead load Live load Rain and snow loads Wind load Horizontal pressures: of earth and water against basement walls Horizontal or incined thrusts: from arches, rigid fremes, domes, vaults, or tensile structures Buoyant uplift forces: from underground water ‘© Horizontal and vertical forces: caused by the motion of the ground during earthquakes No settlement, uniform settlement (easily controlled and oflitie consequence), differential seltlement (can cause severe structural damage) Soils 000 ooo Rock: continuous mass of solid mineral material that can only be removed by drilling and blasting Soil: general term referring to earth material that is particulate Boulder: an individual particle of sol requiring two hands to it Cobble: an individual particle of soll requiring whole hand to lit Gravel: sol particle requiring only thumb and forefinger to it Sand: visible sol particle but too small to be picked up individually Silt: consists of non-visible sol particles that are equidimensional Clay: consists on non-vsible particles that are plate shaped ‘0 Peal, topsoil, and other organic soils: not suitable for the suppor of building foundations Unified Soil Classification System from ASTM D2487 o. Shear strength © Bearing capacity ©. Density/gradation © Hydrostatic pressure © Moisture content Gradation: range of particle sizes present ‘© Wall graded soll: includes broad, wel-dstibuted range of particle sizes; contain k betwoen paces; compact more afectvely; tnd to drain waterless effcionty SPA © Poorly graded soil: consists of particles more limited in range of sizes; ‘Subsurface exploration and soil tasting © Testpits = Soil strata = Water table: elevation at which the sol is normally ful o Test ly fully saturated 2 Eesti larder eeaed basen ompecty oft soil “= Portable cathead driling rg, traller-mounted hydrauli hil ig wth core augers hydraulic feed core dri, tvuck-mounted hydraulic eo 00000¢cBUILDING TECHNOLOGY © *Grubbing and Excavation wake a8 © Slope support + Sheeting © Soldie sams and lagging °. ‘Solder Deas driven int tho ground then planks are P retain earth around an excavation * Shoot piling Timber, sto (most common) precast oma asso Installed by vibralory driver, impact ham ian ona oda + Sholerete concrete plaed by ahigh velocity peumatc projection Tort Nhe low slump, rmaerks not need; used for foundation wall, etabiizatok © & slopes; repairing damaged concrete; production of free-form structure mig pele rayon be ne Dry-mix: most ofthe mixing water is a \Wetmie: te ingredients, including war are xed befor introduction into the delivery hose © Slurry wall © Castin place , = Tremie: large funnel with a tube attached, used to deposit concrete in deep forms or beneath water or slurry © Precast * Soil mixing * Technique of adding a modifying substance to sol and blending itn place by means of paddles rotating on the end of a shat = Bracing ‘© Crosslot bracing: effective for narrow areas = Rakes + Tiebacks (sol nai): best method; provides an unobstructed area for construction work ‘© Installation: = Boring = Grouting = Tensioning © Dewatering: removal of water = Well points ‘+ Use of pumps * Weler sucked ftom well points depresses the water table inthe immediate vicinity to a level below the bottom of the excavation Watertight barrier walls * Work onli their bottom edges ar inserted into an impermeable stratum that prevents ‘Water from working its way under the walls * Walerprooting and drainage © Backfl earth or earthen material used to fil he excavation around a foundation; the acto ling around a + _ Sump: a pit designed to oollect water for removal from an excavation or basement Foundation: tranefer the load ofthe building lo the ground Major parts of a building: ‘© Superstructure: portion of the building above the ground © Substructure: habitable portion of the building below the ground © Foundation: structural portion of the building thal transfers the building's load into the sol © Three types of substructures: © Slabon fil laced between them to. BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ‘ nh Tests on ground and not suspended © Cit faecal adequale, isthe most economical under many circumstances * Ina building without a basement, an unfinished accessible space below the fret floor which is Usually less than a fll storey height Used under a raised floor structure and gives easier aocess to underfloor piping and wiring than a slab on grade Basement * Lower storey ofa bu = Provide usable space ‘© Engineered fil: properly formulated higher-strength, more stable soil material brought from offsite © “Frost protected footing: protective coating, plastic foam insulation * Shallow foundations © Transter building loads tothe earth close to the base of the substructure © Less expensive > Types Spread footings (pad and stip) = Mator raft foundation © Deep foundations © Extend downward through layers of weak or unstable strata lo reach more competent sol or rock deaper within the earth co Types © Piles + Calssons ‘© Factors in selecting foundation type © Primary considerations: * Subsurface sol types * Groundwater conditions Structural requirements ofthe superstructure © Other considerations: ‘Local construction practices Environmental considerations (noise, trafic, disposal of earth materials and water, ete) Regulatory restritions Polential impacts on adjacent properties ‘Construction schedules . either partly or entirely below grade © Spread foatings ‘0 Take concentrated loads from above and spread them out across an area of sol large enough that the allowable sol pressure is not exceed ‘© Column footing/ pad footing ‘= Plain concrete pad * Shalow © Cantilever balanced = *Grillage foundation: temporary works: © Wal fcting! stip footing ‘= Masonry stip: dispersion (approximately 45 deg) = Concrete strip al‘BUILDING TECHNOLOGY * Plain * Reinforced = Trench fill © Concrete Stone * Reinforced beam stip «Rectangular © Inverted T = *Sloping sites «Wall footings are stepped «© Caissons or column footings are connected with reinforced fie beams © Grade beam differs from a lie beam by being reinforced to distribute the continuous load from a bearing wall to separate foundations © Pump handle footing: combination of strip and pad footing © Mator raft foundations: supports the entre building; single conorete footing that is essentially equal in area to the area of ground covered by the building; heavily reinforced and may be 1.8m or more in thickness for very tall buildings © Crust raft © Blanket raf: consists of a crust raft constructed on a stone blanket Sip plane raft: concerned with lateral loads Cellular raft Lidded caliular rat © Beam stip raft © Jacking raft Buoyancy (or floating, compensated) raft: the weight ofthe soil removed from the excavation is approximately equal lo the weight of the building being supported = One slorey of excavated soil weighs about the same as five to eight storeys of superstructure ‘© Caissoniriled pier © Constructed by driling a hole, beling (faring) the hole atthe bottom and filing the hole with concrete © Concrete cylinder poured into drilled holes © Auger diils are used for driling + Socketed caisson © Drilled into rock at the bottom rather than belled ©. Diflled into a hard stratum and transfers its load primarily by fiction between the soll or rock and the sides of the caisson © More slender than caissons, forcibly driven into the earth rather than drilled and poured © Used where non-cohesive soils, subsurface water, or excessive depth of bearing strata make caisson impractical © Pile driven hammer © Usually driven closely together in clusters thal contain 2 to 25 piles each, piles in each clustor are later joined at the top by a reinforced conorete ple cap which distributes the load of the column or wall above among the piles © End bearing pile ‘© Mapile is driven until its ip encounters frm resistance from a suitable bearing stratum © Driven to refusal = © Actin the same way as caissons. * , Friction pile ¢ © Ino firm bearing layer can reached Dae i adcanying cpa fom Hon beeen fo si and hoses of he pla ‘©. Driven either to a predetermined depth or until certain level resistance to pes -g nel istance to hammer blows _# Grade beams: used with piles and caisson foundations to transmit the wall loads tothe piles Ea* Pile materials: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY o W de: ° “ane Pile: tapered; can't be spliced (up to 20m only); prone to decay; 10 0 50 tons capacity * Hpile: square section; for end bearing; less soil displacement (minimized heaving); unlimited length; corrosion-prone; 200-300 tons Pipe piles: round section; closed or ‘open end; open section easier to drive than closed, has {ess soil displacement; pipe piles displace more than H-piles; corrosive; 200-300 tons Minipiles: also called pin piles or micropiles; made from steel bar/pipe; pressed or rammed into holes then grouted; installed without hammering (less disturbance) Helical piles: also call screw piles; similar to minipiles (but with boring blades); installed without hammering; 2-200 tons capacity; less soil displacement; corrosion (curable) © Concrete piles: = Precast: square, octagonal, or round; solid or cored; prestressed or nonprestressed; 10°-30" dia. higher load capacity (up to 500 tons); free from corrosion and decay; can be spliced; avoid bending and cracking before installation = Sitecast: can be cased or uncased; up to 200 tons ¢ Cased: ‘© Stee pont, concrete plug, open ended, fuled tapered, compressed base © Uncased: ‘© Compressed concrete, pedestal pile, steel point © Compaction type = Pressure-injected (or compaction grouted) footing = Rammed aggregate piers (or stone columns) Specialized foundation systems Seismic base isolation: mulilayered sandwich of rubber and steel plates; lead core (provides damping action) © Underpinning = Process of placing new foundations beneath an existing structure = New foundation wall and footing are constructed on either side of existing foundation = New piles or caissons are constructed on either side ofthe existing foundation = Minipiles are inserted through the existing foundation ©. Up-down construction: building's superstructure already proceeds before substructure is totally completed Protecting foundations from water, heat, das ‘« Moisture can migrate through conerete's mioroscopic pores, or through pathways created by shrinkage cracks, form fie holes, uly penetrations, or the joints that occur between separate pours ‘* Two basic approaches used to resist water entry: © Drainage = Draws groundwater away from a foundation, reducing the volume and pressure of water acting on the foundation's walls and slabs = Twomethods of relieving water pressure: J Crushed stone or gravel placed against the foundation: hard to do well, because of the dificult of depositing the drainage aggregate and backiil sol in neally separated, attemating layers * Drainage mat: easier and more economical {0 install Below-slab drainage aoe drainage; used in buildings with mat foundations mp pene tom drain ground water; prevent ground water from penetrating through the © Welerproofing Trosknet of a surface or structure to prevent the passage of waler under hydrostatic Bt. Insulation BUILDING TECHNOLOGY . Resists the passage of waler even under the more demanding conditions of hydrostatic ressure; more costly than dampproofing | fete as @ banerob passage of water through the foundation, preventing it from reaching the interior ‘Assembly consists of a substrate and a membrane and may incorporate a protection/drainage/insulalion layer, Horizontal waterproofing assemblies often incorporate a topping or wearing surface for addtional protection andlor aesthetic reasons ‘Two primary categories: ‘© Positive (exterior) side waterproofing systems: a category of waterproofing systems where the waterproofing membranellayer is installed between its substrate and the source or supply of water ‘Negative (interior) side waterproofing systems: a category of waterproofing systems where the substrate is between the walerproofing system and the source of waler Types of waterproofing systems: Asphalt built up membrane Coaltar built up membrane Hot-fuid-applied polymer-modified asphalt membrane Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Membrane Bentonite waterproofing: naturally occurring, highly expansive clay; when bentonite is contacted by moisture, it swells to several times its dry volume and forms a barrier that is impervious to the further passage of water Crystaline waterproofing © Cementitious waterproofing + Liquid-applied membrane waterproofing: materials are applied by spray or roller as, viscous liquids and then allowed to cure in place Sheet membrane waterproofing: manufaatured in the factory ‘+ integral waterprooting: variety of ingredients added directly into concrete when it is mixed ‘* Electro-osmotic waterproofing: relies on electrical current flow induced into concrete wall to drive water molecules toward the outer face of the wall © Biind-side waterproofing: installed prior to the pouring of concrete walls; ocours most commonly when a substructure wall is built close to a property's edge, and excavation ‘cannot be enlarged beyond the property line *Mud slab, protection board, drainage mat *Mud slab: low-strength concrete was poured to serve as a base for placement ofthe horizontal membrane *Waterstop: made of plastic, synthetic rubber, metal or materials that swell when they come in contact with water can be cast into the mating conorate edges to block the passage of water through these wilnerable locations Flood tested: submerged for an extended period of lime while leak-checking is performed ing Treatment of a surface to resist the passage of moisture in the absence of hydrostatic conditions Moisture-resistant cement plaster or aephalt compound applied fo basement walls where {groundwater conditions are mild or waterproofing requirements are not critical ‘Cement plaster dampproofing or parge coating Asphalt or bituminous dampproofing ‘© Ones inspection and testing are complete, membranes are covered with a protection board, insulation board, or drainage matting to shield the membrane from prolonged exposure to sunlight and to prevent physical damage during soil backfiling or subsequent construction operations © Basement insulation on the inside: plastic wall insulation behind the flange of the Z-furring channel © Outside: extruded polystyrene foam or glass or mineral fiber insulation boards placed against the wail held by adhesive, fasteners, or the pressure ofthe soilBUILDING TEC! NL © Integrated into the found: ae within namny we a insulated concrete forms or within the hallow cores ofa concrete * Radon gas control © Passive radon control methods * Alayer of gravel or other Over the gravel layer, membrane gas-permeable material beneath the concrete slab beneath the concrete slab, a gas impermeable plastic sheet or ‘After the pouring of the conorete foundation walls and slab on grade, sealing of all joints, Penetrations, and cracks in these components. Coating ofthe outside of basement walls with dampproofing or waterproofing ‘A vent pipe extending vertcaly from the gas-permeable gravel layer through the roof of the building Retaining Walls © Holds back soil when an abrupt ‘change in ground elevation ocours ‘© Must resist the pressure of the earth and groundwater that presses against it from the uphill side ‘© Design must take into account the height ofthe wall, pressures acting on the wall, character of soil * Failures: co Overtuming © Sliding © Undermining: bottom portion of the wall slides first * Simple (low height) retaining walls: heights not exceeding 3 feet (900mm) ‘© Stone gravity wall: relies on its weight alone © Vertical timber cantilevered wall © Horizontal timber with deadmen * Deadman: a large andor heavy object buried in the ground as an anchor ‘© Reinforced (tall, high-load) retaining walls o Reinforced concrete © Reinforced concrete masonry © Earth reinforcing: altemative to retaining wall ‘© Soilis compacted in layers, each sandwiched between strips or meshes of galvanized steel, polymer fibers, or glass fibers © Gabions: corrosion-resistant wire baskets are filled with cobble or boulder-sized rocks and then stacked to form retaining walls and slope protection ‘© Soil mixing and grout injection: strengthen and stabiize underground soils without requiring excavation Gooletes: aris made of chemically net pasts resistant to sal deterioration © Drainage matting: free drainage around foundation walls; often used beneath the soil in the bottoms of planter boxes and under heavy paving ies on roofiop terraces ‘o. Synthetic filter fabrics: wrapped over and around subterranean crushed stone drainage layers © Special geotextles: wood control auipment © Excavation equipment: 0 Excavators (e.g. backhoe), loaders, sorapers, etc ‘Finishing equipment: ©. Compactors, graders, trimmers, et © Material handling equipment: © Cranes, trucks, forklift, etc © Dozer: actor unit thal has a blade attached to the machine's front; designed lo provide tractive power fr drawbar work ‘© Classified on the basis of running gear: crawler type; whee! type © Grader: used for fishing, chaping, bank sloping, dicing; used for mixing, spreading, site cast czowning ight stipping operations, general constuction, and dirt road maintenance, 1: leveling and mail ith he moldboard sranesi cling and moving '* Loader: excavation equipment; handle and transport buk materialBUILDING TECHNOLOGY * Scraper: excavation equipment; operation: loading, haul travel, dumping and spreading, turing, retum travel, tuming and positioning to pick up another load; cut-and ‘ill work * Gradall: brand; both excavation and finishing equipment